水平管中油气水三相流动实验研究

长距离油气水三相流管道混输技术,已经成功应用于海洋油田的开发,目前正引入沙漠、滩涂和极地油田的开发。混输技术研究的重要内容是油气水三相流动的规律,包括流动形态、压降和持液率的规律,其成果对多相流混输系统的设计和运行非常重要。综述了90年代以来国外开展水平管中油气水三相流动研究的情况。由于三相流远比两相流复杂,因此研究工作大多是在借鉴两相流成果的基础上进行的,取得了一些有价值的结果,为进一步深入研究奠定了基础。针对国内外的此项研究工作现状,提出了继续开展研究工作的几点建议。     

湿天然气管输瞬变流模型及数值模拟技术研究

湿天然气浊经输技术的应用可减少海洋,沙漠,戈壁,滩海等条件恶劣的凝析气田的操作作人员和降低开采费用。在实际运行中,湿天然气在输送管道中的流动总是处于慢瞬变状态。     

Bottom-up ecosystem trophic dynamics determine fish production in the Northeast Pacific

We addressed the question of bottom-up versus top-down control of marine ecosystem trophic interactions by using annual fish catch data and satellite-derived (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll a measurements for the continental margin of western North America. Findings reveal a marked alongshore variation in retained primary production that is highly correlated with the alongshore variation in resident fish yield. The highest productivity occurs off the coasts of Washington and southern British Columbia. Zooplankton data for coastal British Columbia confirm strong bottom-up trophic linkages between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and resident fish, extending to regional areas as small as 10,000 square kilometers.     

A genetic test of the natal homing versus social facilitation models for green turtle migration

Female green turtles exhibit strong nest-site fidelity as adults, but whether the nesting beach is the natal site is not known. Under the natal homing hypothesis, females return to their natal beach to nest, whereas under the social facilitation model, virgin females follow experienced breeders to nesting beaches and after a "favorable" nesting experience, fix on that site for future nestings. Differences shown in mitochondrial DNA genotype frequency among green turtle colonies in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean are consistent with natal homing expectations and indicate that social facilitation to nonnatal sites is rare.     

闽东滨海湿地景观格局演化及其模拟

运用景观格局指数与马尔科夫模型分析了闽东滨海湿地1993、2001、2010年3个时期景观格局特征及动态变化,并引入分室模型模拟了3种人为干扰强度(干扰强度降低,干扰强度不变,干扰强度增强)下未来30 a景观异质性变化趋势。结果表明:20 a间闽东滨海湿地的总体景观格局变化微小,仍是以水域为基质,其他景观类型镶嵌其中的景观格局;受人类活动影响,天然湿地面积不断减少,人工湿地面积不断增加,但1993-2010年湿地总面积减少264.23 hm2,景观类型破碎化程度不断增加。水域、潮间裸滩和其他非湿地等自然景观大量转化为农田、建筑用地和养殖场,其中潮间裸滩面积不断萎缩,斑块数和斑块密度变化明显,斑块形状复杂度、分维数、破碎度和分离度也高于同时期其他景观类型。在3种不同强度的人为干扰下,闽东滨海湿地景观多样性呈现不同变化,高强度人为干扰将导致闽东滨海湿地景观多样性呈下降趋势。     

滇池北岸蓝藻富集区浮游藻类多样性及主要污染因子时空变化研究

[目的]分析滇池北岸蓝藻富集区浮游藻类的多样性及主要污染因子的时空变化特征.[方法] 2007年1月～2011年12月,对滇池北岸蓝藻富集区的浮游藻类群落构成、叶绿素a、总氮、总磷浓度开展了逐月监测,分析浮游藻类多样性及水污染因子的时空变化.[结果]2007～2011年,滇池北岸蓝藻富集区浮游藻类属的多样性呈略微上升趋势,近岸区域属的多样性低于远岸区域;叶绿素a、总氮、总磷浓度近岸区域呈降低趋势,远岸区域呈略微升高趋势;叶绿素a、总氮、总磷浓度近岸区域高于远岸区域.[结论]该研究为滇池蓝藻水华控制及各项治理工作的成效评估提供了参考依据.     

