Co^60照射对尼罗罗非鱼幼苗生长发育的影响

为研究Ｃｏ＾６０照射对性腺发育的抑制作用，采用性腺未分化的尼罗罗非鱼鱼苗，设立多个组别以不同的剂量进行照射。结果表明，经适宜的射线照射，可获不地。在性成熟期，实验组苗苗的生殖腺呈线状或细线状，少数卵巢畸形。石蜡切片观察表明，生殖腺呈空腔，由一层膜包围其中未见生殖细胞，在大池准确养殖６个月后，实验组鱼苗比对照组生长速度明显加快，鱼体肥垃。     

微孢子虫SCM_6(Nosema.sp)对蚕生殖腺侵染的组织学观察

本试验以N.bomycis作对照,对SCM_6感染蚕的生殖腺(?、?)采用临时装片和石蜡切片对生殖腺内容物进行了详细观察.结果表明:SCM_6可侵染蚕的生殖细胞.但侵染生殖细胞的频度较低.     

胚胎干细胞向生殖细胞分化的研究进展

生殖细胞来源于原始生殖细胞,其在体内的分化机制已基本清楚。随着生殖细胞研究的不断深入,通过体外诱导途径获得生殖细胞已成为现实。将胚胎干细胞体外分化为上胚层样细胞,进而分化为原始生殖样或原始生殖细胞。将它们迁移入胎儿生殖腺,具有减数分裂及产生精子能力,与卵子结合移入缺生精管的生殖腺的新生鼠可以产生健康后代。为此,体外诱导生殖细胞的成功,进一步阐明了胚胎干细胞向生殖细胞分化的机制,为更有效利用干细胞造福人类奠定了基础。     

雄性关中奶山羊胎儿生殖细胞增殖分化的研究

旨在阐明山羊胚性腺的发生规律,这对于山羊的繁殖育种、丰富胚胎学有关研究内容都具有重要意义.该研究对22枚从39日胎龄胎儿至初生奶山羊性腺进行石蜡组织切片,用组织学和免疫组化、免疫荧光方法对山羊胎儿性腺发育的组织学特点,山羊胎儿性腺发育过程中VASA及细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)的表达规律进行了系统研究.结果表明:奶山羊性腺在39～47日胎龄时已出现精索和白膜,已发生性别分化,并可分辨出生殖细胞、支持细胞及间质细胞,细胞增殖率较高.在大约50日胎龄前生殖细胞可称作性原细胞,细胞为球形、核质比高.在51～59日胎龄,生殖细胞发生剧烈变化:体积增大、核质比降低.此后逐渐由性原细胞发育为前精原细胞,并且在此期间表达VASA的生殖细胞增多.50～90日胎龄,生殖细胞增殖率最高,生殖细胞所占比例也达到峰值.在90日胎龄后生殖细胞增殖率下降,比例下降,间质细胞大量退化.结果表明,山羊胎儿的生殖细胞在50日胎龄后由性原细胞发育为前精原细胞,生殖细胞在50～90日胎龄的增殖率最高,VASA可作为雄性山羊胎儿前精原细胞的标记.     

家畜性腺分化和配子形成研究进展

哺乳动物胎儿发育早期，原始外胚层特定细胞分化为原始生殖细胞，即配子的祖细胞。原始生殖细胞随后迁移到未分化的性腺中，与体细胞共同形成卵巢或睾丸。原始生殖细胞经过有丝分裂增殖形成卵原细胞或精原细胞，随后进行减数分裂分化为配子。性别决定、性腺分化和配子发生过程涉及多种细胞的增殖分化和相互调控，但受到取样和检测技术的限制，以往的研究系统性较差。近十年，单细胞水平检测技术的快速发展为全面分析人和动物生殖能力形成的机制提供了重要机遇。本文综述了不同动物原始生殖细胞的分化、迁移与增殖、性腺分化、性别决定及雌雄配子形成过程的研究进展，并介绍了单细胞测序技术在这些过程中的应用现状和前景，为揭示动物性别和生殖能力形成的机制以及提高哺乳动物的繁殖效率提供理论参考。     

