抗盐碱优良蔬菜品种筛选试验初报

在海河平原的河北南皮县盐碱低洼地上作了黄瓜、番茄、辣椒3种抗盐优良蔬菜品种筛选试验。结果表明:黄瓜中的地这胡瓜、津研4号、津研5号、津杂2号、津研7号;番茄中的津粉65号、番茄102号、早杂1号、栽培1号;辣椒中的湘研1号、天津2号、天津9号、天津3号、茄门等在海河平原的低洼盐碱地上(含盐量1.2‰)栽培有较好的适应性、丰产性和抗盐碱性,因此认为这些蔬菜品种可以在低盐碱地区推广;而番茄中的番茄70号、强丰和辣椒品种中的辣椒8号,表现为生长较弱,产量较低,不宜在盐碱地区推广。     

半野生棉在北疆地区的田间表现及抗病耐寒性差异

陆地棉野生种系具有较多的优良遗传特性,通过试验可以看出,7类半野生棉种质材料当中,有许多优良抗源材料和耐寒材料,其中,帕默尔棉（Palmeri）和莫里尔棉（Morrilli）综合性状较好,值得进一步在北疆棉区进行杂交转育和抗性利用研究。     

巴西野生棉考察简报

赴巴西考察了两类野生棉自然分布情况和生长发育状态等,发现了玛利加郎特棉,未发现黄褐棉,但了解了有关信息.     

加勒帕戈斯群岛野生棉考察初报

为了更广泛地考察棉花野生资源,于2015年9月中旬到厄瓜多尔的加勒帕戈斯群岛进行了野生棉野外考察,发现该群岛上达尔文氏棉生长旺盛、分布广泛。找到了23个野生棉自然居群,有21个可采集到野生棉种子,包括四倍体野生种达尔文氏棉(AD5)和二倍体野生种克劳茨基棉(D_(3-k))。还发现了达尔文氏棉、克劳茨基棉和海岛棉3个不同棉种自然混生的情况。从加勒帕戈斯多个岛屿及可能存在的自然分布来看,有必要对该群岛野生棉进行长期和全面的考察。     

机采棉育种初报

本所对机采棉新品种选育方面取得了新突破,选育出包括 9542、9532 在内的一系列机采棉新品系。本文在 1998 年机采棉品种比较试验的基础上,对机采棉新品系的特征、特性加以概括总结。     

宁夏压砂地中小型西瓜新品种筛选试验初报

[目的]筛选出适宜在宁夏压砂地种植的中小型西瓜。[方法]收集13个优新品种对其生育期、出苗率、抗旱性、果实性状、产量等指标进行比较分析。[结果]黑宝2号、18 - 64、18 -159、黑美人、金美人、夏威106表现较好。[结论]为宁夏中小型西瓜栽培提供参考依据。     

松嫩平原春小麦耐盐碱性鉴定及品种(系)筛选

为确定松嫩平原春小麦品种(系)耐盐碱性鉴定的适宜盐碱浓度,同时筛选耐盐碱小麦材料,以黑龙江省试种的30个春小麦品种(系)为试验材料,采用不同浓度NaHCO3溶液分别在春小麦萌发期和苗期进行盐碱胁迫处理,筛选适合耐盐碱性鉴定的胁迫处理浓度,并通过主成分分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析等方法对30个春小麦品种萌发期和苗期的耐盐碱性进行综合评价。结果表明,150mmol·L-1 NaHCO3为小麦耐盐碱性筛选的理想鉴定浓度;30个春小麦品种(系)中,九三09-1933等7个品种(系)萌发期高度耐盐碱,北麦9号为萌发期盐碱敏感品种;九三08-51271、龙麦36、7767为苗期高度耐盐碱品种(系),克旱14号、九三08-7127为苗期盐碱敏感品种(系);综合评价萌发期与苗期鉴定结果,其中高度耐盐碱的品种(系)为龙麦36和09-9933,盐碱敏感品种(系)为九三08-7127和克旱14号,克旱7号等其他品种(系)中度耐盐碱。     

