体外产气法评价不同方式加工玉米对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

研究旨在利用常规分析法和体外产气技术评定不同物理加工方式下玉米(蒸汽压片玉米、熟化玉米和普通玉米颗粒)的营养价值。研究结果显示:①与普通玉米(RC组)相比,蒸汽压片玉米(SFC组)和熟化玉米(CC组)的钙(Ca)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量没有显著差异(P0.05)。两个处理组的粗灰分(Ash)、粗蛋白(CP)、磷(P)含量和粗脂肪(EE)均比对照组低,总能量(GE)比对照组高;②48 h的SFC组、CC组的发酵速度均高于RC组,但总产气量差异不显著(P0.05)。24、48 h SFC组、CC组的NH3-N浓度、乙丙酸比例(A/P)、丁酸(BUTY)和异戊酸(ISOB)的摩尔比例均显著低于RC组(P0.05),干物质消化率(DMD)显著高于RC组(P0.05),pH值与RC组处理间差异不显著(P=0.255、P=0.406)。综上所述,蒸汽压片玉米和熟化玉米能提高动物对营养物质的消化和吸收。对pH值、48 h总产气量没有影响,会显著降低(P0.05)瘤胃液的NH3-N浓度、乙丙酸比例,显著提高干物质降解率(DMD)和丙酸(PRO)摩尔比例(P0.05)。     

高粱淀粉糊化程度对活体外瘤胃产气参数及降解速度的影响

本试验以高粱谷物为原料,将生高粱和蒸汽压片高粱以不同比例混合,配制不同淀粉糊化度的底物进行活体外瘤胃发酵试验,研究淀粉糊化度与瘤胃发酵速度之间的关系。5组试验底物依次为100%生高粱、75%生高粱+25%蒸汽压片高粱、50%生高粱+50%蒸汽压片高粱、25%生高粱+75%蒸汽压片高粱、100%压片高粱,糊化度分别为23.13%、37.52%、56.26%、69.14%和91.18%。结果表明:随着高粱糊化度的提高,瘤胃产气速度显著加快,底物糊化度与产气速度存在显著正相关(r=0.984 5,P0.000 1);可利用底物降解所需发酵时间均随糊化度的提高显著减少。     

不同压片破碎处理对玉米干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解率的影响

研究不同压片破碎处理对肉牛玉米瘤胃降解率的影响。将等差速玉米压片破碎机快慢辊差速比为1:1、3:2、2:1，压片厚度为3、2.5、2.0 mm条件下生产出的压片破碎玉米设为9个处理，每处理设3重复，每重复设4个尼龙袋，置于3头肉牛瘤胃内8 h。结果表明：差速比3:2时样品含粉率显著高于除压片厚度2.0 mm、差速比2:1组外的其余5组（P<0.05）；压片厚度3.0 mm，差速比1:1和2:1组的干物质瘤胃降解率显著低于其余7组（P<0.05）；差速比1:1、压片厚度2.0 mm组的总淀粉瘤胃降解率显著低于相同压片厚度、差速比3:2组（P<0.05）；差速比1:1、压片厚度3.0 mm组的支链淀粉瘤胃降解率显著低于不同差速比和压片厚度的4组（P<0.05）。综上所述，在本试验条件下，快慢辊差速比为3:2时压片破碎玉米的含粉率较高，含粉率对干物质和淀粉8 h瘤胃降解率的影响较大。     

不同能量水平及玉米加工饲粮对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

利用体外产气法研究不同能量水平与不同加工方式玉米对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。试验以玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料来源设计精粗比为65∶35的等氮饲粮,选用玉米青贮与过瘤胃脂肪调整低、高能量水平,普通玉米与蒸汽压片玉米作为不同加工方式,采用2×2因子试验设计。结果表明,高能水平饲粮的理论最大产气量、48 h总产气量、干物质降解率均显著高于低能(P<0.05),普通玉米高能组的乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于低能组(P<0.05)。同一能量水平下,蒸汽压片处理组的48 h总产气量均显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05);而低能条件下蒸汽压片组的总挥发酸、丙酸含量显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05)。不同饲粮营养水平与体外产气参数相关性分析表明48 h总产气量与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)和NDS/CP呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,使用蒸汽压片方式处理玉米以及提高饲粮能量水平均可以显著增加体外发酵48 h总产气量;低能水平下,蒸汽压片玉米对改善瘤胃的发酵特性更为明显。     

