Oceanic electric fields: perception by american eels?

American eels, long-distance migrating fish, consistently exhibited conditioned cardiac deceleration responses to electric fields as small as 0.167 x 10(-2) microampere per square centimeter in water of resistivity 4000 ohm centimeters (6.7 microvolts per centimeter) and 400 ohm centimeters (0.67 microvolt per centimeter). Fewer responses were shown at this current density (0.167 x 10(-2) microampere per square centimeter) in more saline water (40 ohm centimeters, 0.067 microvolt per centimeter) and at a lower current density (0.167 x 10(-3) microampere per square centimeter) in fresh water. Thus, eels have sufficient sensitivity to utilize geoelectric information for orientation.     

农田汇水河道水生植物原位净化工程处理效果分析

为了研究水生植物原位净化工程处理效果,于2017年5—11月,在江苏省泗洪县四河乡的农田汇水河道,利用水葫芦和绿狐尾藻构建组合生态浮床,沿着水流方向设置4个水质采样点,每月监测水体基本理化指标,主要包括水温(T)、酸碱度(pH)、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、悬浮物(SS),分析河段水质沿程变化;在试验开始时、每次采收时监测单位面积植物生物量,干物质含量与氮磷含量,计算植物氮磷富集量。结果显示:植物种养后,沿程各采样点数据对比,水体pH值逐渐趋于中性;各采样时间数据对比,水体DO浓度呈升高趋势。在植物旺盛生长期(7—10月),组合生态浮床对河段水体TN、TP、COD和SS的沿程总消减率分别为50.41%～78.00%、44.62%～73.33%、46.15%～57.82%和33.33%～52.38%,其中最高值出现在8月。按照有效试验周期180 d(5—10月)计算,水葫芦的氮、磷去除量分别约为0.76 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.09 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1);绿狐尾藻的氮、磷去除量分别约为1.17 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.08 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。除了植物自身的吸收作用,根系微生物降解作用在污染物净化过程中也发挥了重要作用。在农田汇水河道原位净化工程中,水葫芦与绿狐尾藻组合生态浮床大幅消减水体氮磷浓度,有效降解有机物及拦截颗粒物,对于缓解下游水域富营养化问题具有积极的意义。     

Separation of large DNA molecules by contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields

Electric fields can be manipulated by a method in which multiple electrodes are arranged along a closed contour and clamped to predetermined electric potentials. This method may be applied to a broad range of problems in the separation of macromolecules by gel electrophoresis. DNA molecules as large as 2 megabases can be well separated with a contour-clamped homogeneous electric field alternating between two orientations 120 degrees apart. The pattern of separation is independent of position in the gel, which is an advantage over previous methods. DNA less than 50 kilobases can be separated without distortion even at high voltage with a nonalternating contour-clamped homogeneous field. Decreased band broadening in DNA less than 200 bases can be achieved with a contour-clamped inhomogeneous field.     

水旱作物轮作田块土壤中微生物群落结构的PLFA法比较分析

轮作是一项经济和有效的控制土传病害的措施。为进一步明确轮作作用机理,采用磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）谱图分析技术,分析了不同种植模式田块土壤微生物的PLFA构成特征。结果显示,水稻-棉花和水稻-玉米轮作田块中的微生物PLFA总量均高于水稻-水稻连作田块,水稻-水稻连作田块的微生物PLFA总量比连作前水稻田下降。土壤微生物群落结构比较分析结果显示,这些田块土壤中细菌占主导,真菌和放线菌含量次之,原生动物最少。但是,轮作田中每一类微生物含量均高于连作田块,细菌尤为显著。这些结果表明,不同种植模式田块土壤的微生物群落数量和种类均存在着明显差异,水稻-旱作轮作导致土壤微生物群落数量增加,种类发生改变。     

DNA synthesis in cartilage cells is stimulated by oscillating electric fields

External oscillating electric fields (1166 volts per centimeter, 5 hertz) enhanced the incorporation of [3H] thymidine into the DNA of chondrocytes isolated from the proliferative layer of embryonic (16 days) chick epiphysis. Verapamil or tetrodotoxin at 10(-6)M concentrations completely blocked the electric field effect. Tetracaine reduced the incorporation of [3H] thymidine in both control and electrically stimulated cells. The findings support the hypothesis that Na and Ca2 fluxes generated by the electrical perturbation trigger DNA synthesis in these cells.     

