控释尿素对牦牛瘤胃氨氮和微生物蛋白质的影响

试验旨在探讨控释尿素对牦牛瘤胃氨氮和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。试验选4头2岁牦牛,安装永久瘤胃瘘管,分期定量饲喂不同粗蛋白日粮:含尿素日粮(CP10.79%)、无尿素日粮(CP10.75%)、控释尿素日粮(CP10.73%)。结果表明:含尿素日粮瘤胃pH值和氨氮浓度在一天中变化较快,而无尿素日粮和控释尿素日粮变化较为平缓;控释尿素日粮微生物蛋白合成量虽然变化幅度较大,但能量与氨氮释放同步,微生物蛋白质合成量较大,充分把食用氮转化为微生物蛋白质;且控释尿素日粮在瘤胃pH值、氨氮浓度和微生物蛋白含量方面均优于含尿素日粮和无尿素日粮,差异极显著(P<0.01),从而表明采用控释尿素日粮对牦牛补饲具有良好的效果,是反刍家畜安全、高效的粗蛋白营养日粮。     

控释尿素对牦牛瘤胃氨氮和微生物蛋白质的影响

选4头2岁牦牛安装永久瘤胃瘘管,分期定量饲喂不同粗蛋白日粮：含尿素日粮（CP10.79%）、无尿素日粮（CP10.75%）、控释尿素日粮（CP10.73%）,探讨控释尿素对牦牛瘤胃氨氮和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。结果表明,含尿素日粮瘤胃pH值和氨氮浓度在一天中变化较快,而无尿素日粮和控释尿素日粮变化较为平缓;控释尿素日粮微生物蛋白合成量虽然变化幅度较大,但能量与氨氮释放同步,微生物蛋白质合成量较大,充分把食用氮转化为微生物蛋白质。控释尿素在瘤胃pH值、氨氮浓度和微生物蛋白含量均优于含尿素日粮和无尿素日粮,存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）,表明采用控释尿素日粮对牦牛补饲具有良好的效果,是反刍家畜安全、高效的粗蛋白营养日粮。     

添加赖氨酸对小尾寒羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响

试验选用5只1.5岁左右装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊(体重约45 kg),按照5×5拉丁方试验设计(对照组、低尿素对照(等氮)组、低赖氨酸组、高尿素对照(等氮)组、高赖氨酸组),研究添加未经任何处理的市售赖氨酸对成年小尾寒羊瘤胃微生物群落、瘤胃消化代谢和整体消化代谢的影响。赖氨酸盐酸盐添喂量分别为0、4.0和8.0 g/kg日粮(干物质计)。结果表明,绵羊添加4.0和8.0 g/kg赖氨酸盐酸盐日粮,自由采食量分别比对照组增加5.5%(P>0.05)和11.8%(P<0.05),瘤胃细菌总数分别增加18.9%(P<0.01)和23.9%(P<0.01),其中球菌分别增加21.2%(P<0.01)和30.1%(P<0.01),大杆菌数量减少16.7%(P<0.05)和33.3%(P<0.01),瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸分别比对照组增加9.6%(P<0.05)和12.2%(P<0.01),其中丁酸分别增加12.8%(P>0.05)和20.2%(P<0.01),有机物表观消化率分别增加6.4%(P>0.05)和10.0%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质表观消化率分别比对照组增加7.0%(P>0.05)和18.3%(P<0.01),氮保留率分别增加46.4%(P>0.05)和110.7%(P<0.01)。然而,添加赖氨酸对绵羊瘤胃原虫和真菌数量、瘤胃液氨态氮浓度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。由本试验得出结论,给成年小尾寒羊添加一定量的未经任何处理的市售赖氨酸,可提高小尾寒羊的日粮自由采食量和消化率,增加氮保留率;可调控瘤胃微生物群落的组成,增加瘤胃细菌总数,主要是瘤胃球菌数量;以上这些添加赖氨酸的作用是添加等氮量尿素所不能完全替代的。     

