大麦生长与土壤酸度的关系

红壤、砖红壤以及在这些土壤上发育的水稻土,都呈酸性或强酸性反应,在栽培水稻时,农民素有施用石灰的习惯.近年来这些地区种植大麦的面积日益扩大,例如浙江金华地区1978年大麦种植面积即达54万亩.但在大麦栽培上普遍存在早衰低产现象,这是否和土壤酸度有关?不同石灰物质对大麦生长的影响如何?为此,我们进行了以下三方面的工作.     

五价锑在中国南方两类典型土壤中的迁移特征

通过土柱出流实验研究锑在我国南方的红壤和棕色石灰土中的迁移行为,对实验结束后的土柱进行分级提取,得出土壤中不同形态锑的百分比。为分析氧化还原电位对锑迁移的影响,探讨了不同p H条件下锑在覆铁石英砂中的迁移行为。实验结果表明,锑在棕色石灰土中迁移时穿透曲线的峰值(C/C0=0.88)比在红壤(C/C0=0.26)中的高,出流所需时间短;在红壤中迁移时穿透曲线的"拖尾"现象较明显。第二次出流的情况正好相反,锑在红壤中的穿透曲线峰值明显升高C/C0达到0.58,而锑在棕色石灰土中的穿透曲线峰值较第一次明显降低(C/C0=0.70),说明红壤第一次淋洗不彻底,棕色石灰土第一次淋洗比较彻底。土柱实验结束后的土壤中锑主要以铁铝氧化物结合态存在,非专性吸附态、专性吸附态和残渣态含量很少,棕色石灰土中的弱结合态锑含量较红壤中多。不同p H条件下锑在覆铁石英砂中迁移特征为,当p H为4时锑在覆铁石英砂中的穿透曲线对称性较好,"拖尾"现象不明显,随着p H变大穿透曲线对称性变差,"拖尾"现象变明显。     

桂西北喀斯特地区典型土壤在不同筛分强度下团聚体的稳定性

采用AS 200筛分仪分析了不同有机碳含量下3种喀斯特典型土壤(红壤、棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土)的团聚体颗粒在不同筛分强度(1.5,2和2.5mm振幅)的分级特征。结果显示,3种土壤平均重量直径(MWD)从大到小为:黑色石灰土棕色石灰土红壤(p0.05)。随筛分强度由小到大,棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土的团聚体颗粒分级变化较小,红壤团聚体颗粒分级由大颗粒(8,8~5,5~2mm)团聚体为主逐渐变为中间粒径颗粒(5~2,2~1mm)。红壤团聚体结构最易被筛分过程破坏,其次是棕色石灰土,最后是黑色石灰土。研究表明石灰土团聚体机械稳定性强于红壤,且筛分强度直接影响团聚体分级结果。从团聚体聚合角度来看,喀斯特石灰土土壤稳定性较强。     

酸性土壤连续施石灰对养分有效性及作物生长的影响

1980年春至1983年夏在浙江金华蒋堂农场红壤性水稻土上,布置了早稻—晚稻—大麦轮作的连续九季施石灰的田间试验,以探讨酸性土壤上施用石灰对不同作物生长、养分吸收、土壤养分有效性及发生学性质的影响。     

湖南地区几种主要土壤施用钾,钙,镁 对玉米生物产量的影响

通过实验室分析和盆栽试验表明,湘南地区几种土壤中的钾、镁以非酸溶态为主,土壤中的有效态钾,镁地较少,不能满足作物生长的需求,而土壤中的钙以交换态米,钙供应充分;施用钾肥对玉米生物产量的的影响与施用镁密切相关,在镁的基础上施钾,马的效果显著,在湘南红壤区的第四纪红土红壤、砂岩红壤、板页岩红壤上施镁有显著效果,而棕色石灰土和石灰性紫色土,镁肥作用相对较少,红壤缺镁已成为湘南农业生产的重要限制因子之一,     

