Change in the probability for earthquakes in Southern California due to the Landers magnitude 7.3 earthquake

The Landers earthquake in June 1992 redistributed stress in southern California, shutting off the production of small earthquakes in some regions while increasing the seismicity in neighboring regions, up to the present. This earthquake also changed the ratio of small to large events in favor of more small earthquakes within about 100 kilometers of the epicenter. This implies that the probabilistic estimate for future earthquakes in southern California changed because of the Landers earthquake. The location of the strongest increase in probability for large earthquakes in southern California was the volume that subsequently produced the largest slip in the magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake of October 1999.     

Irregular recurrence of large earthquakes along the san andreas fault: evidence from trees

Old trees growing along the San Andreas fault near Wrightwood, California, record in their annual ring-width patterns the effects of a major earthquake in the fall or winter of 1812 to 1813. Paleoseismic data and historical information indicate that this event was the "San Juan Capistrano" earthquake of 8 December 1812, with a magnitude of 7.5. The discovery that at least 12 kilometers of the Mojave segment of the San Andreas fault ruptured in 1812, only 44 years before the great January 1857 rupture, demonstrates that intervals between large earthquakes on this part of the fault are highly variable. This variability increases the uncertainty of forecasting destructive earthquakes on the basis of past behavior and accentuates the need for a more fundamental knowledge of San Andreas fault dynamics.     

Detection of hydrothermal precursors to large northern california earthquakes

During the period 1973 to 1991 the interval between eruptions from a periodic geyser in Northern California exhibited precursory variations 1 to 3 days before the three largest earthquakes within a 250-kilometer radius of the geyser. These include the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of 18 October 1989 for which a similar preseismic signal was recorded by a strainmeter located halfway between the geyser and the earthquake. These data show that at least some earthquakes possess observable precursors, one of the prerequisites for successful earthquake prediction. All three earthquakes were further than 130 kilometers from the geyser, suggesting that precursors might be more easily found around rather than within the ultimate rupture zone of large California earthquakes.     

滇池水体中磷的时空变化特征研究

应用GPS定位技术,对滇池海埂、斗南、罗家村、新街、昆阳等5个代表性样点水体总磷及可溶性磷进行了为期1a的动态监测,全面分析了不同区域、不同层次、不同时期滇池水体总磷、可溶性磷的时空动态变化特征。结果表明,全湖水体总磷的平均浓度为0.10～0.20mg·L-1,全湖水体可溶性磷的平均浓度为0.003～0.021mg·L-1。水体磷含量因季节而变化较大,总体趋势是总磷浓度以夏季较高,可溶性磷以5月和10月较高,但不同位点变化高峰和趋势不同。水体总磷浓度以底层较高,除斗南外均显著高于中层,而表层和中层水体总磷浓度差异不大。水体可溶性磷浓度以底层较高,但无显著的层次变化。不同区域总磷浓度1年的平均动态跃迁范围是:表层为0.05～0.41mg·L-1,中层为0.07～0.30mg·L-1,底层为0.05～0.88mg·L-1。水体总磷年均层次变化范围为0.14～0.30mg·L-1。各区域总磷浓度以海埂和昆阳较高,其次是斗南,新街和罗家村较低;可溶性磷含量以昆阳和海埂位点较高。     

絮凝过程的分形研究进展

水体颗粒物的絮凝过程是影响污染物迁移转化的重要因素 ,已有多年的研究历史 .分形理论作为非线性数学的活跃分支 ,在絮体及絮凝这一与高度不规则结构相关联的研究中显示出很强的实用性 ,利用分形方法可以从更近于真实的角度来刻画絮体及其形成过程 .本文就国外在絮凝分形研究中的最新成果作一综述     

Rupture zones of great earthquakes in the alaska-aleutian arc, 1784 to 1980

Historical documents indicate that great earthquakes ruptured at least a 500-kilometer-long segment of the plate boundary near the Alaska Peninsula in 1788 and 1847. At least half of a major seismic gap in the Shumagin Islands ruptured during those shocks but has not experienced a great earthquake for at least 77 years. Large shocks along this and other plate boundaries occur in bursts followed by several decades during which there is very little energy release.     