体外产气法评定蒸汽压片玉米对牦牛体外瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响

本试验采用体外产气法研究饲粮中蒸汽压片玉米替代比例对牦牛体外瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量的影响。体外培养底物精粗比为7∶3,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,设置11个组,蒸汽压片玉米替代精料中玉米的比例分别为0(对照组)、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%,每组3个重复。发酵48 h后,测定总产气量、甲烷产量及培养液pH、氨态氮(NH_3-N)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量。结果表明:1)随着精料中蒸汽压片玉米替代比例的增加,24和48 h总产气量、产气速率、干物质降解率(DMD)均有上升趋势,100%蒸汽压片玉米组显著高于对照组(P0.05);100%蒸汽压片玉米组瘤胃培养液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、丙酸含量显著升高(P0.05),培养液乙酸含量和乙酸/丙酸(A/P)、NH_3-N含量显著降低(P0.05),对pH无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随着蒸汽压片玉米替代比例的增加,甲烷产量均有下降趋势,100%蒸汽压片玉米组甲烷产量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,蒸汽压片玉米100%替代精料中玉米可显著降低甲烷产量,提高瘤胃液TVFA含量,降低A/P,具有较好的瘤胃发酵效果。     

蒸汽压片对玉米的淀粉特性、养分含量、康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系组分、体外产气参数和分子结构的影响

本试验旨在研究蒸汽压片对玉米的营养特性、体外瘤胃发酵和分子结构的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,分为2个处理,分别为未处理玉米（UC）和蒸汽压片玉米（SFC）,每个处理3个重复。测定未处理玉米和蒸汽压片玉米的淀粉特性、养分含量、康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系（CNCPS）组分、体外产气参数和分子结构,并对玉米分子结构与CNCPS组分和体外产气参数进行相关分析。结果表明：1）蒸汽压片玉米的淀粉含量、淀粉糊化度、直链淀粉含量及总碳水化合物、中速降解碳水化合物（CB1）、中速降解蛋白（PB2）、慢速降解蛋白（PB3）、不可降解蛋白（PC）含量显著高于未处理玉米（P<0.05）,淀粉相对结晶度及粗脂肪（EE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、粗蛋白质（CP）、快速降解碳水化合物（CA）、慢速降解碳水化合物（CB2）、非蛋白氮（PA）、快速降解蛋白（PB1）含量低于未处理玉米（P<0.05）。2）蒸汽压片玉米的1～4 h产气量显著高于未处理玉米（P<0.05）,而缓慢产气部分（b）和潜在产气量（a+b）显著低于未处理玉米（P<0.05）。3）蒸汽压片玉米的总碳...     

低淀粉饲粮条件下不同瘤胃降解淀粉水平对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米作为淀粉来源的低淀粉饲粮条件下不同瘤胃降解淀粉(RDS)水平对体外瘤胃发酵的影响。以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,各组分别以不同RDS水平饲粮作为发酵底物,体外产气法测定培养48 h时产气量和瘤胃发酵参数以及24 h时瘤胃微生物区系变化。结果表明:1)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养48 h时产气量、潜在产气部分和产气速率呈线性升高(P0.05),快速发酵部分产气量呈线性下降(P0.05),干物质消失率呈线性升高(P0.05);2)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养48 h时发酵液微生物蛋白、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度呈线性升高(P0.05),pH和氨态氮浓度没有显著变化(P0.05);3)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养24 h时发酵液中白色瘤胃球菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌的相对数量呈线性升高(P0.05),黄色瘤胃球菌、琥珀酸丝状杆菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、牛链球菌和溶淀粉琥珀酸单胞菌的相对数量没有显著变化(P0.05)。综合考虑,低淀粉饲粮条件下提高RDS水平有利于瘤胃发酵。     