泰山螭霖鱼原始生殖细胞的发生及性腺分化规律的研究

通过光镜、电镜及PAS法对泰山螭霖鱼原始生殖细胞的发生、迁移及性腺分化规律进行了研究。结果表明,原始生殖细胞最早出现于受精后11 h的原肠早期;6日龄,生殖嵴形成;20日龄,原始生殖细胞迁移到生殖嵴中,与生殖嵴共同组成原始性腺;60日龄,原始性腺开始分化。卵巢的分化时间早于精巢。电镜下观察到泰山螭霖鱼原始生殖细胞核膜附近有生殖质存在。原始生殖细胞的PAS反应呈阳性。     

原生殖细胞生成的干细胞可形成生殖嵌合体Colin L.Stewart等

胚胎干细胞(ES)做为将目的基因导入生殖腺的新途径而引起了人们的极大兴趣,ES细胞也为哺乳动物发育的生化和分子基础提供了丰富的材料,现今所有ES细胞均来自囊胚内细胞团。从恶性畸胚瘤和性腺瘤细胞分离的胚胎瘤细胞(EC)只有极少数能形成生殖腺嵌合体。原生殖细胞(PGC)在合适的培养条件下,形成的多能细胞称EG细胞。EG细胞具有和ES及EC细胞相似的形态和发育特征,在体外分化广泛,但不清楚它们在体内能否形成体细胞系,是否具有发育的全能性和能否形成有功能的配子。     

有机磷农药乐果对家蚕子代生殖功能的影响

为探讨有机磷农药乐果导致家蚕慢性中毒后对子代生殖功能的影响,以相似文献   

无血清培养关中奶山羊胚胎生殖细胞的研究

山羊胚胎生殖细胞是一种来源于胎儿原始性腺的多能干细胞,建立该细胞体外稳定分离培养体系对研究山羊繁殖育种具有重要价值。本试验通过酶消化法和组织培养法分离培养关中奶山羊胚胎生殖细胞,检测无血清培养基对细胞体外增殖的影响。结果发现,该培养基可以分离得到山羊胚胎生殖细胞,细胞集落形态典型,表达AKP、Oct4、TERT及SSEA-1。经体外分化试验表明,细胞可以分化为类胚体、成纤维样细胞、成脂细胞和卵母细胞样形态。无血清培养基可以用于山羊胚胎生殖细胞的分离与培养,本试验对进一步建立山羊胚胎生殖细胞长期培养体系提供了新的参考。     

鱼类原始生殖细胞的研究进展

动物胚胎发育时期,最早出现的生殖细胞称为原始生殖细胞(PGCs)。原始生殖细胞参与生殖腺的形成,通过对原始生殖细胞的研究可揭露性别的分化机制。几十年来,国内外学者用不同方法对鱼类原始生殖细胞的特征、起源、迁移和分化等方面进行了大量的工作,取得了很多成果,笔者现就鱼的PGCs的研究进展情况作一概括性总结。     

雌性牦牛主要生殖器官中DBI的表达与定位分析

为加深对DBI基因功能的探究,揭示其在牦牛生殖生理过程中的作用.本试验采集健康母牦牛(3～6岁)繁殖周期不同阶段(卵泡期、黄体期和妊娠期)的卵巢、输卵管和子宫组织,共分为9组,每组设置3个生物学重复.采用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹技术(Western blotting,WB)检测牦牛DBI在繁...     

Longitudinal study of lymphocyte subsets and major histocompatibility complex-class II expressing cells in mammary glands of sows.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is variation attributable to reproductive stage in lymphocyte subsets and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expressing cells in mammary glands of sows. ANIMALS: 8 healthy primiparous crossbred sows that had been nursing piglets for 30 to 35 days. PROCEDURE: Needle biopsy of the mammary gland was performed after parturition, at midlactation, and after weaning. Various lymphocyte subsets and MHC class II expressing cells were detected immunohistochemically, using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: The number of CD8+ cells was significantly lower after parturition than after weaning but not significantly lower than at midlactation. The number of IgA-bearing cells was lower after parturition and after weaning than at midlactation. There were more B cells at midlactation than after weaning. There was no change over time in the number of CD4+ cells or MHC class II expressing cells. Immunohistochemically positive cells were detected only in interalveolar tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Certain lymphocyte subsets in mammary glands of sows are affected by reproductive stage. The data do not support the hypothesis that development of postparturient coliform mastitis may be the result of impaired mammary immune defenses at parturition.     