A single amino acid mutation contributes to adaptive beach mouse color pattern

Natural populations of beach mice exhibit a characteristic color pattern, relative to their mainland conspecifics, driven by natural selection for crypsis. We identified a derived, charge-changing amino acid mutation in the melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r) in beach mice, which decreases receptor function. In genetic crosses, allelic variation at Mc1r explains 9.8% to 36.4% of the variation in seven pigmentation traits determining color pattern. The derived Mc1r allele is present in Florida's Gulf Coast beach mice but not in Atlantic coast mice with similar light coloration, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms are responsible for convergent phenotypic evolution. Here, we link a single mutation in the coding region of a pigmentation gene to adaptive quantitative variation in the wild.     

大熊猫右心室的房室瓣与乳头肌的比较解剖

通常认为心脏的右房室瓣都是三尖瓣,这在有蹄类的马、牛、猪、羊是个普遍现象。但大熊猫右房室瓣的形态则比较复杂,用简单的三尖瓣不能说明其特点,所以,我们观察了三例大熊猫的右房室瓣,并与马、牛、水牛、羊、猪和狗的右房室瓣进行了比较,叙述如下。一、右房室瓣(Valva atrioventricularis dextra)大熊猫右房室瓣的附着部,在房室口完全连成一完整的瓣膜,不能区分出独立的瓣膜。三例大熊猫的右房室瓣,自游离缘至附着缘,最窄的部位也有0.4厘米(图2—B)。     

河流中青海湖裸鲤亲鱼的捕捞技术

在入湖河流的沙柳河中围捕青海湖裸鲤亲鱼需用网具长为15 m,网目为44 mm,由绵纶或纶制成的地拉网。在裸鲤最佳产卵季节(5～8月份),进行围捕。网滩应选择在水流较为平缓,河底较为平坦且鱼群较为集中的河段下网,采用垂直岸坡的围捕方法,效果显著。一般需用6人左右能完成作业。     

现浇大直径薄壁筒桩在滩涂软基处理中的应用

以某沿海滩涂淤泥软土地基处理项目为例,介绍了现浇大直径薄壁筒桩复合地基的设计方案、施工工艺及质量检测结果。研究表明,现浇大直径薄壁筒桩复合地基具有施工方便、可靠性高、承载性状好等优点,是处理滩涂软基的有效手段。     

Shock waves in stellar atmospheres and breaking waves on an ocean beach

The phenomenon of ocean waves breaking on a beach is analogous to shock waves in the atmosphere of a pulsating star. In both cases a velocity discontinuity is clearly present. In stars the upper, expanding layer halts and falls back so as to interact with the rising gas at a shock. Similarly, a bore on a beach reaches its maximum extension before sliding back onto the next incoming wave. Analogous quantities such as the surface gravity of the star and the beach gradient in the ocean have similar effects on the flows and the nature of the discontinuity between them. Phenomena that are not analogous include the thermodynamic properties of the two media. Ocean observations may help solve some problems in shock phenomena associated with stellar pulsation.     

高寒草甸“黑土滩”对土壤养分的影响

对玛多县花石峡镇原生植被土壤和"黑土滩"土壤养分的研究结果表明:玛多县花石峡镇高寒草甸"黑土滩"土壤与原生植被土壤相比,总的养分含量均下降了,并且随着土层的加深,所有供试土壤的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量都呈下降趋势;土壤的有机碳和全氮在各土层间都表现出显著的差异(P<0.05);并且土壤的有机碳密度随退化程度的加剧和土层的加深而显著下降;原生植被(未退化地)土壤的pH均小于 "黑土滩"土壤,并随着土壤深度的加深而升高;总的来看,8月土壤养分含量总体上均高于6月的土壤,并且都主要集中在表层土壤中.     

Anaerobiosis in Marine Sandy Beaches

Organisms living at depths greater than 5 to 10 cm in marine beaches composed of fine sand are completely anaerobic whenever their particular section of beach is covered by water. Anaerobic conditions are continuous if the slope of the beach is slight enough so that capillary forces keep the sand saturated with water even at low tide.     

