干奶期使用乳头保护膜预防奶牛乳房炎临床试验

为了研究在干奶期使用乳头保护膜对奶牛临床型和隐性乳房炎的预防效果,试验选择248头奶牛的992个乳区,将每头奶牛4个乳区分为左右两部分,左侧使用奶牛乳头保护膜(试验组),右侧不做任何处理(对照组),以奶牛离开产房第1次回奶厅挤奶为期限,用LMT法检测隐性乳房炎,在奶牛产后2个月内对乳房的外观症状、触诊情况、乳汁变化进行检测。结果表明:试验组乳区临床型乳房炎乳区阳性率为1.01%,对照组乳区阳性率为17.94%(P0.01);试验组乳区隐性乳房炎乳区阳性率为10.48%,对照组乳区阳性率为46.77%(P0.01)。说明在干奶期使用奶牛乳头保护膜对临床型和隐性乳房炎具有较好的预防效果。     

伊宁市郊区奶牛乳房炎发生规律的调查及中药治疗试验

应用上海乳房炎(SMT)检验法,对伊宁市郊区部分奶牛场和奶牛养殖户奶牛的健康乳区进行隐性乳房炎的检测。结果显示:头数阳性率为32.50%,乳区阳性率为23.63%。并自拟复方中草药对临床型乳房炎进行治疗,治愈率为88.46%,总有效率为92.30%,较抗生素治疗效果明显。     

阿莫西林钠对奶牛乳房炎的防治试验

对奶牛临床型乳房炎的治疗试验结果表明,以5 mg/kg体重,肌肉注射阿莫西林钠,1日2次,连用3 d,治愈率达91.3%,对奶牛隐性乳房炎的治疗结果表明:治疗组产犊后隐性乳房炎乳区阳性率分别为78.6%和7.1%,与青霉素-链霉素粉针药物对照组比较,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

乳酸链球菌素治疗奶牛乳房炎效果观察

乳酸链球菌素（Nisin）是由乳酸链球菌产生的合有34个氨基酸的抗菌肽,对人体无害。本研究将患临床型乳房炎奶牛92头（107个乳区）和隐性乳房炎奶牛90头（90个乳区）随机分成试验组和对照组。试验组的治疗方法是在患病乳区灌注Nisin;临床型乳房炎以庆大霉素乳房内灌注作对照,隐性乳房炎的对照组不作任何处理。临床型乳房炎的Nisin治疗组细菌学治愈率和临床治愈率分别为60．8％和90．2％,而庆大霉素治疗组则分别为44.6％和91．2％,两者无统计学差异。隐性乳房炎经Nisin治疗后,高体细胞数奶牛的数量和牛奶中NAGase的活性均显著下降,细菌转阴率提高。乳酸菌发酵试验表明,经Nisin乳房内灌注治疗临床型乳房炎后,牛奶在第36小时恢复正常发酵,而庆大霉素治疗则需要72h。     

乳康宁及盐酸左旋咪唑对奶牛隐性乳房炎的治疗作用

通过试验,试验1组与试验2组隐性乳房炎感染率和体细胞平均数均下降,而对照组略有上升。乳康宁能够有效降低奶牛隐性乳房炎感染率和牛奶体细胞,有效率为92．11％,治愈率为52．63％;盐酸左旋咪唑效果低于乳康宁,有效率为58．97％,治愈率为10．25％。     

