慢性冷应激对断尾阿勒泰羔羊细胞因子mRNA表达量的影响

为了研究慢性冷应激对断尾阿勒泰羔羊IL-1(白细胞介素1)、IL-6(白细胞介素6)、IL-12(白细胞介素12)和IFNγ(γ-干扰素)mRNA表达量的影响。试验设置常温对照组(10～20℃)、温度一(-20～-10℃)和温度二(-30～-20℃),每组3只羔羊,分别在4、12、24 d后采集外周血液白细胞和脾脏组织。用荧光定量PCR技术对IL-1、IL-6、IL-12和IFNγmRNA含量变化情况进行检测。结果表明:冷应激后IL-6、IL-12 mRNA的表达量在外周血液白细胞和脾脏中上升。IL-1、IFNγm RNA的表达量在脾脏中上升,在-30～-20℃下外周血液白细胞中上升。说明断尾阿勒泰羔羊在寒冷环境下,体内细胞因子含量总体出现上升趋势,冷应激会造成断尾阿勒泰羔羊机体内出现炎症等损伤。     

急性冷应激对绵羊免疫功能和不同组织热休克蛋白70家族基因表达的影响

旨在研究急性冷应激对绵羊免疫功能和不同组织热休克蛋白70(HSP70)家族基因表达的影响。本研究选取8只健康、体况接近的(12±0.5)月龄小尾寒羊×湖羊杂交F_1母羊,单笼饲养于保温舍内(风寒温度(-7.14±2.53)℃),适应7 d。第8天将母羊移置舍外(风寒温度(-27.40±3.12)℃)急性冷应激12 h,采集冷应激前后试验个体血样和组织样。利用ELISA法测定血清免疫指标(细胞因子和免疫球蛋白G含量),通过实时荧光定量PCR法测定不同组织(肝、肾、脾、心、背最长肌和十二指肠)HSP70家族基因(HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8)和热休克转录因子1基因(HSF1)的表达量。结果显示:1)与冷应激前相比,冷应激后试验羊血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)浓度显著升高(P0.05);血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)浓度显著下降(P0.05)。2)冷应激后,试验羊HSPA1A mRNA表达量在肝、肾、心和背最长肌中显著升高(P0.05);HSPA6 mRNA表达量在心和背最长肌中显著升高(P0.05);HSPA8 mRNA表达量在背最长肌中显著升高(P0.05),在脾和十二指肠中显著下降(P0.05);HSF1 mRNA表达量在肝、心和背最长肌中显著升高(P0.05),在脾和十二指肠中显著下降(P0.05)。在本试验条件下,急性冷应激能抑制绵羊的免疫功能;HSP70家族基因(HSPA1A、HSPA6和HSPA8)在各组织中的表达水平不同,其中HSPA1A对温度更敏感,宜作为绵羊冷应激的生物标记物;肝、心和背最长肌等组织中HSP70家族基因表达量升高可能与其保护组织细胞维持正常产热有关。     

犬热应激过程中HSP70和免疫相关细胞因子的变化

为研究热应激造成犬免疫机能损伤的机制及损伤过程中免疫相关细胞因子的变化规律,分别在夏季持续高热天气中每隔7d、分5次采集了拉布拉多犬的血清和外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),检测血清中皮质醇(COR)、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、白细胞介素2((IL-2)和白细胞介素(IL-10)、Toll样受体2(TLR-2)和Toll样受体4(TLR-4)的含量及PBMC中HSP70、IL-2、IL-10、TLR-2、TLR-4的mRNA的表达,并与春季非应激温度下检测的同类指标进行比较。结果显示,夏季持续高热天气中犬长期处于应激状态,其PBMC中HSP70mRNA表达上调,IL-2、IL-10、TLR-2、TLR-4mRNA表达下调;血清中COR浓度持续高于正常值,HSP70浓度升高,IL-2、TLR-2浓度未发生显著变化,IL-10、TLR-4浓度显著低于正常水平。热应激条件下PBMC中白介素和Toll样受体mRNA表达下调,可能是导致犬的免疫功能抑制、抗感染免疫机能下降的原因。     

SPF雏鸡感染REV后IL-2 mRNA表达的动态变化

为研究SPF鸡感染禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒(REV)后白细胞介素2(IL-2) mRNA表达的动态变化,本研究应用荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对SPF鸡感染REV后主要免疫器官的IL-2 mRNA转录水平进行了初步研究.结果显示,与对照组相比,REV感染组鸡的脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊中IL-2基因的表达量在感染后7d、14d、21d、28 d、35 d、42 d和49 d均呈现升高,而且除21日龄、28日龄鸡的脾脏外,均为差异显著(p＜0.05).本研究表明REV感染后可以诱导鸡的机体表达IL-2.     