控释尿素对藏羊瘤胃氨氮和微生物蛋白质的影响

作者旨在探讨控释尿素对藏羊瘤胃氨氮和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。试验选4只2岁藏羊，安装永久性瘤胃瘘管，分期定量饲喂不同粗蛋白质日粮：含尿素日粮（粗蛋白质含量为10.79%）、无尿素日粮（粗蛋白质含量为10.75%）、控释尿素日粮（粗蛋白质含量为10.73%）。结果表明，含尿素日粮瘤胃pH和氨氮浓度在一天中变化较快，而无尿素日粮和控释尿素日粮变化较为平缓，控释尿素日粮微生物蛋白质合成量虽然变化幅度较大，但能量与氨氮释放同步，微生物蛋白质合成量较大，充分把食用氮转化为微生物蛋白质。控释尿素日粮与含尿素日粮、无尿素日粮存在极显著差异（P<0.01），且控释尿素在瘤胃pH、氨氮浓度和微生物蛋白质含量方面均优于含尿素日粮和无尿素日粮，从而表明采用控释尿素日粮对藏羊补饲具有良好的效果，是反刍家畜安全、高效的粗蛋白质营养日粮。     

饲粮能氮瘤胃释放同步化对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、生产性能及氮平衡的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮瘤胃能氮释放同步化对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、生产性能及氮平衡的影响.试验采用4×4的拉丁方试验设计,试验动物为4头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,试验处理为4种瘤胃能氮释放同步化指数(SI)不同的等能、等氮饲粮(饲粮Ⅰ,SI=0.95;饲粮Ⅱ,SI =0.90;饲粮Ⅲ,SI =0.83;饲粮Ⅳ,SI...     

绞股蓝皂甙对体外瘤胃微生物甲烷产量及发酵特性的影响

利用体外产气量法研究绞股蓝皂甙对山羊瘤胃微生物体外甲烷产量及发酵特性的影响。试验包括2个部分,试验一研究了绞股蓝皂甙对瘤胃微生物甲烷产量及发酵特性的影响,试验二分析绞股蓝皂甙对瘤胃微生物发酵动力学参数的影响。试验以0.42 g羊草＋0.126 g玉米＋0.054 g豆粕为发酵底物,60 mL培养基中的绞股蓝皂甙添加量分别为0(对照),5,10,20和40 mg,发酵24 h。与对照组比较,发酵8 h,各处理组甲烷浓度显著下降(P<0.05),分别下降30.20％,43.49％,44.67％和75.8％;12 h,20 mg组显著下降(P<0.05),40 mg组极显著下降(P<0.01),处理组甲烷浓度分别下降6.97％,9.63％,18.90％和61.82％;24 h,10 mg组显著下降(P<0.05),40 mg组极显著下降(P<0.01),处理组甲烷浓度分别下降2.34％,9.39％,6.90％和20.73％,甲烷浓度与皂甙剂量之间有极显著的线性效应(P<0.01)。10 mg组的氢利用率极显著低于对照组,其他试验组无显著变化。10 mg组显著提高了TVFA及乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸和支链脂肪酸浓度(P<0.05),40 mg组丁酸的浓度极显著下降(P<0.01)。10 mg组和20 mg组乙丙比显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着皂甙剂量增加,乙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸、支链脂肪酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度及乙丙比呈显著或极显著的二次方效应,丁酸同时具有极显著的线性效应。处理组原虫数量显著(P<0.05)或极显著下降(P<0.01)(40 mg组),且与皂甙剂量间存在极显著的线性和二次方效应(P<0.01)。微生物蛋白含量没有显著变化,但呈上升趋势。10 mg组和40 mg组的氨态氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),氨态氮浓度与皂甙剂量之间有显著的线性效应(P<0.05)。高剂量绞股蓝皂甙降低了微生物发酵的理论与实际产气量,并呈显著的线性和二次方效应,产气速率与皂甙剂量之间有着显著的线性效应。以上结果表明绞股蓝皂甙能改变瘤胃微生物发酵模式,降低瘤胃微生物的甲烷产量,提高VFA的产量,有利于饲料能量的利用,同时缓解甲烷对大气环境的污染。     

