板栗苞液化技术研究

[目的]对板栗苞液化技术进行研究。[方法]对氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、醋酸（99.5%）、磷酸（85%）、盐酸（37%）和硫酸（98%）6种催化剂对板栗苞液化的影响进行研究,并分析在130、150和170℃液化反应温度下,浓硫酸、磷酸和浓盐酸加入量与苯酚的百分比为1～6%时,对板栗苞苯酚液化效果的影响。对150℃时,以加入量为4%的浓硫酸催化板栗苞苯酚液化产物与甲醛制成的树脂和传统酚醛树脂的性能进行分析。[结果]酸对板栗苞苯酚液化有较好的催化作用,且酸性越强对板栗苞苯酚液化催化效果越好;当反应温度为150℃,催化剂为4%浓硫酸是,板栗苞的苯酚液化效果最佳,液化率可以达到92.11%;当板栗苞粉与苯酚质量比为1∶3时,液化所得产物与甲醛反应所得酚醛树脂基本符合GB/T 14732-93的要求。[结论]板栗苞液化制备酚醛树脂是可行的。     

板栗苞液化技术研究(英文)

[目的]对板栗苞液化技术进行研究。[方法]对氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、醋酸(99.5%)、磷酸(85%)、盐酸(37%)和硫酸(98%)6种催化剂对板栗苞液化的影响进行研究,并分析在130、150和170℃液化反应温度下,浓硫酸、磷酸和浓盐酸加入量与苯酚的百分比为1～6%时,对板栗苞苯酚液化效果的影响。对150℃时,以加入量为4%的浓硫酸催化板栗苞苯酚液化产物与甲醛制成的树脂和传统酚醛树脂的性能进行分析。[结果]酸对板栗苞苯酚液化有较好的催化作用,且酸性越强对板栗苞苯酚液化催化效果越好;当反应温度为150℃,催化剂为4%浓硫酸是,板栗苞的苯酚液化效果最佳,液化率可以达到92.11%;当板栗苞粉与苯酚质量比为1∶3时,液化所得产物与甲醛反应所得酚醛树脂基本符合GB/T14732-93的要求。[结论]板栗苞液化制备酚醛树脂是可行的。     

Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy: application to biology and technology

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM) are scanning probe microscopes capable of resolving surface detail down to the atomic level. The potential of these microscopes for revealing subtle details of structure is illustrated by atomic resolution images including graphite, an organic conductor, an insulating layered compound, and individual adsorbed oxygen atoms on a semiconductor. Application of the STM for imaging biological materials directly has been hampered by the poor electron conductivity of most biological samples. The use of thin conductive metal coatings and replicas has made it possible to image some biological samples, as indicated by recently obtained images of a recA-DNA complex, a phospholipid bilayer, and an enzyme crystal. The potential of the AFM, which does not require a conductive sample, is shown with molecular resolution images of a nonconducting organic monolayer and an amino acid crystal that reveals individual methyl groups on the ends of the amino acids. Applications of these new microscopes to technology are demonstrated with images of an optical disk stamper, a diffraction grating, a thin-film magnetic recording head, and a diamond cutting tool. The STM has even been used to improve the quality of diffraction gratings and magnetic recording heads.     

碳酸丙烯酯固化剂对酚醛树脂固化性能的影响

在自制的酚醛树脂（PF树脂）中加入不同固化剂,考察固化剂对酚醛树脂固化时间的影响,筛选出固化速度最快的固化剂碳酸丙烯酯,同时研究了碳酸丙烯酯用量与树脂固化时间、适用期、胶合强度之间的关系,并优化出添加最佳用量的碳酸丙烯酯优化树脂的热压工艺．结果表明,当碳酸丙烯酯用量为树脂胶液量的2％时,酚醛树脂的固化时间缩短了64．4％,适用期240min．利用添加2％碳酸丙烯酯的酚醛树脂,通过不同热压工艺生产胶合板,当热压时间为1．0min·mm-1时,热压温度从105℃降到95℃;当热压温度为105℃时,热压时间从1．0min·mm-1缩短至0．7min·mm-1,两者均可减少能耗,降低生产成本．差示扫描量热法分析结果表明,添加2％碳酸丙烯酯的酚醛树脂固化起始温度为49．6℃,峰顶温度为109．2℃,固化温度较低．     

High-purity calcium carbonate in freshwater clam shell

The calcium carbonate in freshwater clam shells is simlilar in purity to that designated reagent grade. A simple reprecipitation of the shell extract results in a product having less Sr and Mg than reagent grade CaCO(3). Clams are harvested commercially, and discarded shells are a high-quality raw material for the production of CaCO(3).     