甘肃贝母生物量和营养物质生殖分配研究

为了明确甘肃贝母（Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim.）生殖分配随不同物候期的分配规律,以人工栽植6年生及以上处于生殖生长阶段的甘肃贝母植株为试验材料,在各物候期测定植株各器官生物量和营养元素生殖分配。结果表明：甘肃贝母在各物候期的生殖分配分别为13.2%,7.2%,10.1%,10.3%;在整个生殖生长阶段,生殖器官表型可塑性呈现出先减弱后增大趋势;氮和磷元素在生殖器官中的组成百分比在盛花期较现蕾期显著降低,随果实的生长,在果实成熟期显著大于盛花期,而钾元素在整个生殖生长期间保持相对稳定的状态。综合分析表明甘肃贝母种群对有性生殖投资的比例较小,大部分用于营养生长,其有性生殖是各器官生物量积累和消耗各器官营养元素主要保证鳞茎正常生长的过程。     

Avian reproductive endocrinology.

Hypothalamic-releasing factors regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. The anterior pituitary gland secretes the same six hormones as found in mammals: FSH, LH, prolactin, GH (somatotropic hormone), ACTH, and TSH, plus the melanotropic hormone. The endocrine hormones of the avian posterior pituitary gland concerned with reproduction are mesotocin and AVT. The pineal gland, through the secretion of the hormone melatonin, modulates the periodic autonomic functions of the central nervous system. The ovary produces estrogens, progestogens, and androgenic compounds. The testes produce testosterones and progesterone. The thyroid glands produce two hormones, T4 and T3. The avian adrenal glands produce corticosterone and aldosterone. The bursa of Fabricius is considered an endocrine organ since it is involved in the production of humoral factors. The male reproductive system undergoes hormonal changes associated with puberty, the breeding season, and molt. Some avian species undergo a type of disintegration and seasonal reconstruction of the testis and epididymis. The relationship of the ovarian follicular hormones and the plasma hormones varies depending on the stage of the reproductive cycle and the seasonal photostimulation. Female birds may conceive in the absence of a mate as a result of the fertile period phenomena. The blood chemistry of laying birds is different from that seen in nonlaying hens. Domestication has had a definite influence on the hormone cycles of some avian species. This may lead to certain reproductive problems.     

皖西白鹅雌鹅生殖激素水平研究

本文研究了皖西白鹅雌鹅几种主要生殖激素在生殖期与非生殖期的变化情况.相关激素测定的结果表明血清中垂体泌乳素(PRL)、雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P)含量在生殖期和非生殖期呈现规律性变化.随着雌鹅进入生殖期,雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P)含量都逐渐升高,特别是在生殖期的后期,二者都出现了峰值,然后随着雌鹅离开生殖期而逐渐下降.而垂体泌乳素(PRL)在血清中的含量变化情况却与雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P)含量变化情况相反.在生殖后期含量下降,而离开生殖期后,含量反而升高.     

Lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets are regionally distributed in the female goat reproductive tract: influence of the stage of the oestrous cycle

The reproductive tract of the female is a part of the mucosal system which protects from pathogens invasion. We have analysed the presence and distribution of total lymphocytes, plasma cells (antibody secreting B cells) and T lymphocytes subsets in the reproductive tract of the female goat. The influence of the oestrous cycle on the densities of lymphocytes and plasma cells of the cervix and uterus horn was evaluated in sections prepared for conventional histology. Immunocytochemistry was used for the study of lymphocyte subsets by confocal microscopy and immunoperoxidase techniques. Present results show that the reproductive tract of the goat is a site rich in lymphocytes. These cells were found mingled with the epithelial cells of the endometrium and distributed throughout the stroma. Lymphocyte aggregates were observed in the stroma. Lymphocyte but not plasma cell number changed depending on the reproductive stage of the goats. The impact of the hormonal environment was different for the cervix and uterine horn. Immunocytochemistry studies evidenced the presence of cells displaying immunoreactivity for both CD 4+ and CD 8+ antibodies in the epithelial layer and stroma of the cervix and uterine horn. These cells were more numerous in the cervix and were also found infiltrating the luminal epithelia of endometrial glands. Overall, our results indicate that lymphocyte distribution is different in the cervix and the horn, and is influenced by the stage of the reproductive cycle. In summary, CD 4+ and CD 8+ T lymphocytes subsets could be found in the endometrium of both the cervix and uterine horn of the goat reproductive tract.     