日粮能氮比对塔里木马鹿瘤胃体外发酵的影响

为了解塔里木马鹿对低质粗饲料的适应机理,试验探讨了RDN/DOM对其瘤胃发酵指标的影响,旨在科学有效地利用粗饲料,提高塔里木马鹿养殖经济效益。试验根据以瘤胃尼龙袋法对饲料原料降解特性(有机物和粗蛋白质的有效降解率)研究的结果,在相同营养水平下,设计了8个等距离能氮释放梯度不同(RDN/DOM为15～29)的试验日粮作为发酵底物,利用体外消化试验,检测各组发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量和微生物蛋白质(MCP)含量。结果表明,以RDN/DOM=19的配合饲料作为培养底物进行体外产气试验时,12 h时,MCP含量显著高于其他时间点(P0.05),因此最终培养时间确定为12 h;RDN/DOM=23时,体外培养液NH_3-N浓度最低(8.34 mg/dL),MCP合成量(11.76 mg/dL)、TVFA含量(71.24 mmol/dL)和乙酸/丙酸(2.79)均最高。综上,在本试验条件下,塔里木马鹿最适宜RDN/DOM为23,这对后续研究塔里木马鹿日粮能氮释放同步性指数(SI)提供了重要依据,为进一步研究塔里木马鹿氮代谢规律提供了数据支撑。     

能氮同步释放与饲喂频率对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮同步指数与饲喂频率差异对绵羊瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白质合成的影响。以4只安装有瘤胃瘘管的杂交羊(东北细毛羊×小尾寒羊)作为试验动物,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计。4种日粮分别以2种同步指数(SI)与2种饲喂频率(FF)组合处理,即Ⅰ组(SI=0.66,FF=2)、Ⅱ组(SI=0.66,FF=4)、Ⅲ组(SI=0.75,FF=2)、Ⅳ组(SI=0.75,FF=4),试验周期为4期。结果表明:Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的平均pH差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅱ组平均N H3-N浓度与Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组的丙酸浓度、丁酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸差异显著(P<0.05)。对于瘤胃微生物蛋白产量(M C P),早晨饲喂后4 h之内,各组M C P的浓度没有差异,12:00开始Ⅳ组与Ⅲ组、Ⅰ组差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,同步指数较高的日粮,丙酸浓度较高,乙酸/丙酸低,M C P产量较高。增加饲喂频率对绵羊瘤胃内环境调控效果甚微,但可以提高M C P产量。     

过瘤胃葡萄糖和缓释尿素对热应激绵羊生产性能及瘤胃发酵功能的影响

【目的】 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加缓释尿素（SRU）和过瘤胃葡萄糖（RPG）对热应激绵羊生产性能和瘤胃发酵功能的影响。【方法】 选取40只健康、体重相近的3月龄湖羊公羔,按初始体重随机分成4个处理组（n=10）,分别为对照组（CON组,饲喂基础饲粮）、缓释尿素组（SRU组,基础饲粮中添加缓释尿素15 g/d）、过瘤胃葡萄糖组（RPG组,基础饲粮中添加过瘤胃葡萄糖10 g/d）和联合添加组（UG组,基础饲粮中添加缓释尿素15 g/d+过瘤胃葡萄糖10 g/d）,预饲期15 d,正饲期50 d。在正饲期的最后一天晨饲前,分别采集血液和瘤胃液,测定血样中免疫球蛋白A （IgA）、免疫球蛋白M （IgM）、免疫球蛋白G （IgG）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-2（IL-2）的含量,并测定瘤胃液pH、氨态氮、微生物蛋白及挥发性脂肪酸等指标。【结果】 与CON组相比,①饲粮中添加缓释尿素、过瘤胃葡萄糖均显著降低热应激绵羊的呼吸频率（P<0.05）,UG组热应激绵羊的直肠温度显著降低（P<0.05）。②SRU组、RPG组、UG组热应激绵羊的终末体重和平均日增重均显著提高（P<0.05）,料重比显著降低（P<0.05）。③RPG组和UG组热应激绵羊血清中IgG和IgM的含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,血清中TNF-α和IL-2的含量显著降低（P<0.05）。④各处理组热应激绵羊瘤胃内乙酸与丙酸的比值均显著提高（P<0.05）,SRU组瘤胃内乙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸比例和总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度均显著提高（P<0.05）,RPG组瘤胃液pH和异戊酸比例均显著提高（P<0.05）,瘤胃内氨态氮、丙酸、丁酸的比例均显著降低（P<0.05）,UG组瘤胃内乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸及微生物蛋白的含量均显著提高（P<0.05）。【结论】 饲粮中添加缓释尿素、过瘤胃葡萄糖显著提高了热应激绵羊的生产性能,改善瘤胃发酵,维持瘤胃内环境的稳定,可有效缓解绵羊热应激。     