亮蓝在喀斯特黑色石灰土和红壤中流动滞后性的研究

亮蓝已被普遍接受作为野外可视化土壤水分运移路径的染色示踪剂,但不同土壤对亮蓝的吸附会对其流动性造成不同程度的迟滞,进而影响亮蓝的染色效果。以石林喀斯特地区黑色石灰土和红壤为研究对象,通过一系列亮蓝浓度梯度对照试验,采用相对迟滞系数作为量化指标,探究亮蓝示踪黑色石灰土和红壤的水分运移规律和适宜浓度。结果表明:(1)亮蓝浓度不影响水的运移;(2)亮蓝在两种土壤中的流动滞后性均呈现随亮蓝浓度增加而减小的趋势,浓度超过10g/L的亮蓝在黑色石灰土中的流动深度基本跟水流一致,浓度超过50g/L的亮蓝在红壤中流动滞后性趋于稳定但仍明显。试验证明示踪南方喀斯特地区土壤水分运移应选用高浓度的亮蓝染色剂。     

湘南地区几种主要土壤施用钾、钙、镁肥对玉米生物产量的影响

通过实验室分析和盆栽试验表明,湘南地区几种土壤中的钾、镁以非酸溶态为主,土壤中的有效态钾、镁相对较少,不能满足作物生长的需求,而土壤中的钙以交换态为主,钙供应充分;施用钾肥对玉米生物产量的影响与施用镁肥密切相关,在镁的基础上施钾,钾肥的效果显著,在湘南红壤区的第四纪红土红壤、砂岩红壤、板页岩红壤上施镁有显著效果,而棕色石灰土和石灰性紫色土,镁肥作用相对较少,红壤缺镁已成为湘南农业生产的重要限制因子之一,施钙对玉米生物产量没有显著作用,表明湘南红壤不缺钙,在施肥上应提倡N、P、K、Mg配合施用.     

石灰石粉提高酸性土壤紫云英产量及养分截获

南方耕作土壤酸化问题普遍,探明酸性土壤施用石灰石粉对紫云英产量与养分截获的影响,为紫云英轻简化高产高效栽培提供依据。盆栽试验条件下,在强酸性水稻土和酸性红壤上分别设7个水平的石灰石粉改良剂施用量。每盆装土2 kg,石灰石粉用量分别为0(CK)、0.267 g/盆(T1)、0.534 g/盆(T2)、0.801 g/盆(T3)、1.068 g/盆(T4)、1.335 g/盆(T5)、1.602 g/盆(T6)(折算为0、600、1200、1800、2400、3000、3600 kg/hm²)。盛花期测定紫云英产量、养分截获、土壤pH值及交换性酸。结果表明,与CK相比,水稻土施用石灰石粉的紫云英鲜草产量增幅为41.5%～122.8%,产量随施用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,红壤增幅为175.2%～989.1%,增产效果随施用量的提高呈递增趋势,两种土壤分别以T4与T6处理鲜草产量最高,与CK差异显著;水稻土施用石灰石粉氮素截获量增幅为147.5%～614.7%,红壤氮素截获量增幅为285.7%～1316.8%。水稻土施用石灰石粉后土壤pH值较CK增长1.5%～5.1%,交换性铝含量降幅为7.3%～55.9%,红壤施用石灰石粉pH值比CK增长3.4%～18.8%,交换性铝含量降幅为32.3%～95.4%;红壤施用石灰石粉后鲜草及干草产量与土壤pH值呈极显著正相关关系。酸化土壤是限制紫云英产量与养分截获提升的重要的因素。在红壤和水稻土上施用石灰石粉能提高紫云英的产量、养分截获、土壤pH值,降低土壤交换性铝含量。相同用量下,在酸性红壤上的改良效果优于强酸性水稻土。强酸性水稻土与酸性红壤施用石灰石粉后土壤pH值分别为4.66和7.05时,紫云英鲜草和干草产量最高。     