归芪散防治奶牛隐性乳房炎的研究

为推广中兽医药在防治奶牛隐性乳房炎上的应用,将临床上确诊为隐性乳房炎的奶牛按乳区发病情况随机分为阳性对照组和中药(归芪散)治疗组,并设空白对照组(健康组)。在试验周期内,利用CMT检测阳性对照组的好转率、自愈率及临床型乳房炎转化率,检测中药组的有效率、治愈率。检测患病奶牛血液中淋巴细胞指数、嗜中性粒细胞吞噬力及乳汁中体细胞数和乳清中SA、ALT、AST、LDH等指标。试验结果表明,归芪散治疗隐性乳房炎有效率100%,治愈率为76%,转化为临床型乳房炎的为0%。阳性对照组自愈率为23.8%,好转率为33.3%,转化为临床型乳房炎的有42.9%。阳性对照组SCC呈增高的趋势;而中药组SCC明显减低,与阳性对照组比较差异极显著。阳性对照组嗜中性粒细胞的吞噬率均低于健康组和中药组;中药组的吞噬率逐渐升高,在第7天时显著高于健康组。阳性对照组淋巴细胞刺激指数低于健康组;中药组淋巴细胞刺激指数逐渐提高,与健康组比较已无显著差异,与阳性对照组相比显著升高。乳清中的SA、ALT、AST、LDH的变化趋势基本一致,阳性对照组始终高于健康组,中药组的含量逐渐降低,与健康组比较无显著差异。试验结果表明,归芪散对奶牛隐性乳房炎有很好的治疗效果。     

奶牛乳房炎的诊断与防治

乳房炎是奶牛常见而且多发的一种疾病,发病率高,危害性大,是影响奶牛生产性能最严重的疾病之一.通过对银川五里台养殖有限公司奶牛场578头泌乳期奶牛的检查,结果表明,临床型乳房炎奶牛占3.1%,隐性乳房炎头数阳性率达37%,乳区阳性率达31%.经过3个月的综合防治,隐性乳房炎奶牛治愈186头,治愈率为86.9%,临床型乳房炎奶牛治愈17头,治愈率为68%,治愈效果明显.     

中牟县某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的发生规律分析

为了掌握奶牛乳房炎的发生规律,通过对河南省中牟县某奶牛场随机抽样500头奶牛的乳房炎检测,获得临床型和隐性型乳房炎的一系列相关数据,并对奶牛乳房炎的发生与胎次、月份、泌乳时期、分娩头数、乳区、日产奶量等之间的关系进行统计分析。结果显示:各胎次之间奶牛乳房炎发生存在极显著差异(P0.01),胎次与总阳性率、临床阳性率、隐性阳性率之间的相关系数分别为0.826 8(P0.01)、0.928 8(P0.01)、0.663 8(P0.05);各月份之间奶牛乳房炎发生率差异显著(P0.05);而临床型与隐性型间差异极显著(P0.01),二者之间的相关系数为0.992 6(P0.01);随着泌乳时期延长奶牛乳房炎发生率有增高的趋势,且二者间具有极显著的相关性(P0.01);各月份的分娩头数与临床型、隐性型乳房炎间的相关系数分别为0.858 6(P0.01)、0.862 6(P0.01);4个乳区乳房炎发生率差异不显著(P0.05),前后乳区间、左右乳区间也差异不显著(P0.05);日产奶量4个水平之间阳性率差异不显著(P0.05),而日产奶量与总阳性率、临床阳性率、隐性阳性率间的相关系数分别为-0.961 9、-0.910 4、-0.946 5,三者均极显著(P0.01)。本研究结果可为有效防治奶牛乳房炎疾病提供参考。     

金黄超微透皮软膏对奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果观察

为了探讨金黄超微透皮软膏对奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果,将30头隐性乳房炎患牛和25头临床型乳房炎患牛分别各自随机分为2组。其中,隐性乳房炎患牛中的15头48个乳区为试验组,另15头42个乳区为对照组;临床型乳房炎患牛中的15头25个乳区为试验组,另10头15个乳区为对照组。试验组奶牛每天涂抹受试金黄超微透皮软膏2次,连用3~5d;对照组不用药。每天采集隐性乳房炎患牛奶样,测定其体细胞数变化情况;每天分别从外观、手感、乳汁性状和CMT4项指标评判其临床型乳房炎的治疗情况。结果显示,隐性乳房炎患牛治疗3d后,有效率为100%,治愈率为89.58%,而不用药的对照组无1例痊愈;临床型乳房炎患牛连续用药5d,停药1周后观测,试验组80%的乳区4项指标全部达痊愈水平,而对照组均未达痊愈水平。试验结果表明,金黄超微透皮软膏对奶牛隐性和临床型乳房炎均有良好的治疗效果。     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的疗效研究