不同中性洗涤纤维与淀粉比例饲粮对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同中性洗涤纤维与淀粉比例(NDF/starch)饲粮对体外瘤胃发酵的影响。选用玉米青贮、燕麦干草和玉米调整饲粮NDF/starch,配制0.86(Ⅰ)、1.13(Ⅱ)、1.56(Ⅲ)和2.38(Ⅳ)4种NDF/starch的全混合日粮,采用3头体况良好且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液的供体动物,利用体外发酵试验结合动态产气实时记录技术,测定累积产气量(2、6、12、24、36、48 h)、产气动力学参数和瘤胃发酵特性指标。结果表明:1)随着饲粮NDF/starch的提高,发酵48 h体外干物质降解率逐渐下降,I、Ⅱ组均显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05);48h累积产气量和理论最大产气量呈下降趋势,Ⅳ组显著低于其他各组(P0.05);组间达1/2理论最大产气量的时间、最大产气速率无显著差异(P0.05)。2)NDF/starch对发酵液氨态氮和微生物蛋白浓度影响不显著(P0.05)。3)随着饲粮NDF/starch的增加,p H、乙酸/丙酸、乙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸呈显著或极显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度及丙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸呈显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01)。4)不同NDF/starch饲粮营养水平与体外发酵参数相关性分析表明,48 h累积产气量、理论最大产气量与淀粉含量、中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)含量、中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白质(NDS/CP)、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)含量呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),而与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01)。综合而言,本试验条件下,体外产气法测定饲粮NDF/starch在0.86~1.13之间对体外瘤胃发酵较好。     

酿酒酵母对奶牛瘤胃内环境及血液生化指标的影响

[目的]研究在不同水平的酿酒酵母日粮对奶牛瘤胃内环境和血液生化指标的影响.[方法]试验选用三头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验分为三组,A组为基础日粮,B组和C组分别为基础日粮添加酿酒酵母0.33%和0.67%DM.[结果]添加酿酒酵母可降低瘤胃pH值和氨态氮浓度,在采食后6 h,B组...     

Herbage intake and ruminal digestion of dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture either in the morning or evening

This study aimed to clarify diurnal fluctuations of herbage intake, ruminal fermentation of herbage carbohydrates and proteins, and digesta particulate weight in the rumen of grazing dairy cows. Six ruminally cannulated, non‐lactating dairy cows were grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture either in the morning (04.00 to 08.00 hours) or the evening (16.00 to 20.00 hours). Cows grazed in the evening spent more time (P < 0.01) and consumed more herbage (P < 0.01) compared with cows grazed in the morning. Higher (P < 0.05) daily mean concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, propionate and n‐butyrate in rumen fluid were observed for cows grazed in the evening compared with cows grazed in the morning. Although cows grazed in the evening ingested more crude protein compared with cows grazed in the morning, no significant difference in NH₃‐N concentration in rumen fluid was observed between them. The ratio of purine‐derivative concentration to creatinine concentrations was higher (P < 0.01) in the urine of cows grazed in the evening than in cows grazed in the morning. These results clearly indicated that evening grazing was advantageous for dairy cows compared with morning grazing, in terms of ruminal fermentable energy intake and nitrogen utilization efficiency.     