黄河三角洲棉区机采棉品种筛选试验

通过机采棉品种筛选试验,筛选出适宜黄河三角洲地区气候条件和种植制度的机采棉品种。结果表明:鲁棉研37号和K836属中熟偏早品种,吐絮早而集中,株型紧凑抗倒伏,产量水平高,抗病性强,为该地区较适宜的机采棉品种。     

连城县马铃薯新品种筛选试验初报

通过对我县引进的 7个马铃薯新品种进行试验 ,筛选出适宜我县进一步试验示范的马铃薯新品种坝薯 10号、荷 14、中薯 3号、中薯 4号、无花 ,尤其是坝薯 10号、荷 14抗美洲斑潜蝇危害效果好、产量高 ,其中坝薯 10号产量达 184 0 3kg 6 6 7m2 。     

早稻新品种筛选试验初报

2015年引进福建六三、科荟、科力种业有限公司等企业的13个早稻新品种进行筛选试验,结果表明科优186、孟两优319、吉丰优6536比对照金优2155增产效果显著,抗性强,综合表现突出,可作为今后南平市早稻后备品种。总结了表现较好品种的产量表现及主要农艺性状。     

辽杂系列高粱杂交种耐盐性鉴定报告

以0．38％、0．45％、0．6％、1．5％、2．5％的NaCl溶液对当前国家高粱改良中心的主要高粱杂交种,进行芽期和苗期的耐盐性鉴定,评价它们的耐盐级别和强度,为科研和生产提供依据。结果表明：参加实验的杂交种都具有较强的耐盐能力,而在耐高盐上,所有参加实验的杂交种表现都不够理想。     

陆地棉亲本间的杂种优势分析

采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计。用10份陆地棉优异亲本交配后，对25个杂种F1的10个性状的杂种优势进行了分析。结果表明，主要产量性状皮棉产量超高优势的平均值为-2．91％，10个组合具正向的杂种优势；中亲优势的平均值为22．45％。21个组合均具有正向的中亲优势；竞争优势的平均值为-14．21％。4个组合出现正面竞争优势。其它产量性状中单株蛉数的杂种优势最为明显。纤维品质性状，2．5％跨长的优势明显，麦克隆值的负向优势明显。高亲值、中亲值和低亲值与F1平均值的相关关系表明。多数性状F1代平均值与中亲值和低亲值相关性密切。     

苏沿海盐碱地棉花种质材料耐盐性鉴定

在江苏沿海地区盐土农业示范基地（盐城点）盐碱地土壤上,于2012年对390份半野生棉材料进行耐盐性鉴定,结果表明：在土壤含盐浓度为中度（0.3％～0.5％）的情况下,试验总计1174个小区有549个小区出苗,三个重复间出苗一致性好的有50份材料,其中出苗一致性好且达到耐盐级别以上的有7份材料。     

黄河流域棉花种子携带真菌检测

 采用离体平皿测定法,分别对黄河流域8个不同抗病性的常规棉花品种,进行种子内部和外部带菌检测,根据分离纯化的真菌核糖体ITS（Internal transcribed spacer）序列进行分类鉴定。结果表明,棉花种子外部携带了10种真菌,内部寄藏了7种,优势菌群是木贼镰刀菌（Fusarium equiseti）和滕仓赤霉菌（Gibberella intermedia）。部分品种的种子外部检测到了黄萎病菌（Verticillium dahliae）,但并未发现枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum）。另外在种子内部均没有检测到棉花枯黄萎病菌。     

Quality Improvement of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Abstract

Quality of cotton can be defined through seed or fiber properties, but is most often associated with fiber properties that influence processing into yarn and textile products. Global competition in the production and consumption of cotton fiber combined with technological evolution of yarn manufacturing has spurred renewed efforts to enhance cotton fiber quality. Cotton fiber quality can be improved through genetics, crop management, and postharvest processing. Knowledge of the effects of fiber properties on processing and their inheritance, relationships, and environmental influences is necessary to formulate improvement strategies. Breeding to improve fiber quality has traditionally focused on enhancing measures of the longest fibers or fiber strength for ring yarn manufacturing systems. With the technological evolution of yarn manufacturing from solely ring-based spinning to predominately rotor and potentially in the near future air-jet spinning, needs for fiber profiles have been revised for these spinning systems. Successful rotor spinning requires high fiber strength for all yarn counts, along with fiber fineness for fine count yarns. The even more productive air-jet spinning requires a minimum, but uniform fiber length, fiber fineness, and to a lesser extent strong fiber. In contrast, ring spinning requires a minimum fiber length, fiber strength, and to a lesser extent fiber fineness. Breeders do not conduct direct selection for yarn properties because of impracti-calities, thus they select for fiber properties that influence processing, so-called indirect selection. The inherent environmentally induced variability in fiber properties presents challenges to enhance them through breeding or biotechnological approaches. Because variability in fiber properties is problematic to fiber processing, future-breeding and biotechnological approaches should simultaneously focus on enhancing fiber properties and reducing variation. This paper will review strategies to enhance fiber profiles through genetic approaches while ameliorating their variation.     