滇池沉积物总磷的时空分布特征研究

应用GPS定位技术,对滇池海埂、斗南、罗家村、新街、昆阳等5个代表性样点不同层次沉积物总磷进行了为期1年的动态监测,分析了不同区域、不同层次、不同时期滇池沉积物总磷的时空动态变化特征。结果表明,不同区域、不同层次、不同季节沉积物总磷呈现明显的动态变化。滇池沉积物（0—20cm）总磷（P）平均含量为2．16g·kg^-1,全湖全年在0．984．74g·kg^-1间变化,总体趋势是夏季高于冬季。沉积物总磷含量总体趋势的垂直分布为表层（0～5cm）〉中层（5～10cm）〉底层（10～20cm）,除昆阳位点外,各层次呈显著性差异。5位点1年内表层、中层和底层沉积物总磷（P）含量的平均变化范围分别为：1．52-4．74g·kg^-1、1．26-3．96g·kg^-1和0．98-3．99g·kg^-1,各区域以昆阳沉积物总磷平均含量最高,斗南和新街沉积物总磷的含量最低。滇池不同区域沉积物（0-20cm）总磷（P）的含量分布依次为昆阳（3．59g·kg^-1）〉罗家村（1．97g·kg^-1）和海埂（1.96g·kg^-1）〉斗南（1．65g·kg^-1）和新街（1．64g·kg^-1）。不同区域表层沉积物-水体中磷的动态变化特征不同。     

Pseudo-derivative feedback-based identification of unstable processes with application to bioreactors

The use of a pseudo-derivative feedback structure for closed-loop parameter identification of unstable first-order plus dead-time processes is investigated in this paper. Two alternative identification methods are presented. The proposed identification methods require small computational effort and they are particularly useful for on-line applications. The new methods and the simpler structure of the pseudo-derivative feedback controller used ensure considerably smoother response (i.e., less overshoot), than other well-known identification methods based on standard PI/PID controllers, and better accuracy along with simplicity in implementation. The synergism of intelligent tools, which can be based on functional and linguistic rules for advanced decisions at the supervisory level, with low-level process PD-0F controllers and identifiers, can provide adaptive systems. These can optimize for both the long-term objectives and the short-term process dynamics.     

Spatiotemporal patterns in the energy release of great earthquakes

For the past 80 years, the energy released in great strike-slip and thrust earthquakes has occurred in alternating cycles of 20 to 30 years. This pattern suggests that a global transfer mechanism from poloidal to toroidal components of tectonic plate motions is operating on time scales of several decades. The increase in seismic activity in California in recent years may be related to an acceleration of global strike-slip moment release, as regions of shear deformation mature after being reached by stresses that have propagated away from regions of great subduction decoupling earthquakes in the 1960s.     

Balance of risks and benefits in preparation for earthquakes

Widespread proposals to benefit from lessons of the 17 October 1989 (Loma Prieta) earthquake dramatize the difficulties associated with reducing seismic risk. There are three main problems. First, the understanding of earthquake generation is far from complete. For example, the unanticipated source style of this earthquake raises vital questions; claims of predicting its occurrence are weak, and, for practical reasons, the detailed pattern of damaging strong ground shaking was not predicted. Second, although their interactions are not well understood, competing social forces continue to prevent the optimum growth and application of knowledge for earthquake hazard mitigation. Third, the recent use of the probabilities of seismic risk has had mixed results. Because of indecision between minimizing loss of life and maximizing broader benefits, general agreement on acceptable earthquake risk remains confused.     

Analysis of heavy-ion-induced DNA strand breaks in plasmid pUC18

Plasmid DNA was irradiated or implanted by mixed particle field(CR) or lithium-ion-beam to detect strand breaks.The primary results showed that mixed particle field could induce single and double strand breaks with positive linear-dose-effects;most of sequence changes induced by CR were point mutant.Lithium-ion-beam could induce strand breaks also,but it was only at dose of 20Gy.     