Effects of addition of Aspergillus oryzae culture and 2‐hydroxyl‐4‐(methylthio) butanoic acid on milk performance and rumen fermentation of dairy cows

To investigate effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture (AOC) and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB) on milk performance and rumen fermentation of dairy cows. Sixty‐four multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were randomly allocated into four experimental diets: (i) Control diet; (ii) AOC diet: 5 g AOC/day per head; (iii) HMB diet: 25 g HMB/day; and (iv) AH diet: 5 g AOC plus 25 g HMB/day. Added HMB tended to increase the yield of milk protein (P = 0.06) and 3.5% fat‐corrected milk (P = 0.08) and milk fat content (P = 0.09). Milk fat yield (P = 0.03) and the contents of milk protein (P = 0.05) were increased by adding HMB. The cows fed on AOC diet had a tendency for higher body weight (BW) gain (P = 0.08). Addition of AOC, HMB and AH increased content of microbial protein (MCP) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (P < 0.01) in rumen fluid. Populations of rumen fungi, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens relative to total bacterial 16S rDNA (P ≤ 0.03) and activity of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) (P < 0.01) were increased with added AOC or HMB. It is inferred that added AOC or HMB can increase the contents of MCP and total VFA potentially by stimulating rumen microbe populations and CMCase activity.     

发芽玉米对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵、产奶性能及乳品质的影响

试验旨在研究发芽玉米对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵、血液成分、产奶性能及乳品质的影响。选取胎次、分娩日龄、产奶量相近的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛15头,试验分为3组,每组5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮(TMR和苜蓿干草),T1、T2组分别在基础日粮中添加20%发芽玉米和20%发酵发芽玉米。结果表明,添加发芽玉米及发酵发芽玉米均能降低瘤胃pH的变化幅度,提高挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮浓度,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05);与对照组相比,T1、T2组4%乳脂校正乳极显著提高(P＜0.01),并可显著提高T2组的饲料效率(P＜0.05),显著降低乳中体细胞数(P＜0.05);T1、T2组具有降低乳中胆固醇含量的趋势,并对血液成分无显著影响。因此,饲料中添加发芽玉米可改善瘤胃内环境,显著提高产奶量与饲料效率,显著降低乳中体细胞数,且乳中胆固醇含量有降低的趋势。     

Effect of dietary supplementation of rutin on lactation performance,ruminal fermentation and metabolism in dairy cows

The effect of long‐term dietary supplementation with rutin on the lactation performance, ruminal fermentation and metabolism of dairy cows were investigated in this study. Twenty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were randomly divided into four groups, and each was offered a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 mg rutin/kg of diet. The milk yield of the cows receiving 3.0 and 4.5 mg rutin/kg was higher than that of the control group, and the milk yield was increased by 10.06% and 3.37% (p < 0.05). On the basis of that finding, the cows supplemented with 0 or 3.0 mg rutin/kg of diet were used to investigate the effect of rutin supplementation on blood metabolites and hormone levels. Compared with the control group, the serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration of the 3.0 mg rutin/kg group is significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In another trial, four adult cows with permanent rumen fistula and duodenal cannulae were attributed in a self‐control design to investigate the peak occurrence of rutin and quercetin in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, ruminal fermentation and microbial population in dairy cows. The cows supplemented with 3.0 mg rutin/kg in the diet differed from the control period. Samples of rumen fluid, duodenal fluid and blood were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after morning feeding. Compared to the control group, the pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, number and protein content of rumen protozoa and blood urea nitrogen were lower, but the concentration of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), microbial crude protein (MCP) and serum lysozyme content were higher for the cows fed the rutin diets. The addition of 3.0 mg rutin/kg to diets for a long term tended to increase the milk yield and improve the metabolism and digestibility of the dairy cows.     

Effect of Yucca schidigera with or without nisin on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed silage- and hay-based diets

A 4 × 6 Youden square design was used to study manipulating effect of Yucca schidigera with or without nisin on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed silage‐ and hay‐based diets. Four ruminally canulated wethers were given isonitrogenous diets of timothy silage and concentrate (85:15) (S), and timothy hay and concentrate (60:40) (H), on DM basis. The six experimental diets were: (i) S; (ii) S + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera (SY); (iii) S + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera + 6 mg/kg bodyweight (BW)^0.75 of nisin (SYN); (iv) H; (v) H + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera (HY); and (vi) H + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera + 6 mg/kg BW^0.75 of nisin (HYN). Rumen pH was higher (P < 0.01) in sheep fed SYN diet than those fed S diet. Concentration of ammonia‐N (NH₃‐N) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in sheep fed SY, SYN, HY, HYN than those of S and H. Total volatile fatty acids concentration was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in HYN than in H diet and tended to be higher in sheep fed H diets than those fed S diets. There was a significantly higher (P < 0.01) efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis in the rumen of sheep fed on HY diet than those fed on H diet.     