极端干旱区湖岸柽柳径向生长对水环境演变的响应

该文利用黑河下游内蒙古西居延海3道湖岸堤上的湖岸林柽柳树轮年表,研究了柽柳树轮生长对水环境演变的生态响应. 对3个年表进行的主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分的贡献率达到53.3％,它反映了3道湖岸堤上柽柳轮宽生长对同一环境因子的共同响应;第二主成分的贡献率达到30.7％,它反映了3道湖岸堤上柽柳轮宽生长对第一主成分以外因素的响应. 相关分析表明,第一主成分与生长季节（5—8月）湖泊水位波动呈显著正相关关系,第二主成分与区域年降水量呈显著正相关关系,与地下水位波动呈微弱负相关关系. 上述结果表明,在地下水位可以满足湖岸柽柳生长条件下,地下水位的变化对柽柳轮宽生长作用占绝对优势.反之,天然降水将对维持柽柳的基本生存具有重要的贡献. 柽柳径向生长的生态响应模式不仅体现在3道湖岸堤的空间尺度上,同样体现在同一样点年表在时间序列上的变化. 通过石羊河、黑河和塔里木河3个干旱区内陆河流域柽柳生态水位对比,认为非地带性植被——柽柳的最大生态水位差异是由于区域降水差异造成的.      

Wave-induced sediment transport and sandbar migration

Onshore sediment transport and sandbar migration are important to the morphological evolution of beaches but are not well understood. Here, a model that accounts for fluid accelerations in waves predicts the onshore sandbar migration observed on an ocean beach. In both the observations and the model, the location of the maximum acceleration-induced transport moves shoreward with the sandbar, resulting in feedback between waves and morphology that drives the bar shoreward until conditions change. A model that combines the effects of transport by waves and mean currents simulated both onshore and offshore bar migration observed over a 45-day period.     

沿海滩涂甘紫菜挥发油成分分析及抗菌活性研究

[目的]研究沿海滩涂甘紫菜的挥发油成分及抗菌活性。[方法]用水蒸气蒸馏法提取沿海滩涂甘紫菜干燥藻体的挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其进行分析,结合计算机检索技术,对化学成分进行分离鉴定,应用气相色谱峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量。[结果]从沿海滩涂甘紫菜的干燥藻体挥发油中分离出43种成分,鉴定出28种,鉴定率为65.12%。主要成分是对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯,含量为40.96%;其次是肉桂酸乙酯,含量为23.68%。抗菌活性研究表明,沿海滩涂甘紫菜的干燥藻体挥发油对绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显抑制作用,对枯草杆菌和大肠杆菌无抑制作用。[结论]该研究为沿海滩涂甘紫菜的进一步研究与开发应用提供了科学依据。     

埕岛滩海土壤腐蚀性评价

针对位于渤海湾埕岛油田的滩海土壤腐蚀问题进行了调查，研究了影响土壤腐蚀性的主要因素，指出最重要的因素是土壤含水量，在滩海区域内含水量高、导电性好的土壤往往为低腐蚀性土壤，这与用电阻率判别腐蚀性的常规规则正好相反。     

结合地理信息的洞庭湖湿地分类方法研究

湿地遥感影像分类是遥感研究的一大难题。利用洞庭湖TM数据,并辅助地面GIS信息,通过专家分类知识库建立决策树分类方法,结合研究区的DEM进行洞庭湖湿地的影像分类,通过决策树层次实现了包括水体、泥沙滩地、防护林滩地、湖草、芦苇滩地和苔草滩地以及其他水体7种湿地类型的分类。其中,决策树分类总体精度80.29%,总体Kappa系数为0.883 9,分类精度相对于传统手段要高,证明基于该方法得到的数据准确度能够满足实际工作的需要;另外,基于知识分类的影像分类结果能够较好地解决一些错分的现象,针对湿地而言,混分现象最严重的泥滩地,在传统分类中大量地被分为了建筑用地或者裸地,同时草滩地与林地的混分在基于知识分类的影像中边界也较明显。相比传统分类方法,决策树分类以规则为基础,可以同时利用多个条件进行分类,减少了数据处理时间,同时还提高了分类精度,最终得到试验区较为可靠的遥感分类图像。     

滨海滩涂资源的开发历程及主要利用模式分析

分析了国内外在滨海滩涂资源开发利用过程中所经历的的从无序到有序、从过度到合理的发展历程,并总结滩涂资源的主要利用模式。最后就滩涂资源开发利用过程中存在的问题,认为我国滩涂资源开发利用应遵循可持续利用的原则,开发适用于我国沿海滩涂可持续利用的评价方法,合理开发利用滩涂资源。     

Shoreline forms and shoreline dynamics

Atlantic coast barrier-island shorelines are sinuous in plan view, with curvatures ranging in size from cusps to capes. The orientation of shoreline segments within the larger of these sinuous features (10 to 15 kilometers between apexes) is significantly related to shoreline dynamics.