西南喀斯特地区典型土壤碳通量原位监测的研究

为了研究西南喀斯特地区典型土壤碳通量特征,以不同植被类型和不同土石界面为研究对象,原位测定3种土壤(红壤、棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土)2个界面(土面、土石面)的乔木林地和灌丛的土壤碳通量,并用土壤碳通量的日变化和季变化指示土壤有机碳转化过程.结果表明,在雨季各土壤碳通量均高于旱季.棕色石灰土在2种植被类型条件下均没有红壤土壤碳通量稳定,受湿度影响大于红壤.黑色石灰土中,灌丛的土石面土壤碳通量与土面差异小于乔木林地,乔木林地中土面土壤碳通量显著大于土石面,土面在7月出现最高值(3.0μmol m2/s),土石面在6月出现最高值(1.5μmol m2/s);灌丛土面土壤碳通量最高值出现在7月(3.0μmol m2/s),土石面6月出现最高值(1.9 μmol m2/s).喀斯特地区土壤碳通量的变化因土壤类型不同而存在差异,土面和土石面的喀斯特土壤碳通量差异受气候、季节和植被的影响较大.     

添加碳源、磷和石灰对红壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的影响

用培养试验研究了添加碳源、磷和石灰石粉对第四纪红色粘土及红砂岩母质上发育的不同侵蚀程度的红壤以及经培肥后红壤的矿化和硝化作用的影响。结果表明 :上述 3个因子对矿化作用的影响较大 ,添加碳源表现出土壤矿质氮的净生物固持 ;在低磷红壤上增施磷能有效地促进红壤氮素的矿化 ;添加石灰石粉也能有效地促进 pH较低的红壤氮素的矿化。培肥后的红壤矿化和硝化作用明显增强 ,添加磷和石灰石粉进一步促进了培肥红壤矿化率和硝化率的提高。但施用石灰石粉和磷并未提高未经培肥的侵蚀红壤的硝化作用     

Plant roots are more important than temperature in modulating carbon release in a limed acidic soil

Lime is a common amendment to overcome soil acidity in agricultural production systems. However, plant root effects on lime and soil carbon (C) dynamics in acidic soils under varied temperature remain largely unknown. We monitored root effects of soybean on the fate of lime applied to an acidic soil at 20 and 30°C in growth chambers. Soil respired CO₂ was continuously trapped in columns without and with plants until the final stage of vegetative growth. Lime‐derived CO₂ was separated from total respired CO₂ based on δ¹³C measurements in CO₂. Leaching was induced at early and late vegetative growth stages, and the leachates were analysed for dissolved organic (DOC) and inorganic C (DIC) concentrations. Soil respiration significantly increased with lime addition at both temperatures (p < 0.001). The presence of soybean doubled the recovery of lime‐derived CO₂‐C at 20°C at the early growth stage; however, by the end of the experiment, the contribution of lime‐derived CO₂‐C to soil respiration was negligible in all treatments, indicating that the contribution of lime to soil respiration was shortlived. In contrast, DIC and DOC concentrations in leachates remained elevated with liming and were greater in the presence of soybean. We observed no main temperature effects and no interactive effects of temperature and soybean presence on lime‐derived CO₂‐C, DIC and DOC. These results highlight the role of plant‐modulated processes in CO₂ release and C leaching from lime in acidic soils, whereas an increase in temperature may be less important. Temperature and plant roots alter the rate of key processes controlling C dynamics in a limed acidic soil. Lime‐derived CO₂‐C, DIC and DOC increased more in the presence of plants than with increased temperature. Root effects are more important than temperature for inorganic and organic carbon dynamics in limed acidic soils.     

Addition of lignin to lime materials for expedited pH increase and improved vertical mobility of lime in no‐till soils

Soil acidification caused by long‐term nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications has been a growing concern for dryland crop production in both tilled and no‐till soils in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Many no‐till soils have stratified soil pH in the 5–10 cm depth due to repeated N fertilizer applications at this depth. In the PNW, the practice of liming to correct low soil pH is complicated due to lack of affordable lime sources and because the inherent difficulty in ameliorating stratified soil acidity in no‐till systems. An intact soil‐column incubation study was conducted to investigate whether mixing lime materials with lignin‐containing black liquor—a by‐product from the pulp industry—could elevate soil pH change in both conventional and no‐till systems and expedite vertical downward movement of lime in no‐till system. Results indicate that mixing lime with black liquor has the potential to not only elevate the increase in soil pH in both conventional till and no‐till systems, but also accelerate downward movement of lime to correct soil pH below the soil surface. Mixing agricultural lime or super fine micro lime with black liquor increased soil pH to a depth of 25–30 cm within 147 days after surface application to a no‐till soil.     