Performance of lactating dairy cows fed a diet based on treated rice straw and supplemented with pelleted sweet potato vines

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sweet potato vine pellet (SWEPP) in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility and rumen ecology in lactating dairy cows fed on urea-treated rice straw. Three multiparous Holstein crossbred cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned according to a 3?×?3 Latin square design, and the treatments were as follows: T1 = control (no supplementation), T2 = supplementation of sweet potato vine pellet with 50 g/kg urea (SWEPP I) at 300 g/head/day, and T3 = supplementation of sweet potato pellet with 100 g/kg urea (SWEPP II) at 300 g/head/day, in concentrate diets, respectively. The result revealed that supplementation of SWEPP did not affect feed intake, ruminal pH, and blood urea nitrogen (P?>?0.05). However, apparent digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber were higher in SWEPP II than those in others. Furthermore, ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and milk yield were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) in animals fed with SWEPP II than those fed with SWEPP I and control, respectively. In addition, there were no differences in purine derivatives and microbial nitrogen supply among all the treatments. Based on this study, it could be concluded that SWEPP is a good source of supplement which resulted in significant improvement in apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, and milk yield in lactating dairy cows fed on urea-treated rice straw.     

不同形式的植物油对奶牛生产性能和瘤胃微生物区系的影响

试验研究了日粮中分别补充0(对照组)、2%亚麻籽油(亚麻籽油组)、2%大豆油(大豆油组)和等同2%植物油的10%膨化大豆(膨化大豆组)对奶牛生产性能和瘤胃微生物区系的影响。结果表明:饲喂亚麻油、大豆油和膨化大豆组奶牛的奶产量显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,而乳脂含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),校正乳(FCM)产量各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲喂亚麻油、大豆油或膨化大豆对奶牛瘤胃微生物图谱条带数量和区系的相似性指数无显著影响(P>0.05)。各处理组的白色瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌比例无显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究结果显示,日粮补充适宜水平的不同形式植物油可改善奶牛生产性能,但对瘤胃微生物区系无显著影响。     

饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮平衡的影响

本研究旨在探究饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和氮平衡的影响.选用3头体重为(460.0±20.6)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮添加20 mg/d海南霉素和350 mg/d莫能菌素的试验饲粮.结果表明:饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素没有显著影响瘤胃液pH和丁酸含量(P＞0.05),但显著降低了瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸含量、乙酸/丙酸和氨态氮浓度(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,海南霉素组和莫能菌素组丙酸含量分别提高了16.26％和15.79％(P ＜0.01).饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素显著降低了尿囊素排出量、尿嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物氮产量(P＜0.05).饲粮添加海南霉素和莫能菌素也降低了粪氮量和尿氮量(P＜0.05),提高了沉积氮量(P＜0.01).与对照组相比,海南霉素组和莫能菌素组的表观氮消化率分别提高了5.61％和7.05％(P =0.03).总之,与莫能菌素相似,饲粮添加海南霉素可以改变瘤胃发酵模式,使其更趋向于丙酸型发酵,并且能够提高氮利用效率.     

不同饲喂模式对奶牛采食和瘤胃发酵的影响

为采用4头体重(600±50)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦经产奶牛进行试验,比较传统精粗分开饲喂向全混合日粮(TMR)转换时泌乳奶牛的采食、瘤胃发酵及生产性能的变化。试验动物所用日粮组成在整个试验期完全相同。前17 d采用精粗饲料分开饲喂的模式,后13 d则采用TMR进行饲喂。在由传统的精粗分开饲喂向TMR饲喂转换过程中,试验牛的日粮干物质采食量(DMI)、中型洗涤纤维进食量(NDFI)差异极显著(P<0.01),而与之相对应的采食时间差异不显著;全天的瘤胃pH值试验期前后比较无明显差异,但pH曲线但有趋于平稳的趋势,瘤胃中氨态氮浓度在试验期结束时差异极显著(P<0.01)。