Research Progress on the Development of Mammary Glands

Mammary gland is a kind of exocrine glands and a dynamic organ.Structure of mammary gland changes throughout the female reproductive cycles.Development of mammary gland occurs in the defined stages that are closely linted to sexual development and reproduction, namely embryonic, prepubertal and pubertal stages, pregnancy, lactation and involution.In this review, the roles of epithelial-stromal (mesenchymal) interactions in embryonic and postnatal mammary development were summarized, elaborated the regulations of different kinds of hormones on the mammary development after pubertal stage, and described the discovery of mammary stem cell populations (MaSC) and selection markers of mice and human.The objective of this work was to learn the basic processes and potential regulation mechanisms of the mammary development to provide some help for the researchers in the field of mammary gland.     

乳腺发育的研究进展

乳腺属于外分泌腺的一种,在雌性动物生殖周期中呈动态性变化。乳腺的发育可根据动物性别发育和繁殖时期的不同分为胚胎期、青春期前期、青春期、妊娠期、泌乳期和退化期。作者总结了上皮-基质(间质)之间相互作用对胚胎时期及出生后动物个体乳腺发育的影响,详细阐述了乳腺不同发育阶段不同种类激素所发挥的调控作用,并针对小鼠、人乳腺干细胞的发现及标记物进行简要描述。本综述旨在清晰、深入地揭示乳腺发育的基本过程及潜在的调控机理,为进一步了解乳腺相关方面的研究工作提供参考资料。     

青藏高原白草生殖生长期植株器官生物量分配特征

为明确白草（Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel.）生殖生长期生物量分配规律，本研究选择西藏自治区日喀则市萨迦县一处白草单优种群落，采用野外调查取样和室内分析方法，研究白草不同生育期的基本生长特征、构件生物量分配特征和构件占比相关关系。结果表明：白草株高、茎粗、凋落物占比、茎占比、叶鞘占比、穗占比、生殖枝占比和地上营养体占比随生育进程呈“∩”型变化；根茎占比从孕穗期65.42%显著下降到灌浆期45.10%，后在成熟期显著上升至63.22%，呈“∪”型变化。白草灌浆期茎叶比2.16，根茎占比45.10%，地上生物量占比达到最大的54.90%，大量干物质未转移至地下部贮存，利用价值最大。因此，白草以地下根茎克隆繁殖作为主要繁殖方式，在生殖生长前期将干物质大量分配到地上部完成有性生殖，在成熟期将干物质转移到地下部贮存。     

不同物候期胀果甘草生物量和营养物质生殖分配研究

通过测定新疆极端干旱气候下野生胀果甘草种群在不同的物候期(现蕾期、盛花期、结荚期、成熟期)不同构件(茎、叶、花、荚果)中生物量、能量和营养元素(N、P、K)的含量,以探索随物候期的变化,生物量、能量以及营养元素生殖分配的动态规律。结果表明,1)胀果甘草种群生殖分配随物候期的变化而增加,现蕾期、盛花期、结荚期、成熟期的生殖分配分别为2.40%,4.30%,13.90%,18.90%。2)生殖构件的表型可塑性强于营养构件,且有性生殖构件表型可塑性随物候期逐渐减弱。3)在不同物候期,花(荚果)生物量与分株叶、茎和总生物量均呈显著(P<0.05)的线性正相关关系。4)在各物候期,各构件中能量和营养元素分配的变化趋势与其构件生物量变化几乎完全一致,叶均以盛花期为最高,茎中以现蕾期为最高,生殖构件中随物候期推移而增加。总体上,胀果甘草生殖构件生物量、能量和营养元素分配随物候期推移而增加,其有性生殖是一个物质、能量和营养元素积累的过程,但野生胀果甘草种群对有性生殖的投资比例较小,大部分用于营养生长。