运输应激对肉牛肝脏和脾脏中应激相关蛋白的影响

选取15头体况相似的健康肉牛作为研究对象,随机分为运输0h组、运输3h组和运输6h组,每组5头肉牛,采用公路运输方式运输(平均速度为80km/h)。采集各组牛肝脏和脾脏组织样本,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)2种试验方法检测各组肝脏和脾脏组织中应激蛋白-热休克蛋白70(HSP70)和急性期蛋白-C反应蛋白(CRP)含量的变化。qRT-PCR检测结果显示:与运输0h组相比,运输3h和6h肝脏组织中HSP70mRNA的表达量极显著升高(P0.01);而脾脏组织中HSP70mRNA只在运输应激6h后表达量显著增加(P0.05)。与0h组相比,运输应激后肝脏组织中CRP mRNA的表达量极显著升高(P0.01),脾脏组织中CRP mRNA的表达量显著升高(P0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示:与0h组相比,运输应激3h和6h肝脏中的HSP70质量浓度极显著升高(P0.01),脾脏中HSP70的质量浓度在运输6h后显著升高(P0.05);肝脏和脾脏CRP的表达在运输应激6h后极显著升高(P0.01)。结果表明:不同运输时间的运输应激可导致肝脏和脾脏中HSP70和CRP的浓度和mRNA转录水平升高,且肝脏中HSP70和CRP的表达量高于脾脏。HSP70和CRP可作为肉牛运输应激候选诊断标志物。     

豆粕提取物对鸡脾脏组织IFN-γ和IL-2mRNA表达的影响

选择1日龄AA肉仔鸡150羽,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复10羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,4个处理组在基础日粮基础上分别添加250、500、750、1 000mg/kg的豆粕提取物,试验期49d。采用实时定量-PCR(RT-PCR)检测豆粕提取物对脾脏γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的信使RNA(mRNA)的相对表达。结果显示,与对照组比较,500、750、1 000m/kg处理组的INF-γ和IL-2mRNA水平均显著增加(P<0.05);而1 000mg/kg处理组较750m/kg处理组INF-γ和IL-2mRNA表达量有下降趋势,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,豆粕提取物能够诱导IFN-γ和IL-2 mRNA的表达,基础日粮中添加750 mg的豆粕提取物对IFN-γ和IL-2mRNA表达量作用效果最为明显。     

急性冷应激对阿勒泰羊HSP60、HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达的影响

为研究急性冷应激通过影响热休克蛋白含量的变化对阿勒泰羊抗寒性能、生产性能及抗病性能等的影响,试验设置常温组(15℃±2℃)与冷应激组(-25℃±2℃),每组各5只羊,屠宰后分别采集急性冷应激组(冷应激24 h后)和常温组的心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对HSP60、HSP70和HSP90 mRNA含量变化进行检测,并对HSP60、HSP70和HSP90基因进行同源性分析。结果显示,HSP70和HSP90基因与已有绵羊序列同源性高于99%,而HSP60基因与已有波斯金牛序列同源性高于99%;冷刺激后HSP60基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肾脏中的表达量差异极显著(P0.01);冷刺激后HSP70基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肝脏和肾脏组织中的表达量差异极显著(P0.01);冷刺激后HSP90基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肝脏组织中表达量差异显著(P0.05),而在脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达量差异极显著(P0.01)。表明急性冷应激极大程度地刺激了机体的产热机能,通过通路中的产热相关基因的相互调节使其能量代谢发生改变,从而提高细胞生存率,增强机体对环境胁迫的耐受力,能更好地适应环境温度的变化。试验结果为进一步深入研究急性冷应激对阿勒泰羊机体的影响提供一定理论依据。     

鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性炎症的影响

试验旨在探讨鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的小鼠急性炎症的影响。将24只SPF雌性小鼠随机分成4组:PBS组,LPS模型组,重组UBC13蛋白高、低剂量组(分别为100和25μg/只),每组6只。LPS模型组与各蛋白剂量组腹腔注射20 mg/kg LPS,PBS组腹腔注射等体积PBS;注射结束1 h后,各蛋白组按相应剂量背部皮下多点注射重组UBC13蛋白,PBS组与LPS模型组注射等体积PBS。给予蛋白24 h后处死小鼠。收集小鼠肺脏、脾脏、胸腺及肝脏组织,计算脏器指数,HE染色观察组织病理学变化,实时荧光定量PCR检测肺脏、脾脏、胸腺和肝脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量,以及肺脏中iNOS mRNA的相对表达量,综合评价鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对LPS诱导小鼠急性炎症的影响。结果显示,与PBS组相比,LPS模型组小鼠肺脏、脾脏及肝脏指数均显著或极显著升高(P0.05;P0.01),且肺脏、脾脏和肝脏组织均出现病理变化。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,与PBS组相比,LPS模型组肺脏、脾脏、胸腺和肝脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA相对表达量均极显著升高(P0.01),肺脏中iNOS mRNA相对表达量也极显著升高(P0.01);与LPS模型组相比,UBC13蛋白高剂量组肺脏、脾脏和肝脏中病理变化明显改善,肺脏、肝脏、脾脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6及肺脏中iNOS mRNA表达量均极显著降低(P0.01);胸腺中TNF-αmRNA表达量显著降低(P0.05),IL-6 mRNA和IL-1β表达量极显著降低(P0.01)。表明鼠源重组UBC13蛋白可下调炎性因子的表达,从而改善LPS诱导的小鼠急性炎症反应。     

镰刀菌毒素对断奶仔猪脾脏抗氧化能力和白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-6分布和表达的影响

本试验旨在研究自然霉变饲粮中镰刀菌毒素对断奶仔猪脾脏抗氧化能力和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)分布和表达的影响。选择35日龄平均体重为(8.45±0.94)kg的健康三元杂交(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪母猪40头,随机分为2组,每组20头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,镰刀菌毒素组饲喂含镰刀菌毒素[玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)0.90 mg/kg;呕吐毒素(DON)1.43mg/kg,烟曲霉毒素(FUM)5.85 mg/kg]的试验饲粮。预试期7d,正试期35d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,镰刀菌毒素显著降低了断奶仔猪血清和脾脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P0.05),显著升高了丙二醛(MDA)含量(P0.05)。2)镰刀菌毒素使断奶仔猪脾脏白髓区明显变小,红髓区扩张且出现近圆形小空洞,动脉周围淋巴鞘中淋巴细胞数量较少。3)镰刀菌毒素导致断奶仔猪脾脏IL-1β和IL-6阳性细胞主要集中于白髓边缘,且靠近血窦的地方阳性点更多。4)与对照组相比,镰刀菌毒素显著升高了断奶仔猪脾脏IL-1β和IL-6mRNA相对表达量(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中镰刀菌毒素显著影响断奶仔猪血清和脾脏抗氧化能力,并通过改变脾脏IL-1β和IL-6的分布和表达,降低脾脏的免疫功能。     

大鼠急性冷应激模型的建立

通过分析冷刺激对大鼠血清中细胞因子、皮质酮(CORT)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)的含量以及外周血淋巴细胞中热休克蛋白70(Hsp70)表达量的影响,构建大鼠急性冷应激模型,旨在为其相关研究提供研究基础。本试验急性冷刺激时间为12h。利用ELISA方法检测各组大鼠血清中IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、CORT、ACTH的含量;采用Western blot和qRT-PCR方法检测各组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞中HSP70及mRNA表达量。结果表明,与对照组相比,急性冷刺激组大鼠血清中IL-2和ACTH的含量显著升高(P0.05),IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α和CORT的含量极显著升高(P0.01),IL-10无显著变化(P0.05);外周血淋巴细胞内HSP70及其mRNA表达量呈显著升高水平(P0.05)。成功构建大鼠急性冷应激模型。     