平菇处理小麦和水稻秸秆对纤维成分和体外瘤胃发酵特征的影响

本试验旨在研究平菇处理小麦和水稻秸秆对纤维成分和体外瘤胃发酵特征的影响。选用未处理和平菇处理的小麦和水稻秸秆作为发酵底物,通过瘘管采集3只成年湘东黑山羊的瘤胃液,进行体外模拟瘤胃发酵72 h试验。结果表明:平菇处理小麦秸秆显著降低酸性洗涤木质素含量(P0.05),显著提高72 h总产气量、干物质降解率和甲烷产量(P0.05);平菇处理水稻秸秆显著提高酸性洗涤木质素含量和氢气产量及含量(P0.05),显著降低半纤维素含量、72 h总产气量、中性洗涤纤维降解率、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和甲烷产量及含量(P0.05);此外,平菇处理小麦和水稻秸秆显著降低乙酸比例(P0.05),显著提高丙酸比例(P0.05)。由此得出,平菇处理小麦秸秆可降低木质素含量,有助于瘤胃纤维降解和丙酸生成;平菇处理水稻秸秆会增加木质素沉积,抑制瘤胃纤维降解以及挥发性脂肪酸和甲烷生成,造成氢气累积和丙酸生成。     

不同品种玉米的化学成分、淀粉糊化度及活体外发酵特性的比较

本试验以常规玉米品种农大108(CAU108)、优质蛋白玉米9409(HQPC9409)和高油玉米(HOC)为材料,采用化学成分分析、活体外人工瘤胃消化试验和产气量试验,研究玉米品种对化学成分、淀粉糊化度和活体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。结果表明,3个不同玉米品种的蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量、淀粉糊化度、48 h产气量、产气速度、理论最大产气量、12和24 h干物质及淀粉消化率均存在显著差异(P<0.05),在3个品种中,CAU108品种的各项能量指标均优于HQPC9409和HOC,但不同品种玉米的活体外瘤胃发酵参数(pH、NH3-N、VFA)差异不显著(P>0.05)。由本试验得出,CAU108玉米较其他2个品种具有提高反刍动物生产性能和饲料转化效率的潜力。     

利用体外产气法评价不同加工方式玉米对鸡盲肠发酵参数的影响

试验旨在通过体外产气量法评价不同加工方式玉米对鸡盲肠发酵参数的影响。结果显示,蒸汽压片玉米(SFC)和挤压膨化玉米(EC)的48 h产气量显著高于粉碎玉米(MC;P=0.011),而理论最大产气量三者之间没有显著差异(P=0.618);同时,SFC组和EC组的产气速率分别为0.43 h~(-1)和0.44 h~(-1),极显著高于MC的0.06 h~(-1)(P0.001)。不同加工玉米间48 h盲肠体外发酵氨态氮和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度没有显著差异(P0.05),但MC组发酵液p H极显著高于SFC和EC组(P0.001);不同处理组间挥发性脂肪酸成分均具有显著差异,MC组丙酸比例显著高于SFC组和EC组(P0.001),而乙酸比例和A:P比显著低于SFC组和EC组(P0.001)。研究结果表明,与粉碎玉米相比,蒸汽压片玉米与膨化玉米有利于鸡对玉米中碳水化合物的消化吸收和后肠道的健康。     

Effect of α-cyclodextrin-allyl isothiocyanate on ruminal microbial methane production in vitro

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of α‐cyclodextrin‐allyl isothiocyanate (CD‐AI) on ruminal microbial methane production and rumen fermentation of corn starch, soluble potato starch or hay plus concentrate (1.5:1) by mixed rumen microorganisms. Diluted rumen fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 and 24 h with or without CD‐AI (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 g/L). The pH of the medium was unchanged by CD‐AI in all substrates. The molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased with a corresponding decrease in acetate : propionate ratio (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acids and butyrate were increased (P < 0.05). Ammonia‐N was decreased (P < 0.05). Except with soluble potato starch, numbers of protozoa were unchanged after 6 h. As concentration of CD‐AI increased from 0 to 3.2 g/L, fermentation of corn starch, soluble potato starch and hay plus concentrate resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) methane production of 49–100% (6 h) and 14–100% (24 h); 39–100% (6 h) and 16–100% (24 h); and 45–100% (6 h) and 17–100% (24 h), respectively. When hay plus concentrate was used as substrate, methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05) with 0.8 g/L of CD‐AI after 6 h. Excluding the lower dose level (0.4 g/L) of CD‐AI, digestibility of neutral detergent fiber of hay plus concentrate was decreased (P < 0.05) after 24 h. A suitable level of CD‐AI could therefore be used as a supplement to inhibit methane production and improve rumen fermentation without detrimental effects on fiber digestion.     

