木质纤维生物量一步法(SSF)转化成乙醇的研究进展

该文综述了木质纤维生物量一步法 (SSF)转化成乙醇的研究进展 ,总结了SSF法的优点 ,提出了现阶段SSF法存在的问题以及在今后研究中需要解决的问题 .     

牛粪复混生物质颗粒燃料成型及特性分析

为了提高以牛粪为主料的多原料混合生物质燃料的发热量,降低成型颗粒燃料含硫量,提升燃料的适用性和综合品质,选取锯末、谷糠、果树残枝3种常见的木质类和非木质类有机废弃物为辅料,通过调节原料配比及含水率,采用挤压成型和特性测定等方法,分析了原料含水率和原料配比对颗粒成型燃料成型率、全水分、灰分、挥发分、固定碳、含硫量和发热量的影响。结果表明：颗粒成型率和全水分受原料组成和含水率共同作用,低灰、低硫和高热量的生物质燃料更有利于市场应用,在满足颗粒成型的条件下,颗粒的热值与灰分、全水分呈负相关,与固定碳含量呈正相关。在牛粪中添加锯末和果树残枝更有利于降低灰分含量,增加果树残枝更有利于提高颗粒的固定碳含量,混合物料中牛粪+果树残枝2∶1混合处理的固定碳含量最高,达到17.6%。牛粪含硫量偏高,3种辅料都有利于降低成型燃料的含硫量,牛粪+果树残枝2∶1混合与牛粪+锯末+果树残枝1∶1∶1混合等多个组合可以将牛粪含硫量从0.30%降到0.10%~0.12%,与单独牛粪相比,发热量提高2.88%~4.63%。综合各处理组的原料成型率和燃料燃烧特性,牛粪与果树残枝2∶1混合是牛粪制备颗粒燃料的最优组合配方。     

亟待开发的甜高梁酒精燃料

随着“汽车时代”的到来,能耗与日俱增,自1993年起,我国已成为石油净进口国,2001年进口7000多万吨,占我国石油加工能力的36％,能源安全已面临挑战。由于汽车尾气排放出大量的污染物,使大气中CO2的含量增加,有加剧温室效应和导致酸雨的危险,尾气排出的铅,更遗害无穷,据对深圳11348名在校学生的调查,近65％的学生体内的铅超过世界卫生组织认可的安全标准甜高粱[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]具有极高的光合速率,故有“高能植物”之称。在我国,甜高粱的单位面积酒精产量远高于玉米、甜菜和甘蔗,更由于甜高粱具有耐旱、耐涝、耐盐碱的特性,特别适于我国栽培,加之在甜高粱研究与新品种选育这一领域我国居世界领先地位。甜高粱酒精燃料亟待开发,它将对我国产业结构的调整、能源安全、环境保护起举足轻重的作用。     

Chemicals from biomass: petrochemical substitution options

As a source of chemicals, biomass has several intrnsic advantages over fossil mass: it is renewable, flexible through crop switching, and adaptable through genetic manipulation. Inflexibility of the fossil mass resource is compensated for by highly effective technology for production of olefins and aromatics, economies of scale, and a highly developed system of conversion products with large markets. Direct and indirect strategies to substitute for petrochemicals are based on ecological succession concepts. A proliferation of lignocellulosic fractionation processes is arising from the need for inexpensive, homogeneous, chemically useful biomass feedstocks.     

Emission of methyl bromide from biomass burning

Bromine is, per atom, far more efficient than chlorine in destroying stratospheric ozone, and methyl bromide is the single largest source of stratospheric bromine. The two main previously known sources of this compound are emissions from the ocean and from the compound's use as an agricultural pesticide. Laboratory biomass combustion experiments showed that methyl bromide was emitted in the smoke from various fuels tested. Methyl bromide was also found in smoke plumes from wildfires in savannas, chaparral, and boreal forest. Global emissions of methyl bromide from biomass burning are estimated to be in the range of 10 to 50 gigagrams per year, which is comparable to the amount produced by ocean emission and pesticide use and represents a major contribution ( approximately 30 percent) to the stratospheric bromine budget.     

Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass

Biofuels derived from low-input high-diversity (LIHD) mixtures of native grassland perennials can provide more usable energy, greater greenhouse gas reductions, and less agrichemical pollution per hectare than can corn grain ethanol or soybean biodiesel. High-diversity grasslands had increasingly higher bioenergy yields that were 238% greater than monoculture yields after a decade. LIHD biofuels are carbon negative because net ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration (4.4 megagram hectare(-1) year(-1) of carbon dioxide in soil and roots) exceeds fossil carbon dioxide release during biofuel production (0.32 megagram hectare(-1) year(-1)). Moreover, LIHD biofuels can be produced on agriculturally degraded lands and thus need to neither displace food production nor cause loss of biodiversity via habitat destruction.     

Renewable hydrogen from ethanol by autothermal reforming

Ethanol and ethanol-water mixtures were converted directly into H2 with approximately 100% selectivity and >95% conversion by catalytic partial oxidation, with a residence time on rhodium-ceria catalysts of <10 milliseconds. Rapid vaporization and mixing with air with an automotive fuel injector were performed at temperatures sufficiently low and times sufficiently fast that homogeneous reactions producing carbon, acetaldehyde, ethylene, and total combustion products can be minimized. This process has great potential for low-cost H2 generation in fuel cells for small portable applications where liquid fuel storage is essential and where systems must be small, simple, and robust.     

一株可发酵木糖产乙醇细菌的筛选

为获得高效利用木糖生产乙醇的菌株,以木糖为唯一碳源,从腐败的落叶层土壤采样进行分离筛选,获得1株可发酵木糖生产乙醇的细菌,初步鉴定其为阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae),并对该菌株发酵木糖生产乙醇的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:在微氧、发酵温度35℃、接种量6%、初始pH值6.5的条件下,用该菌株发...     

红麻秸秆发酵转化燃料乙醇

红麻秸秆含纤维素42.31%、半纤维素22.58%、木质素23.79%.分别采用热水和3%硫酸、1.5%烧碱溶液对红麻秸秆进行预处理(121℃,60 min),通过纤维素酶催化水解,红麻秸秆平均纤维素转化率分别达到12.23%、25.62%和85.34%,说明碱性预处理比较适合.以10 g碱处理红麻秸秆样品为底物的同步糖化发酵试验表明,当发酵168 h后,乙醇浓度达到26.06 mg.mL-1,乙醇产率达到理论产率的76.71%.     

木质纤维素为原料的燃料乙醇预处理技术研究进展

详细介绍了纤维素原料预处理方法,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了分析和讨论。     

马铃薯生产燃料乙醇的性能分析

我国能源安全正面临严峻挑战,洁净的可再生能源燃料乙醇被认为是化石能源的理想替代物。首先介绍了马铃薯的基本属性和以其为原料生产燃料乙醇的必要性;其次在同其它几种原料比较了生产性能的基础上,认为发展马铃薯燃料乙醇具有一定的优势;最后指出以马铃薯为原料生产燃料乙醇在我国有较好的产业化前景。     

大花金鸡菊乙醇提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制活性测定

通过测定大花金鸡菊(Coreopsis grandiflora)乙醇提取物及其各萃取部分对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,寻找大花金鸡菊中的农用活性物质,为其综合开发利用提供科学依据。采用菌丝生长速率法测定对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性的结果,当浓度为2.0 mg.mL-1时,大花金鸡菊乙醇提取物对小麦赤霉病菌(Gibberella zeae)、苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria alternataf.sp.mali)、辣椒炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum capsici)和黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.cucumerinum)的抑制作用较好,抑制率分别为48.45%、31.94%、23.22%和22.69%;其中,对小麦赤霉病菌和苹果斑点落叶病菌的EC50分别为1.570和2.872 mg.mL-1。大花金鸡菊乙醇提取物不同溶剂萃取物中,正己烷层和水层的抑菌活性较高。正己烷萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的EC50分别为1.111和0.194 mg.mL-1;水层为1.878和1.390 mg.mL-1。