急性冷应激对阿勒泰羊HSP60、HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达的影响

为研究急性冷应激通过影响热休克蛋白含量的变化对阿勒泰羊抗寒性能、生产性能及抗病性能等的影响,试验设置常温组（15 ℃±2 ℃）与冷应激组（-25 ℃±2 ℃）,每组各5只羊,屠宰后分别采集急性冷应激组（冷应激24 h后）和常温组的心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对HSP60、HSP70和HSP90 mRNA含量变化进行检测,并对HSP60、HSP70和HSP90基因进行同源性分析。结果显示,HSP70和HSP90基因与已有绵羊序列同源性高于99%,而HSP60基因与已有波斯金牛序列同源性高于99%;冷刺激后HSP60基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肾脏中的表达量差异极显著（P<0.01）;冷刺激后HSP70基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肝脏和肾脏组织中的表达量差异极显著（P<0.01）;冷刺激后HSP90基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达较常温组均升高,且在肝脏组织中表达量差异显著（P<0.05）,而在脾脏和肾脏组织中的表达量差异极显著（P<0.01）。表明急性冷应激极大程度地刺激了机体的产热机能,通过通路中的产热相关基因的相互调节使其能量代谢发生改变,从而提高细胞生存率,增强机体对环境胁迫的耐受力,能更好地适应环境温度的变化。试验结果为进一步深入研究急性冷应激对阿勒泰羊机体的影响提供一定理论依据。     

Effect of acute heat stress on heat shock protein 70 messenger RNA and on heat shock protein expression in the liver of broilers

1. The synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) mRNA and the expression of Hsp70 in the liver of broiler chickens submitted to acute heat stress (35°C for 5 h) was investigated.

2. Hsp70 expression was detected by SDS‐PAGE and Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antiserum against Hsp70 of Blastocladiella emersonii. The specific signal of Hsp70 mRNA was analysed by Northern blot using as probe a Hsp70 cDNA of B. emersonii.

3. An increase in the amount of Hsp70 was detected from the first up to the fifth hour of acute heat exposure. This increase in the amount of Hsp70 was accompanied by an increase in Hsp70 mRNA which peaked at 3 h.

4. This study shows that the heat induced increase in Hsp70 mRNA and protein in broiler liver, in vivo, are time dependent, similar to that in mammals.     

鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性炎症的影响

试验旨在探讨鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的小鼠急性炎症的影响。将24只SPF雌性小鼠随机分成4组:PBS组,LPS模型组,重组UBC13蛋白高、低剂量组(分别为100和25μg/只),每组6只。LPS模型组与各蛋白剂量组腹腔注射20 mg/kg LPS,PBS组腹腔注射等体积PBS;注射结束1 h后,各蛋白组按相应剂量背部皮下多点注射重组UBC13蛋白,PBS组与LPS模型组注射等体积PBS。给予蛋白24 h后处死小鼠。收集小鼠肺脏、脾脏、胸腺及肝脏组织,计算脏器指数,HE染色观察组织病理学变化,实时荧光定量PCR检测肺脏、脾脏、胸腺和肝脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量,以及肺脏中iNOS mRNA的相对表达量,综合评价鼠源重组UBC13蛋白对LPS诱导小鼠急性炎症的影响。结果显示,与PBS组相比,LPS模型组小鼠肺脏、脾脏及肝脏指数均显著或极显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.01),且肺脏、脾脏和肝脏组织均出现病理变化。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,与PBS组相比,LPS模型组肺脏、脾脏、胸腺和肝脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA相对表达量均极显著升高(P<0.01),肺脏中iNOS mRNA相对表达量也极显著升高(P<0.01);与LPS模型组相比,UBC13蛋白高剂量组肺脏、脾脏和肝脏中病理变化明显改善,肺脏、肝脏、脾脏中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6及肺脏中iNOS mRNA表达量均极显著降低(P<0.01);胸腺中TNF-αmRNA表达量显著降低(P<0.05),IL-6 mRNA和IL-1β表达量极显著降低(P<0.01)。表明鼠源重组UBC13蛋白可下调炎性因子的表达,从而改善LPS诱导的小鼠急性炎症反应。     

冷应激对新疆阿勒泰羊脂蛋白脂酶mRNA表达的影响

为研究冷应激对阿勒泰羊脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)mRNA表达的影响,试验分别采集冷应激前与冷应激后阿勒泰羊6个部位的组织,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测各组织中LPL mRNA的表达水平,分析其在不同部位中表达的变化.结果显示,阿勒泰羊LPL mRNA表达量在冷应激后显著或极显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.01),其中颈部肌间脂肪和尾部脂肪冷应激后表达量最高.表明阿勒泰羊在低温下脂肪组织的动员能力较强,使机体产热增加,以抵抗冷应激.     