粤北大宝山高含硫多金属矿污染的水稻土壤污染元素的多元分析

调查了粤北大宝山高含硫多金属矿长期污染的水稻田的污染状况,用主成分分析法分析了环境变量问的关系及污染物在样点的空间分布．结果表明：长期的污灌导致了被调查水田土壤中铁矿、硫铜矿和铅锌矿酸性矿泥的沉积,引起土壤酸化和硫、铜、铅和镉的积累．上述污染元素与pH及矿质元素铁、钙之间高度相关,而与锰和铬的相关性差．上游土壤的污染程度显著高于下游．     

亚硝酸型反硝化菌脱氮研究

通过对污水处理厂底泥中反硝化细菌的驯化和富集,得到富含反硝化细菌的富集液。利用富集液处理含不同碳源的实验废水,同时研究不同环境因子对亚硝酸型反硝化菌脱氮速率的影响。结果表明,以甲醇为碳源、温度30℃、pH8．0时为最适条件。在此条件下,处理太原市A湖实际废水脱氮率达到98％以上。     

酶-Sevag法除酸浆果实多糖蛋白工艺的研究

[目的]优化木瓜蛋白酶-Sevag法去除酸浆(Physalis alkekengi L.)果实多糖中蛋白质的工艺条件。[方法]以蛋白脱除率和多糖保留率为指标,通过对酶解温度、时间、p H及酶添加量进行单因素试验及L9(34)正交试验确定酶解条件,并结合Sevag试剂除蛋白。[结果]各因素对酶解法脱酸浆果多糖液蛋白的影响程度大小依次为:酶解温度、酶解时间、p H、酶添加量。在酶解温度60℃、酶解时间2.0 h、p H 6.0、酶添加量2.5%条件下,粗多糖液蛋白脱除率为62.07%,多糖保留率为93.16%。原料经酶处理后,可使游离蛋白和部分与多糖结合的蛋白质被水解,再经Sevag试剂(氯仿∶正丁醇为4∶1)处理2次,蛋白质脱除率为81.65%,多糖保留率为89.43%,可达到较理想的脱蛋白质效果和较高的粗多糖保留率。[结论]采用酶和Sevag试剂相结合的方法除酸浆果多糖中的蛋白质,效果良好,操作简单,可为酸浆果多糖的纯化提供理论依据,但其对多糖结构和生物活性的影响还有待于进一步研究。     

生物淋滤脱除污泥重金属镉的试验研究

城市污水污泥中含有植物所需的大量营养元素,农业资源化利用潜力巨大,但污泥中的重金属含量常常超标,重金属会在土壤和水体中迁移,对生态环境存在污染风险,有必要采取一定的措施脱除污泥中的重金属以提高污泥土地利用的安全性。针对石家庄桥西污水处理厂污泥含镉量高的特性,以单质硫、七水硫酸亚铁及其混合物为底物加入污泥中震荡培养,根据酸化效果筛选出最佳底物,通过对污水污泥加富培养和驯化制成接种物,初步研究了初始pH值、接种物浓度、转速对镉的脱除效果,结果表明,以7.5g/LS+2.5g/LFeSO4·7H2O为底物,含固率8%的污泥在初始pH值6.0,接种物浓度10%,转速180r/min的条件下淋滤60h,污泥中镉脱除率达94.6%。采用生物淋滤方法可以有效脱除污泥中的重金属。     

自来水厂铝盐污泥对水中磷的去除效果

研究了一种自来水厂铝盐污泥对水中磷的去除特性。吸附试验表明,铝盐污泥（Alum Sludge,AS）对磷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,磷吸附容量高达12 500 mg/kg,其对磷的吸附随pH值的升高而降低,且随着AS和磷质量比的增加而增大。与单独使用混凝剂相比,在使用聚合氯化铝（PAC）混凝剂的同时加入AS能够提高磷的去除率,降低PAC的用量,AS能够强化对磷的去除效果。     

Behavioral recovery induced by applied electric fields after spinal cord hemisection in guinea pig

Applied electric fields were used to promote axonal regeneration in spinal cords of adult guinea pigs. A propriospinal intersegmental reflex (the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex) was used to test lateral tract function after hemisection of the thoracic spinal cord. An electrical field (200 microvolts per millimeter, cathode rostral) applied across the lesion led to functional recovery of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex in 25 percent of experimental animals, whereas the functional deficit remained in control animals, which were implanted with inactive stimulators.     

Extraction and analysis of organic cations from Acid solution with strong electric fields and mass spectrometry

High electric fields have been used to extract organic cations from solutions of small organic molecules in polyphosphoric acid. The cations have been analyzed by mass spectrometry. Production of ions by this method is shown to be related to ease of protonation by acid rather than to ionization potential.     

How electric fields modify alkane solubility in lipid bilayers

The planar lipid bilayer membrane is assumed to be in osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding Plateau-Gibbs border (annulus) and entrapped microlenses. An electric field applied across the membrane raises the chemical potential of the alkane in the bilayer, causing it to shift from the bilayer to the annulus and microlenses. This shift results in a decrease in thickness.     