有机质含量对石灰性黄潮土和砂姜黑土磷吸附–解吸特性的影响

通过往土壤中添加不同量小麦秸秆,经好气培养1年后,获得不同有机质含量梯度的系列土壤,研究有机质含量对石灰性黄潮土和砂姜黑土磷（P）相关吸附参数和不同水土比下解吸溶液P浓度的影响。结果表明,Langmuir方程能够较好地拟合不同有机质含量的两种土壤对P的等温吸附曲线,拟合度均达到显著（P 0.05）或极显著（P 0.01）水平。黄潮土和砂姜黑土P最大吸附量（Xm）、吸附结合能常数（K）、最大缓冲容量（MBC）、吸附饱和度（DPS）及相同水土比下P解吸溶液浓度与有机碳含量间均呈显著或极显著的二次抛物线关系。抛物线拐点之前,随有机质含量的提高,P的吸附能力增强,解吸能力降低;拐点之后,吸附能力降低,解吸能力增强。各水土比条件下,P解吸溶液浓度与Xm、K、MBC呈显著或极显著负相关,与DPS呈显著或极显著正相关。随有机质含量的提高,土壤P植物有效性和P流失风险呈先降低后增强的抛物线趋势;土壤供P缓冲能力则先增强后降低。砂姜黑土Xm、K、MBC均明显高于黄潮土,DPS明显低于黄潮土;且其抛物线拐点滞后,拐点横坐标有机碳含量明显高于黄潮土。不同有机质含量的解吸曲线较黄潮土排列紧密;砂姜黑土黏粒含量、碳酸钙含量明显高于黄潮土,全P和Olsen-P含量明显低于黄潮土,这可能是影响两种石灰性土壤P吸附–解吸特性差别的主要原因。     

生物质炭对旱作土壤生物性状及养分有效性的调控效应

通过盆栽试验研究了生物质炭施用对贵州中部地区旱作土壤微生物群落数量、酶活性和土壤养分有效性的影响。结果表明:对不同类型旱作土施用5%～15%(炭/土质量比)的生物质炭后,黄泥土、黄砂土中真菌、放线菌、细菌数量和硝化细菌、氨化细菌数量以及磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性均表现出明显的增加,特别是黄砂土;而大泥土中放线菌、真菌数量和硝化细菌数量以及磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性出现较明显的提高,但氨化细菌数量及脲酶活性出现大幅度降低。此外,黄泥土、黄砂土施生物质炭后有效N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B含量表现出不同程度的增加,但土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量则出现不同程度的下降;而大泥土中有效P、K、Fe、Mn、Cu、B的含量呈现不同程度的提高,但土壤有效N、Ca、Mg、Zn的含量出现不同程度的减少;其中这3类旱作土壤施炭后土壤有效Zn含量均表现出显著的下降。黄泥土、黄砂土及大泥土施用5%～15%的生物质炭后均能明显提高白菜及莴笋的产量,其中黄砂土施生物质炭的增产效果最好,其次是大泥土。不同类型旱作土壤施炭后土壤有效性养分数量变化存在较大的差别,施用生物质炭时要根据土壤特性配合使用一定比例的氮、磷、钾及适量的微量元素肥料,更有利于促进作物的生长。     