以85头患乳房炎奶牛共104个乳区为研究对象,随机分为4组,每组26个,分别用重组溶葡萄球菌酶粉低（200U／乳区）、中（400U／乳区）、高（800U／乳区）三个剂量,对照组为青霉素G钠（160万IU／乳区）,每天早晚挤奶后乳池灌注给药,共4d,研究不同剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果。试验结果显示,低、中、高剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶均能有效清除感染乳区的链球菌、葡萄球菌、化脓隐秘杆菌等G^＋菌,大幅降低牛奶中的白细胞数,提高日产奶量。其中低剂量组对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率略优于青霉素G钠（P〉0．05）;中、高剂量对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率显著优于青霉素G钠（P〈0．05）;中、高剂量的疗效相当（P〉0．05）。重组溶葡萄球菌酶是一种很好的治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎和临床乳房炎备选药物。     

应用生化黄腐酸对奶牛乳房炎和生产性能的影响

通过32头泌乳奶牛饲喂生化黄腐酸的对比试验。结果表明,生化黄腐酸对奶牛乳房炎、隐性乳房炎有效率达100％,治愈率达80％;试验组比对照组产奶量提高13．84％（P〈0．05）;校正体重后试验组比对照组产奶量提高14．94％（P〈0．05）;提高饲料转化率13．79％（P〈0．05）;每头奶牛每年增加的经济效益=产奶量提高效益＋牛奶级别提高效益＋防治乳房炎、隐性乳房炎减少的牛奶损失=881．45元＋400元＋377．86元=1659．31元,增收效益显著。     

中药复方灌注剂对奶牛乳房炎的防治效果及免疫增强作用

选取临床型、隐性型和健康型荷斯坦奶牛共80头,用于中药复方灌注剂对奶牛乳房炎的防治及免疫试验,对治疗前后乳中体细胞数(SCC)、乳清中白蛋白(SA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)、嗜中性粒细胞吞噬率和使用前后干奶期乳房炎的发病率进行了研究。结果表明,中药复方灌注剂和抗生素对隐性乳房炎的治愈率分别为94.44%和88.24%,有效率均为100%;对临床型乳房炎的治愈率分别为86.67%和76.92%,有效率为93.33%和84.62%;对干奶期乳房炎的预防效果分别为88.89%和94.12%,而生理盐水对照组发病率高达45.45%。中药复方灌注剂可以极显著降低患病奶牛乳中SCC、SA、LDH、ALT、AST水平(P＜0.01),提高SI和嗜中性粒细胞吞噬率(P＜0.01)。试验证实了中药复方灌注剂对奶牛乳房炎有较好的防治效果,能够修复奶牛受损的乳腺上皮细胞,降低受损细胞产生的酶含量和血乳的渗透性,提高患病奶牛机体的免疫机能。     

中草药添加剂对奶牛乳房炎及生产性能的影响

选择乳房炎奶牛16头，按照泌乳日、产奶量相近的原则随机分为对照组和试验组。对照组奶牛使用抗生素药物治疗，试验组奶牛在精料中添加中草药饲料添加剞代替抗生素治疗。结果表明：试验组奶牛乳房炎阳性率由41．48％降至3．13％，总有效率达到92．45％（P〈0．05）；并且使奶牛平均产奶量相对于对照组提高3．81kg／d（P〈0．05），乳脂率提高0．28％。     

Effects of an additional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy with carprofen (Rimadyl Rind) in cases of severe mastitis of high yielding cows