Coherent control of a single electron spin with electric fields

Manipulation of single spins is essential for spin-based quantum information processing. Electrical control instead of magnetic control is particularly appealing for this purpose, because electric fields are easy to generate locally on-chip. We experimentally realized coherent control of a single-electron spin in a quantum dot using an oscillating electric field generated by a local gate. The electric field induced coherent transitions (Rabi oscillations) between spin-up and spin-down with 90 degrees rotations as fast as approximately 55 nanoseconds. Our analysis indicated that the electrically induced spin transitions were mediated by the spin-orbit interaction. Taken together with the recently demonstrated coherent exchange of two neighboring spins, our results establish the feasibility of fully electrical manipulation of spin qubits.     

减压升华脱除绿茶中的咖啡碱

以蒸青绿茶、炒青绿茶为材料,采用减压升华脱除法降低绿茶中的咖啡碱含量。考察了温度、压力、时间条件,以及茶叶种类、含水率和粒度等因素,对咖啡碱减压升华脱除的影响。结果表明,在70℃、-0·02~-0·08MPa条件下,处理14h左右,可使含水率为20%的蒸青绿茶的咖啡碱脱除率达到37%,并基本保持绿茶叶感官品质不变。条形蒸青绿茶在含水率20%的条件下,咖啡碱减压脱除的效果较好。在升华脱除过程中,较高的茶叶水分含量对咖啡碱脱除具有促进作用。减压升华脱除绿茶中咖啡碱的技术条件和设备要求较低,可有效降低传统绿茶中的咖啡碱。     

硫化亚铁去除水中TCE的机理研究

[目的]以地下水中常见氯代烃污染物三氯乙烯（TCE）为目标污染物,采用自制硫化亚铁（FeS）作还原剂,探讨两种物质的反应情况.[方法]在厌氧环境下,通过批试验方法研究不同影响因素下硫化亚铁降解TCE的反应动力学并探讨反应机理.[结果]在50℃下,污染物初始浓度为20 mg/L,硫化亚铁浓度为10 g/L,反应48 h后,TCE的去除率可达到80％.硫化亚铁降解TCE的反应符合伪一级动力学反应,反应速率常数（K）为0.032 8 h-1,半衰期为21.13 h.对比试验结果显示,12 h后硫化亚铁吸附TCE达到吸附/解吸平衡,之后TCE的去除以化学降解为主.[结论]硫化亚铁对TCE有一定的降解和吸附作用,反应的主要产物为乙炔.     

高强度脉冲电场对牛乳货架期及风味的影响

研究了高压脉冲电场(PEF)应用于牛乳的可行性杀菌工艺,结果表明,30 kV/cm、600 μs、200 Hz PEF处理可延长牛乳在4 ℃下冷藏的货架期到24 d.采用固相微萃取(SPME)法提取鲜牛乳和PEF处理牛乳中的挥发性风味物质,气质联用法对其进行对比分析,结果鲜牛乳和PEF处理牛乳中分别检出28种和31种挥发性化合物.进一步采用SPME法提取2种牛乳中的挥发性风味物质,用时间-强度(OSME)的GC/O法鉴定其中的特征挥发性风味物质,发现了鲜牛乳中9种带有明显风味特征的物质,PEF处理牛乳中检出13种特征风味物质.     

高压脉冲电场对南瓜浆的杀菌效果

研究了高压脉冲电场（PEF）对接种于南瓜浆中不同微生物的杀灭效果及其对南瓜浆中菌落总数的影响．结果表明：随着电场强度、脉冲处理时间和协同温度在试验参数范围内的增加,PEF对微生物的杀灭效果显著提高;不同微生物在南瓜浆中对PEF耐受力的大小为：青霉菌〉金黄色葡萄球菌〉沙门氏菌〉大肠杆菌〉酵母菌,嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的耐受力强于枯草芽孢杆菌;60℃的温和热与20．14kV·cm^-1、109．25μs PEF的协同处理使南瓜浆中的菌落总数显著下降,显示出很好的协同作用．     

自生固氮菌活化土壤无机磷研究

以土壤为磷源,通过液体培养试验研究了5株自生固氮菌(Azotobacter sp.)对土壤无机磷的活化利用.结果表明,自生固氮菌能释放大量的氢离子,使液体培养基的pH大幅度降低,氢离子的浓度至少提高58倍以上.自生固氮菌分泌有机酸的种类与数量因菌株不同而异,这些有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、草酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乳酸等,其中均能分泌草酸和苹果酸.在接种自生固氮菌的液体培养基中,全磷含量显著高于不接种的液体培养基,土壤无机磷总量则显著降低.由于土壤是培养基磷的唯一来源,故自生固氮菌促进了土壤无机磷的溶解释放.相关分析表明,培养基的pH值与土壤无机磷总量呈极显著正相关(r=0.959**,n=6),与液体培养基中的无机磷和全磷呈显著或极显著负相关(r =-0.850*;r=-0.918**,n=6),说明自生固氮菌分泌的氢离子可能是溶解土壤无机磷的原因之一.接种自生固氮菌显著降低土壤钙磷,土壤中的铁磷、铝磷和闭蓄态磷的降幅因菌株不同而异,其原因可能与有机酸分泌的数量和种类有关.