土壤分散性与分形维数对坡耕地转变为藤椒林地的响应

为了解坡耕地转变为藤椒林地后土壤分散性、分形维数和肥力特征,探讨土壤分形维数与肥力的相互关系,为坡地退耕种植藤椒和土壤管理提供参考,以川东丘陵区坡耕地退耕后种植形成的3 a(TJ-3)和5 a(TJ-5)藤椒林及对照农耕地(CK)为对象,采集0~20 cm土层样品,测定土壤微团聚体组成、颗粒组成、养分含量、酶活性和微生物数量,运用隶属函数法综合评价藤椒种植对土壤分散性和肥力的影响。结果表明:坡耕地转变为藤椒林地后,土壤微团聚体组成中2~0.02 mm粒级颗粒含量增加,<0.02 mm粒级颗粒含量降低。土壤结构性颗粒指数、团聚状况、团聚度、物理稳定性指数,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,细菌、真菌、放线菌和总微生物数量,蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,颗粒分形维数和肥力综合值均随种植年限延长而增加;相反,土壤分散率、侵蚀系数、分散性综合值和微团聚体分形维数随种植年限延长而降低。土壤分散性综合值和微团聚体分形维数与土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性及土壤肥力综合值均呈显著相关性(P<0.05)。说明种植藤椒促进土壤较小粒级的微团聚体向较大粒级微团聚体聚合,改善土壤微团聚体组成,增加土壤结构稳定性。土壤分散性综合值和微团聚体分形维数可以作为坡地退耕后土壤肥力变化的综合性评价指标。     

State of stress and intraplate earthquakes in the United States

Recently compiled data on the state of stress have been used to define stress provinces in the conterminous United States in which the orientation and relative magnitude of the horizontal principal stresses are fairly uniform. The observed pattems of stress constrain mechanisms for generating intraplate lithospheric stresses. Coupled with new information on geologic structure and tectonism in seismically active areas of the Midcontinent and East, these data help to define some characteristics common to these areas and to identify key questions regarding why certain faults seem to be seismically active.     

Resonant formation of DNA strand breaks by low-energy (3 to 20 eV) electrons

Most of the energy deposited in cells by ionizing radiation is channeled into the production of abundant free secondary electrons with ballistic energies between 1 and 20 electron volts. Here it is shown that reactions of such electrons, even at energies well below ionization thresholds, induce substantial yields of single- and double-strand breaks in DNA, which are caused by rapid decays of transient molecular resonances localized on the DNA's basic components. This finding presents a fundamental challenge to the traditional notion that genotoxic damage by secondary electrons can only occur at energies above the onset of ionization, or upon solvation when they become a slowly reacting chemical species.     

利用二维图像评价“Y”形苹果幼树的分形特征

【目的】定量化评价果树的树体结构,为果树的合理整形修剪提供指导。【方法】基于分形理论,采用计盒维数的方法,将果树二维图像分形维数作为评价树体结构的指标,研究了长富2号、玉华早富、富红早嘎、烟富6号和丽嘎啦等5个苹果品种“Y”形幼树二维图像的分形特征。【结果】不同品种苹果幼树二维图像的分形维数有差异,同一品种果树正、侧视图像的分形维数存在差异,正视图的分形维数介于1.697～1.554,侧视图的分形维数介于1.699～1.563,同一品种侧视图的分形维数大于正视图,分形维数与果树枝条长度、数量呈正相关关系,5个苹果品种幼树二维图像的分形维数表现为长富2号>玉华早富>富红早嘎>烟富6号>丽嘎啦。【结论】分形维数能客观地反映果树干枝的空间分布及空间利用程度,可作为评价苹果幼树树体结构的定量化指标,用于指导苹果幼树的整形修剪。     

单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌人工感染绵羊试验

将从病羊脑分离纯化的单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌经静脉接种于健康美利奴绵羊 3只 ,结果被感染绵羊均表现出与自然感染绵羊相同的临床症状和病理变化 ,并从脑、心血、淋巴结中回收到了单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌 ,从而证明了该分离株单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌具有较强的致病性。     

坡度的分形特征在山区管道设计中的应用

鉴于坡度因素在山区管道设计中的重要性,且目前没有一个特定的坡度指标能够综合反映区域内坡度分布特征及其与山区管道建设中诸多重要工程量之间的关系。利用MAPGIS技术生成管道途经区的坡度分布图,以此确定各个获得坡度段在区域内的分布情况,并使用分形和变换分形的方法对途经区坡度分布特征进行研究,获得坡度分布的分形和累计分形特征,并计算得到各个坡度段的分维值。结合相应区域内地质灾害的发育情况,管道线路施工图设计的热煨弯管用量及水工保护用量,探讨分维值与它们的关系,以期为山区管道设计提供有效的设计依据和技术方法。     

Cyclic changes in insulin needs of an unstable diabetic

The fluctuating insulin requirements of an unstable diabetic over an 8-year period have been subjected to spectral analysis. There is evidence of cyclic changes of several different period lengths in addition to red noise. The periodicities indicate that social causes play no major role but suggest that a weathermediated effect may exist.