This field study focuses on the possible effects of a combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment (carprofen) and a local and parenteral antibiotic on cure rates, survival rate and return to milk production of severe clinical mastitis cases. 69 cows in 3 herds (blocked by parity) with severe clinical mastitis during the first 120 d of lactation (median = 28 d) were treated with antibiotics and one-half of these cows were treated with 1.4 mg/kg bodyweight carprofen (Rimadyl Rind, Pfizer GmbH Tiergesundheit, Germany). Double milk samples for bacteriology were collected from clinically affected udder quarters before treatment and at 14 (+/- 3) and 21 (+/- 3) days after commencement of treatment for cytomicro-temperature, clinical, bacteriological, cytobacteriological cure rate and in the number of cows that were defined as treatment failures (i.e., died, re-treated, relapse). Six (22.2%) vs. seven (19.4%) cows in the carprofen and control groups failed, respectively. The milk yield was significantly higher in the carprofen-treated group compared with the control group after treatment. The present work gives first indications that treatment of cows with severe clinical mastitis with a combination of carprofen and antibiotics could result in a faster return to milk production compared to treatment with antibiotics alone. If this effect can be affiliated to the administration of carprofen alone has to be examined in further studies.     

复方阿莫西林乳房注入剂对临床型奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果

为评价复方阿莫西林乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛临床型乳房炎的治疗效果,在甘肃某两个牛场选择70头自然发生的临床型乳房炎奶牛进行临床试验.将患病奶牛随机分为试验组(n=36头)和对照组(n=34头).试验用药和对照用药分别为郑州百瑞动物药业有限公司和齐鲁动物保健品有限公司提供的复方阿莫西林乳房注入剂.每个感染乳区注入3 g药物...     

Norfloxacin pharmacokinetics in lactating cows with sub-clinical and clinical mastitis

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin after intravenous administration of norfloxacin nicotinate at 10 mg norfloxacin/kg body weight was investigated in cows with healthy udders and in cows with chronic subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis. An HPLC method was used to determine the norfloxacin concentrations in serum and milk. Significant differences were observed in norfloxacin pharmacokinetics when administered to cows with infected udder quarters. The clearance (Cl) values were 10.4+/-2.5, 13.2+/-1.9 and 14.2+/-2.1 mL/min/kg (mean +/-SD) in the control (healthy udder) cows and in cows with subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis, respectively. There appeared to be a trend of increasing clearance according to severity of the disease. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) in the respective groups was 3.1+/-0.7, 2.2+/-0.6 and 1.3+/-0.2 L/kg. The volume of distribution was significantly decreased in the cows with postacute clinical mastitis. The half-lives (t1/2) and mean residence times (MRT) of norfloxacin were 353, 206 and 115 min (harmonic means) and 306+/-76, 168+/-39 and 95+/-9 min in control cows or in cows with subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis, respectively. The half-lives in the clinical mastitis group were significantly shorter than in the control group and the mean residence times were significantly shorter in the two mastitis groups when compared to the control group. Norfloxacin concentrations in milk were extremely high when compared to the respective serum concentrations. The area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) of norfloxacin in milk was 23899+/-6206 mg/L x min in the control cow group. The AUC in milk was significantly lower in the infected udder quarters of the mastitis groups (5075+/-1887 mg/L x min and 7484+/-4645 mg/L x min in the subclinical and the clinical group). The AUC values were significantly lower in milk from the infected udder quarters of the cows with chronic subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis when compared to the values in milk from the healthy quarters of the same udder. Norfloxacin was marginally bound to serum protein. The binding was concentration dependent and was 19, 13 and 6% at 0.2, 1.0 and 8.4 mg/L, respectively. Binding to milk protein was 46-51% and concentration independent. An in vitro dialysis model was used to simulate drug transport between serum and milk as a function of protein binding. The results showed that the rate of norfloxacin disposition from milk to serum was slower than from serum to milk, which was in agreement with the findings obtained in the pharmacokinetic study. Norfloxacin was poorly soluble in organic solvents and our results suggest that changes in the degree of ionization of the drug in different body fluids considerably affect its disposition.     