A Modification to the Adams‐Evans Soil Buffer Determination Solution

Abstract

Many soil analysis labs routinely determine lime requirement of acidic soils using different buffer solutions for optimum plant growth. The Adams‐Evans lime determination solution was introduced more than 40 years ago and has been used by many soil analysis labs. Even though many buffer solutions have been developed since then, very little attention has been paid to address the toxic nature of chemicals involved in buffer solutions. The most commonly used buffer solutions, such as the Adams-Evans, Shoemaker‐McLean‐Pratt (SMP), Woodruff, and others, contain p‐nitrophenol, which is toxic to humans and the environment. Use of p‐nitrophenol requires prescribed containment and disposal procedures, that creates extra burden on soil analysis labs that provide their invaluable service at low cost. Replacing p‐nitrophenol with monobasic potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄), which has similar buffering capacity but with no known toxicity, is beneficial to soil testing labs and the environment. The original Adams‐Evans buffer solution was compared with the modified Adams‐Evans buffer solution with soils of different pH, cation exchange capacity and lime requirement. The linear regression between the buffer pH values and lime recommendations made by Adams‐Evans and the modified Adams‐Evans solutions were highly significant. Thus, the modified Adams‐Evans buffer solution can be used without loss of established recommendation criteria as the original buffer solution.     

石灰用量对污染红壤和黄泥土中有效态铜锌含量的影响

采用外源加入重金属铜锌硝酸盐的方法,制成铜、锌单一及复合污染的三级污染红壤和黄泥土（Cu 200mg/kg、Zn 400 mg/kg）,稳定一个月,施入低（0.50 g/kg）、中（1.50 g/kg）和高（2.50 g/kg）3种不同用量的石灰,稳定两个月后测定土壤有效态铜、锌含量和pH值,以阐明石灰用量对不同污染土壤中重金属有效态含量的影响。结果表明,随石灰用量的增加,复合污染红壤中有效态铜含量较对照依次降低31%、76%和87%;而石灰用量对黄泥土中有效态铜影响的差异不显著;两种土壤中有效态锌含量均随石灰用量的增加而显著减少;复合污染较单一污染相比,有效态铜及有效态锌的含量差异不显著。在复合污染下,低、中量石灰使黄泥土中有效态铜含量较红壤减少89%和63%,有效态锌减少27%和65%。但加入高量石灰,两种土壤差异不显著。石灰能够降低单一与复合污染铜、锌有效态的含量,但其效果因土壤类型而异,在红壤上选择施用高量石灰而在黄泥土上则适宜施用低中量石灰,以取得最佳的修复效果和效益。     

石灰和聚丙烯酰胺处理的酸性土壤对烤烟生长及生理特性的影响

以K326烤烟品种为材料,在土培条件下研究了石灰和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）处理的酸性土壤对烤烟生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:石灰和PAM处理的酸性土壤,在PAM含量低时（0.1%）,烤烟生物量显著提高,光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）增高,根系活力增大,相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量下降,但随PAM用量的增大,烤烟生长减缓。在酸性土壤中,烤烟叶片和根系的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性最低;在加入石灰的土壤中,烤烟叶片和根系的三种酶活性升高,同时加入石灰和PAM的土壤,在PAM含量低时,三种酶活性下降,但随着PAM含量增高（0.2%）,酶活性又开始上升。石灰和PAM处理的酸性土壤,土壤交换性H、交换性Al含量的改变是由石灰引起的,PAM的影响不显著;相反,石灰对土壤含水量、水势、比重、孔隙度的影响不显著,而PAM影响显著,低PAM含量时（0.1%）,土壤含水量增加,但随PAM用量加大,土壤比重、孔隙度进一步增大,土壤含水量则逐渐降低,土壤水势显著下降。因此推测,石灰显著降低了酸性土壤交换性H、交换性Al含量,适量PAM提高了土壤孔隙度,增加土壤含水量,从而促进烤烟生长;但是当PAM过量,会导致土壤水势下降,烤烟吸水困难,其生长减缓。     

Effect of Fe-Glycine Aminochelate on Pod Quality and Iron Concentrations of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Under Lime Soil Conditions