Machining oxide thin films with an atomic force microscope: pattern and object formation on the nanometer scale

An atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to machine complex patterns and to form free structural objects in thin layers of MoO(3) grown on the surface of MoS(2). The AFM tip can pattern lines with 相似文献   

Imaging crystals, polymers, and processes in water with the atomic force microscope

The atomic force microscope (AFM) can be used to image the surface of both conductors and nonconductors even if they are covered with water or aqueous solutions. An AFM was used that combines microfabricated cantilevers with a previously described optical lever system to monitor deflection. Images of mica demonstrate that atomic resolution is possible on rigid materials, thus opening the possibility of atomic-scale corrosion experiments on nonconductors. Images of polyalanine, an amino acid polymer, show the potential of the AFM for revealing the structure of molecules important in biology and medicine. Finally, a series of ten images of the polymerization of fibrin, the basic component of blood clots, illustrate the potential of the AFM for revealing subtle details of biological processes as they occur in real time.     

Structure of langmuir-blodgett films of disk-shaped molecules determined by atomic force microscopy

Monolayer Langmuir-Blodgett films of a discotic mesogen have been studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). These measurements confirm the "edge on" arrangement for the disk-shaped molecules suggested by surface pressure-area isotherms and show that the molecules form columns that are separated by 17.7 angstroms +/- 10 percent. Column alignment is found to be predominantly along the film deposition direction, with an angular spread of 35 degrees . The AFM images also show that the mean disk separation within the columns is 5.1 +/- 1.3 angstroms, in good agreement with x-ray diffraction (XRD) results. Roomtemperature XRD measurements on bulk samples of the same material indicate a disordered-hexagonal liquid crystalline mesophase, with a column-to-column spacing of 19.9 +/- 0.2 angstroms.     

竹笋壳表面处理及竹笋壳复合材的制备

为将竹笋壳这一生物质资源利用起来,减小环境污染,以碱处理后的竹笋壳为原料,酚醛树脂为胶黏剂,采用热压成型方法制备了竹笋壳复合材,研究了碱处理的质量分数和时间对竹笋壳表面接触角及顺纹抗拉强度的影响,分析了施胶量对竹笋壳复合材弯曲性能和24 h吸水性能的影响。结果表明:碱处理能够在一定程度上去除竹笋壳表面的硅质和蜡质,提高竹笋壳的表面润湿性,并且改变竹笋壳的力学性能。竹笋壳复合材具有较好的弯曲性能,随着施胶量的增大,竹笋壳复合材的静曲强度和弹性模量呈增大趋势,而24 h吸水率及吸水厚度膨胀率呈减小趋势。     

High-resolution stratigraphy with strontium isotopes

The isotopic ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 shows no detectable variation in present-day ocean water but changes slowly over millions of years. The strontium contained in carbonate shells of marine organisms records the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 of the oceans at the time that the shells form. Sedimentary rocks composed of accumulated fossil carbonate shells can be dated and correlated with the use of high precision measurements of the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 with a resolution that is similar to that of other techniques used in age correlation. This method may prove valuable for many geological, paleontological, paleooceanographic, and geochemical problems.     

原子力显微镜技术在木陶瓷分析中的应用

将原子力显微镜技术应用于木陶瓷分析,观测了大青杨木材和酚醛树脂炭化前后样品表面的微观形态.结果表明,通过原子力显微镜技术,可以清晰地观察到大青杨木材表面呈波纹状排列有序的纤维物质,波纹峰谷间水平距离390.63nm,垂直距离14.745nm.炭化后该结构消失,样品的粗糙度大大增加,均方根粗糙度由炭化前的4.487nm增加到炭化后的68.147nm.未炭化酚醛树脂因固化时水分的逸出,留下类似火山口状的峰谷,谷宽437.60nm,谷深22.202nm.炭化后该结构完全消失,样品的均方根粗糙度由炭化前的4.612nm增加到50.446nm.     