贝尔美对奶牛泌乳性能影响的研究

为了研究贝尔美对奶牛泌乳性能的影响,选择健康的泌乳奶牛20头,随机分为对照A组和试验B组2组,每组10头;选择患有隐性乳房炎的泌乳奶牛20头,随机分为对照C组与试验D组2组,每组10头。对照组饲喂正常日粮,试验组在正常日粮基础上添加贝尔美预混剂300 mg/kg,分别于0、15、30、45和60 d记录产奶量,并采取乳样,检测乳成分。试验结果显示,在预防试验中,与对照A组相比,试验B组平均每头每天产奶量增加1.90 kg（P〉0.05）,乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖、干物质分别提高了3.52%（P〉0.05）、7.21%（P〉0.05）、1.92%（P〉0.05）、6.09%（P〈0.05）。在治疗试验中,与对照C组相比,试验D组的奶牛平均每头每天产奶量增加了2.24 kg（P〈0.05）,乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖、干物质分别提高了14.42%（P〈0.05）、10.65%（P〈0.05）、2.02%（P〉0.05）、9.53%（P〈0.05）。综上所述,贝尔美对奶牛隐性乳房炎有一定的防治效果,且能改善乳品质。     

高寒地区秋、冬季荷斯坦奶牛补饲优质饲料对采食量、泌乳性能和乳房炎发病率的影响

[目的]旨在研究高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛优化补饲方案的推广价值。[方法]实验选取A、B牧场无临床型乳房炎健康泌乳牛为研究对象,将两座实验牧场奶牛,分别各自分为实验组和对照组。实验组饲喂优质补饲日粮,对照组饲喂传统日粮,实验牛只每天放牧5 h。实验期为60 d,10 d为预饲期,50 d为实验期。[结果]A、B牧场实验组补饲的日粮干物质采食量分别为15.77、16.11 kg/d,明显高于对照组（14.02、14.47 kg/d）。A牧场实验组单产为16.89 kg/d,对照组单产为12.25 kg/d,差异显著（P〈0.05）;B牧场实验组单产为17.22 kg/d,对照组单产为13.21 kg/d,同样差异显著（P〈0.05）;同时A牧场与B牧场实验组的单产在与2014同期相比时同样差异显著（P〈0.05）。A牧场每千克奶饲料成本降低0.26元,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,B牧场降低0.13元。A牧场实验组的牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量明显高于对照组,分别为3.95%和3.28%,和2014年同期相比分别增长了0.29%和0.22%;B牧场实验组牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量虽然低于对照组,但也达到了4.08%和3.15%。A牧场实验组牛奶体细胞数（39.14万个/m L）比对照组体细胞数（60.54万个/m L）低21.40万个/m L。临床型乳房炎患病牛的比例,实验组低于对照组近2.67%。[结论]高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛可实行优化补饲方案,且能够提高企业和养殖户的经济效益,具有较好的推广价值。     

Initial experience with the intravenous administration of colloidal carbon to cattle in relation to the incidence of mastitis

The influence was studied of intravenous application of colloid carbon to ten dairy cows of Bohemian Spotted breed in the seventh to eighth months of gravidity, as exerted on the health condition of mammary glands and on milk yield in the subsequent lactation. The cure consisted of three i. v. installations in 72-hour intervals; one dose contained 150 mg carbon in 20 ml of 20% glucose. No adverse by-effects were observed in the course of application and after it. During the subsequent lactation period (nine months) the test cows exhibited a better health condition of mammary glands if compared with the control group (ten dairy cows). In the test group no case was recorded of the clinical form of mastitis while in the control group one case of acute mastitis and two cases of chronic mastitis occurred. S. agalactiae was not isolated at all in the test group while in the control group it was isolated in two cows. S. aureus was also isolated more times (in 32 cases) in the control cows than in the test ones (in 27 cases). A higher average counts of cells in udder-quarter milk samples were found in the test group only at the onset of lactation (from the third month after calving), the average counts of cells over the whole period under study were however lower in the test group (1 380 000 per ml) than in the control group (1 234 000 per ml). The average daily milk yield per cow in the test group exceeded the average milk production in the control group in the period of study. An increase by 1.630 1 as compared with the untreated cow was observed in the average milk yield. It has been demonstrated by the results that by the intravenous instillation of colloid carbon nonspecific natural defensive mechanisms of dairy cows, mainly leucocytes, are stimulated, which enhanced the cell readiness to react to infectious process (mastitis) and overall injury of the organism (sepsis).