Effect of corn processing on starch digestion and bacterial crude protein flow in finishing cattle

Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated yearling steers (523 kg) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design experiment to study the effects of corn processing on nutrient digestion, bacterial CP production, and ruminal fermentation. Dietary treatments consisted of 90% concentrate diets that were based on dry-rolled (DRC), high-moisture (HMC), or steam-flaked (SFC) corn. Each diet contained 2.0% urea (DM basis) as the sole source of supplemental nitrogen. Each period lasted 17 d, with d 1 through 14 for diet adaptation and d 15 through 17 for fecal, duodenal, and ruminal sampling. Dry matter and OM intakes were similar for DRC and SFC but were approximately 15% higher (P < 0.05) for HMC. True ruminal OM digestibilities were 18 and 10% greater (P < 0.05) for HMC than for DRC or SFC, respectively. Ruminal starch digestibilities were similar between HMC and SFC and were approximately 19% greater (P < 0.05) than DRC. Postruminal OM digestibility was similar among treatments; however, postruminal starch digestibility was 15% greater (P < 0.05) for SFC than for DRC or HMC, which were similar. Total-tract DM and OM digestibilities were similar between HMC and SFC and were 4% greater (P < 0.05) than DRC. Likewise, total-tract starch digestibilities were similar between HMC and SFC and were 3% greater (P < 0.05) than DRC. Bacterial CP flow to the duodenum was 29% greater (P < 0.05) for HMC than for DRC or SFC, which were similar. Bacterial N efficiencies were similar among treatments. Based on bacterial CP flow from the rumen, we estimate that dietary DIP requirements are approximately 12% higher for HMC-based diets than for DRC or SFC-based diets, which were similar.     

Wet distillers grains plus solubles concentration in steam-flaked-corn-based diets: Effects on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of wet distillers grain plus solubles (WDG; <15% sorghum grain) concentration in steam-flaked corn (SFC) diets on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, ruminal fermentation, and diet digestibility. In Exp. 1, six hundred crossbred steers (364 ± 35 kg of BW) were used in a randomized complete block design with 8 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments consisted of a dry-rolled corn (DRC) control diet without WDG, a SFC control without WDG, and SFC with 4 WDG concentrations (15, 30, 45, 60% DM basis) replacing SFC, cottonseed meal, urea, and yellow grease. Final BW, ADG, G:F, HCW, and 12th-rib fat depth were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for SFC compared with DRC. Dry matter intake tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for DRC compared with SFC. Final BW, ADG, G:F, HCW, 12th-rib fat depth, and marbling score decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. In Exp. 2, six ruminally and duodenally cannulated crossbred steers (481 ± 18 kg of BW) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design using the same diets as Exp. 1. Ruminal, postruminal, and total tract OM and NDF digestibility were not different (P > 0.14) for DRC compared with SFC. Ruminal and total tract starch digestibility were greater (P < 0.01) for SFC compared with DRC. Dry matter and OM intake were not different (P ≥ 0.43) among WDG treatments. Ruminal and total tract OM digestibility decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. Intake, ruminal digestibility, and total tract digestibility of NDF increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. Starch intake decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WDG concentration. Ruminal starch digestibility increased (P = 0.01) with increasing concentration of WDG. Total tract starch digestibility decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) with increasing concentration of WDG. Feeding SFC improved steer performance compared with DRC. The concentration of WDG and corn processing method influences nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The addition of WDG in SFC-based diets appears to negatively affect animal performance by diluting the energy density of the diet.     

In vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of gum arabic under concentrate and forage substrate conditions

Gum arabic (GA) has potential rumen modifier functions. This is the first study to investigate the in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of GA. Rumen fluid was collected from ruminal fistulated wethers; rolled barley and ryegrass straw were used as substrates for concentrate and forage conditions, respectively. Besides incubating with the substrates alone (control), GA or potato starch (PS) was added at 0.2%, 1.0%, and 2.0% along with substrates. Under the concentrate substrate condition, GA treatments showed higher total gas production in 24-h incubation, but lower methane production in 24- and 48-h incubation compared with PS treatments (p < 0.05). The 1.0% and 2.0% GA and 0.2% and 1.0% PS treatments showed higher dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility and lower NH₃-N, and higher short chain fatty acid concentrations compared with the control at 24-h incubation (p < 0.05). The GA treatments also showed a lower acetate/propionate ratio than PS treatments at 48-h incubation (p < 0.01). Under the forage substrate condition, the treatment effects were not significant, except for a higher proportion of propionate with GA than with PS at 24 and 48 h of incubations. We thus concluded that GA supplement may exert potential rumen modifier effects particularly under concentrate feeding condition.     

Effect of cyclodextrin diallyl maleate on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes in vitro and in vivo

Effects of β‐cyclodextrin diallyl maleate (CD‐M) on methane production, ruminal fermentation and digestibility were studied both in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro study, diluted ruminal fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 and 24 h with or without CD‐M using hay plus concentrate (1.5:1) as a substrate. The CD‐M was added at different concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/L). The pH of the medium and numbers of protozoa were not affected by the addition of CD‐M. Total volatile fatty acids were increased and ammonia‐N was decreased, molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) by 14–76%. The effect of CD‐M on methane production and ruminal fermentation was further investigated in vivo using four Holstein steers in a cross‐over design. The steers were fed Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (1.5:1) with or without CD‐M (2% of feed dry matter) as a supplement. Ruminal proportion of acetate tended to decrease and that of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) 2 h after CD‐M dosing. Total viable counts, cellulolytic, sulfate reducing, acetogenic bacteria and protozoa were unaffected while methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. The plasma concentration of glucose was increased, whereas that of urea‐N was decreased (P < 0.05). Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) from 36.4 to 30.1 L/kg dry matter intake by the addition of CD‐M. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were not affected while that of crude protein was increased (P < 0.05) in the medicated steers. These data suggested that dietary supplementation of CD‐M decreased methane production and improved nutrient use.     

The effects of urea‐treated potato pulp (PP) ensiled with beet pulp or wheat bran pellets to reduce moisture of PP and flake density of corn grain supplemented with the PP silage on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

The effects of adding beet pulp or wheat bran to urea‐treated potato pulp (PP) in order to reduce moisture of PP silage and flake density of corn grain on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers were studied in a split‐plot design experiment. The whole‐plot treatments were PP silage mixed with 0% added pellets (CON), 9% (as‐fed basis) beet pulp pellets (BP) or 9% (as‐fed basis) wheat bran pellets (WB) as water‐absorbing materials. The subplot treatments consisted of supplements formulated to contain either high‐density corn (HDC) or low‐density corn (LDC). BP steers consumed more (BP vs WB, P = 0.011) concentrate than did WB steers, whereas hay intake did not differ between the treatments. Dry matter (BP vs WB, P = 0.023) and organic matter (BP vs WB, P = 0.029) digestibility were higher for BP steers than for WB steers. Starch digestibility was higher (P = 0.006) for LDC than for HDC. There were no differences in the concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen among the treatments. Molar proportions of ruminal acetate were higher for BP steers than for WB steers (BP vs WB, P = 0.030). Conversely, molar proportions of propionate were lower for BP steers than for WB steers (BP vs WB, P = 0.044). Flake density of corn did not affect ruminal characteristics. In conclusion, from the viewpoint of feed intake and digestibility, BP is superior to WB as a moisture control material for urea‐treated PP silage, and flake density of corn supplemented with urea‐treated PP silage does not alter ruminal fermentation.     

蒸汽压片玉米加工工艺及其在肉牛生产中应用的研究进展

玉米是肉牛生产中的主要能量饲料,蒸汽压片处理可以提高玉米的淀粉消化率,并对玉米的淀粉糊化度和能值等产生一定影响,对肉牛的瘤胃发酵模式、生产性能、牛肉品质及其经济效益有积极的影响。本文综述了蒸汽压片技术、经蒸汽压片处理后玉米营养价值的变化以及饲喂蒸汽压片玉米对肉牛生产性能及肉品质影响等方面的研究进展,以期为蒸汽压片玉米在肉牛生产中的进一步推广应用提供参考。