DNA imaging. Getting a feel for genetic variations

A team of researchers has come up with a novel atomic imaging microscope that may dramatically speed the task of linking genetic variants to diseases. The microscope is a modification of the popular atomic force microscope (AFM), which uses an ultrasharp tip to map surfaces of everything from computer chips to DNA at the atomic level. By using this molecule-sized tip, the researchers were able get their AFM to march down a strand of DNA and identify uniquely shaped reporter molecules engineered to tag the genetic variations.     

Oxygen-18 enrichment of planktonic foraminifera due to gametogenic calcification below the euphotic zone

Empty shells of spinose planktonic foraminifera on the seabed are significantly enriched in oxygen-18 as compared with the shells of their living counterparts in surface waters. This enrichment is due to gametogenic calcification, which extracts calcium carbonate from deeper and colder waters as the shell sinks below the euphotic zone. JEAN-CLAUDE DUPLESSY.     

Atomic force microscopy and dissection of gap junctions

An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to study the structure of isolated hepatic gap junctions in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The thickness of these gap junctions appears to be 14.4 nanometers, close to the dimensions reported by electron microscopy (EM). When an increasing force is applied to the microscope tip, the top membrane of the gap junction can be "dissected" away, leaving the extracellular domains of the bottom membrane exposed. When such "force dissection" is performed on samples both trypsinized and fixed with glutaraldehyde, the hexagonal array of gap junction hemichannels is revealed, with a center-to-center spacing of 9.1 nanometers.     

原子力显微镜在畜牧业中的应用前景

原子力显微镜(Aromic force microscope,AFM)是观察样品表面结构的一种新工具,能够检测样品 之间的相互作用力,在生理条件下对样品进行实时观察。文章对AFM的工作原理及其近年来在畜牧业研究领域中 的应用现状进行了综述,并展望了AFM在畜牧业领域中的应用前景。     

Radiocarbon Dating: Fictitious Results with Mollusk Shells

Evidence is presented to show that modern mollusk shells from rivers can have anomalous radiocarbon ages, owing mainly to incorporation of inactive (carbon-14-deficient) carbon from humus, probably through the food web, as well as by the pathway of carbon dioxide from humus decay. The resultant effect, in addition to the variable contributions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, fermentative carbon dioxide from bottom muds, and, locally, of carbonate carbon from dissolving limestones, makes the initial carbon-14-activity of ancient fresh-water shell indeterminate, but within limits. Consequent errors of shell radiocarbon dates may be as large as several thousand years for river shells.     

Rare-Earth manganites: surface-segregated platinum increases catalytic activity

Crushed and etched lanthanum lead manganite (La(0.7)Pb(0.3)MnO(3)) crystals containing as little as 0.005 atomic percent platinum have significantly higher catalytic activity than free platinum crystals. This higher activity is due to an almost 100-fold segregation of platinum on the surface. The surface platinum concentration found, 0.5 atomic percent, is sufficient to account for the enhanced activity provided that the platinum has the same activity as platinum supported on alumina.     

"Dip-Pen" nanolithography

A direct-write "dip-pen" nanolithography (DPN) has been developed to deliver collections of molecules in a positive printing mode. An atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is used to write alkanethiols with 30-nanometer linewidth resolution on a gold thin film in a manner analogous to that of a dip pen. Molecules are delivered from the AFM tip to a solid substrate of interest via capillary transport, making DPN a potentially useful tool for creating and functionalizing nanoscale devices.     

Multiphoton ionization of atoms

Studies of multiphoton ionization of atoms have revealed several unexpected characteristics. The confluence of the experimental evidence leads to the hypothesis that the basic character of the atomic response involves highly organized, coherent motions of entire atomic shells. The important regime, for which the radiative field strength is greater than an atomic unit (e/a(2)(0)), can be viewed in approximate correspondence with the physics of fast (approximately 10 MeV per atomic mass unit) atom-atom scattering. This physical picture provides a basis for the expectation that stimulated emission in the x-ray range can be produced by direct, highly nonlinear coupling of ultraviolet radiation to atoms.