Iron (Fe) has very low solubility and plant availability in calcareous soils, and this generally results in restricted plant production and low quality. During last decades, various commercial chelated fertilizers have been used in agricultural systems to meet iron requirements of crops. However, despite extensive application of these commercial chelate fertilizers, there is real doubt and high concerns regarding many aspects of their action, dynamics, efficiency, and safety in plant-soil–environment systems. In the present study, growth and quality of green bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated under foliar and soil applications of Fe-glycine chelate (iron glycine aminochelate) and commercial Fe-EDDHA chelate in a lime soil. The results showed that morphophysiological parameters were improved by the application of Fe-glycine and Fe-EDDHA treatments. Foliar application of Fe-glycine has significantly improved leaf area and Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) values compared to control and Fe-EDDHA treatments. Pod yield, shoot (but not root) dry weight, and iron concentrations in leaves and pods (but not in root) were significantly higher when plants were treated by Fe-glycine rather than Fe-EDDHA in both soil and foliar applications. Vitamin C and protein contents were significantly improved and phenolic compounds were reduced by foliar application of Fe-glycine and soil application of Fe-EDDHA. The results indicate that foliar application of Fe-glycine can significantly increase Fe concentrations and quality of beans under lime soils with restricted iron availability.     

红壤酸化及石灰改良影响冬小麦根际土壤钾的有效性

【目的】了解初始酸度对石灰改良红壤钾素有效性的效应,为酸化红壤改良提供依据和支撑。【方法】本试验以湖南祁阳典型的第四纪红土为基础,人为调节出土壤pH分别为4.0、4.5、4.8、5.2的土壤。每个酸度土壤的一半加石灰改良至pH 6.0 (石灰改良处理),另一半不变(酸化处理)。以该土壤进行了小麦盆栽试验。每个盆内放入一个尼龙网根袋,并添加供试红壤1.65 kg (根袋中加150 g)。小麦生长80天后收获,调查了小麦生物量和钾吸收量,测定比较了小麦根际和非根际土壤不同形态的钾含量变化。【结果】1)不同酸化土壤冬小麦生物量(地上部和根部)与初始pH显著正相关(P＜0.05),也与钾吸收量显著正相关(P＜0.05)。石灰改良处理冬小麦生物量均显著高于相应的酸化处理,也随初始pH升高而显著升高。2)不同酸化土壤冬小麦根际土壤速效钾随pH升高显著降低,非根际土壤的速效钾含量均显著高于相应的根际土壤(除pH 4.0外)。石灰改良处理根际土壤速效钾含量均显著低于相应的酸化处理,且非根际土壤显著高于对应根际土,非根际土壤速效钾含量随初始pH升高而显著下降。3)不同酸化土壤冬小麦根际土壤钾离子饱和度随pH升高而显著下降,非根际土壤钾离子饱和度则随pH升高呈增加趋势。石灰改良处理土壤各处理根际土钾离子饱和度均显著低于对应的非根际土,同时非根际土钾离子饱和度与酸化处理的变化趋势一致。4)不同酸化处理红壤冬小麦生物量与根际速效钾亏缺量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),冬小麦根际土壤速效钾亏缺率和冬小麦吸钾量及根际钾离子饱和度亏缺率均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);而石灰改良处理根际土壤速效钾亏缺率则与初始pH呈显著负相关(P＜0.05)。【结论】在本试验的pH范围内,酸化条件下,根际土壤速效钾含量随pH降低而升高,而冬小麦吸钾量及生物量均随pH升高而升高。表明酸化红壤影响冬小麦钾养分吸收的主导因素是土壤的酸度。施石灰降低了土壤的酸度,提高酸化红壤作物产量和吸钾量。红壤施用石灰校正酸化应在pH降到5.0之前进行。酸化红壤石灰改良后,还应注意适量补充钾肥。     

Effect of liming and applied phosphorus on growth and P uptake of maize (Zea mays subsp.) plant grown in acid soils of West Wollega,Ethiopia

The study aimed at investigating effects of lime and mineral P fertilizers on P uptake and growth of maize (Zea mays subsp.) in greenhouse pot experiment. Combination of four P rates and four lime rates were applied to four highly acidic soil samples and the soils were incubated for a total of 112?days after which maize (Zea mays subsp.) was planted. The maize plants were harvested for analysis after 42?days of growth. Control experiments were also included. Available P (Bray I) and pH were significantly increased after incubation. Maximum available P was obtained in the soils that received the highest P rate and optimum lime rate. Levels of exchangeable acidity were significantly decreased in the P and lime treated soils compared to the control experiments. Plant biomasses and P uptake of maize increased significantly (p?≤?0.001) with application of P and lime compared to the control experiments.