地锦草总黄酮对小鼠免疫功能及细胞因子mRNA表达影响

探讨地锦草总黄酮对小鼠免疫功能及细胞因子IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-αmRNA表达影响。将小鼠随机分成4组：地锦草总黄酮高剂量组（H组）、中剂量组（M组）、低剂量组（L组）和纯水对照组（C组）,连续灌胃9 d后,检测其单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能、2%绵羊红细胞诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应、肝脏指数和脾脏指数,并用逆转录酶-聚合酶链式反应的方法检测脾脏IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ和TNF-αmRNA表达水平。结果显示,地锦草总黄酮3个剂量组脾脏指数、廓清指数（K）、吞噬指数（α）、24 h足跖增厚值均显著高于C组;M组和H组肝指数显著高于C组（P〈0.01）;3个剂量组均能提高IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ和TNF-αmRNA的表达水平,与C组相比,H组最显著。试验结果表明,地锦草总黄酮能有效提高机体的免疫功能及IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ和TNF-αmRNA表达。     

Hsp70 and HSF-1 expression is altered in the tissues of pigs transported for various periods of times

The aim of this study was to assess changes of Hsp70 and HSF-1 protein and mRNA expression in stress-sensitive organs of pigs during transportation for various periods of time. Twenty pigs were randomly divided into four groups (0 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h of transportation). A significant increased activity of AST and CK was observed after 1 h and 2 h of transportation. Histopathological changes in the heart, liver, and stomach indicated that these organs sustained different degrees of injury. Hsp70 protein expression in the heart and liver of transported pigs did not change significantly while it increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the stomach. Hsp70 mRNA levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the heart after 4 h of transportation. However, mRNA expression increased significantly in the liver after 1 (p < 0.05) and 4 h (p < 0.01) of transportation, and increased significantly in the stomach of the transported pigs after 1, 4 (p < 0.01), and 2 h (p < 0.05). HSF-1 levels were reduced at 1 and 4 h (p < 0.05) only in the hearts of transported pigs. These results indicate that Hsp70 mediates distinct stress-related functions in different tissues during transportation.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of fish oil for lactating sows and weaned piglets on piglet Th polarization

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on piglet T helper cells (Th) polarization in relation to its impact on piglet serum interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) concentrations and splenic expression of Th1/Th2 characteristic genes. The diets of 18 gestating sows were supplemented with 7% lard (C) (n = 10) or 7% fish oil (T) (n = 8) from 10 d before parturition to weaning. At weaning, a split plot experiment was designed, 56 piglets, 28 each from sows fed with fish oil diet or lard diet, were divided into four groups of 7 replicates (one female and one castrated male per replicate) based on both sow diet during lactation and post-weaning piglet diet (C had 7% lard and T had 7% fish oil): CC, CT, TC, TT, and were fed the 7% fish oil or lard diet from day 35 to day 70. Serum concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-10, and Th1/Th2 related genes expression levels in spleen were measured and analyzed. The results showed that piglets fed with fish oil diet during post-weaning tended to have higher serum IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio (P = 0.09) than lard diet fed piglets. Lactation fish oil feeding increased splenic IL-12b, IL-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2), IL-2 and IFN-γ genes expression (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) and post-weaning fish oil feeding increased splenic IL-12b (P = 0.06), IL-2 (P < 0.01) and IFN-γ (P = 0.08) mRNA expression than that in lard diet fed piglets at the end of this experiment. On the other hand, IL-4 gene expression (P = 0.01) in spleen was lower in weaned piglet from fish oil diet fed sows than that from lard diet fed sows. However, post-weaning piglets fed fish oil diet had higher splenic IL-4 (P = 0.06), IL-6 (P < 0.01) and IL-10 (P = 0.05) mRNA abundances than that fed with lard diet. These results indicated that dietary fish oil during lactation could increase Th1 polarization and accelerate immune maturation; while 7% fish oil in weaned piglets' diet was likely to increase Th2 cytokines expression.     

Sympathetic activation of hepatic and splenic IL-1beta mRNA expression during oscillation stress in the rat

Interleukin (IL)-1beta mRNA expression in the liver and spleen was examined after subjection to oscillation stress in the rat. Thirty-minute subjection to oscillation stress increased IL-1beta mRNA expression in the both organs. Prior treatment of rats with gadolinium chloride, which eliminates macrophages, prevented the stress-induced IL-1beta expression. Either adrenalectomy or treatment of guanethidine, a blocker of norepinephrine release in the sympathetic nerve endings, partially attenuated the stress-induced response, but the combined treatment completely blocked it. Injection of beta-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) also suppressed the stress-induced response. These results suggest that oscillation stress induces IL-1beta mRNA expression in the liver and spleen, probably in Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages, and that stress-induced IL-1beta expression is elicited by catecholamines released from sympathetic nerve terminals and the adrenal gland.