耐盐碱能源植物研究进展

开发利用耐盐碱的能源植物,既可以推进生物质能源产业的发展,又可以修复和保护生态环境,还可以保障人类的粮食安全.综述了目前在耐盐碱能源植物的资源调查、优良种质筛选、盐碱胁迫的生理响应、耐盐碱机理等方面的研究进展,并指出了耐盐碱能源植物的研究方向.     

Resistance to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in the Sudan

Over the past 10–15 years, the cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) has caused severe damage to cotton in many tropical countries. Effects of three leaf-hair densities (LHD) (high, moderate and low) and three leaf shapes (LS) (normal, okra and super okra) on whitefly numbers were examined in the Sudan in 1982. Resistance was conferred by low LHD and okra or super okra LS, with significant reductions in numbers of whitefly adults per leaf and adults, scales and pupae per unit area. Adults per leaf were lowest on the most resistant line, ORS-13 (exotic Gossypium hirsutum cv., low LHD/okra LS) throughout the season. Pupal parasitism was significantly higher on this line than on a hairy plant of normal leaf shape. Honeydew causing stickiness of lint was reduced to acceptable levels on resistant lines. Leaf shape influenced the microclimate, in that relative humidity was lower and temperature was slightly higher in the canopy of Sudac-K than in Barac (67)B. Fewer whiteflies on Sudac-K may be due to a more adverse microclimate for whitefly and improved host-searching conditions for adult parasites. A breeding programme in the Sudan should be maintained for selection of field-resistant varieties.     

夏威夷毛棉考察简报

 毛棉是棉属5个四倍体种之一,仅仅分布于美国夏威夷州。作者于2011年8月底至9月初到夏威夷州的瓦胡岛进行了野外考察,发现了6个自然居群,采集到了毛棉样品。同时,还采集到陆地棉、海岛棉和桐棉属的桐棉等材料。现场考察发现,毛棉生存环境很恶劣,有自然因素,也有社会发展因素。与毛棉馆藏标本采集地点比较,原来许多分布地找不到棉花了,即野外自然居群越来越少,说明毛棉濒于灭绝状态。作者认为,对夏威夷州其它原来采集到毛棉标本的5个主岛进行考察,或者对其它四倍体棉种的原始材料都进行全面考察,势在必行。     

Chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen sidedress requirements for short-season cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

A two-location experiment was carried out at five to six nitrogen levels to study the relationship between chlorophyll-meter readings (SPAD values) and physiological or yield traits in short-season cotton. The results showed that there were highly significant (P<0.01) linear relationships between SPAD values and contents of both nitrogen and chlorophyll at each growth stage, and as well as with the daily increase in plant height during early flowering. The relationship between nitrogen concentration and SPAD was stronger when nitrogen was expressed on a leaf area (N_a) rather than on a dry weight (N_dw) basis. Significant curvilinear relationships were found between SPAD values at various stages and photosynthetic intensity, lint yield, and total boll number per hectare, respectively. Furthermore, the linear regressions between SPAD values and N fertilizer levels were highly significant (P< 0.01), and before the boll opening stage, the slopes of these regressions were similar (0.040–0.041) at the two locations. These data provided evidence that the chlorophyll meter could be used to determine sidedress N requirements of short-season cotton before boll opening stage. Critical SPAD levels for maximum lint yield were established as 32.4, 33.1, 35.0, 43.55, and 39.7 at early flowering, flowering peak, boll forming, the beginning of boll opening and boll opening stages, respectively. It was also established that 24.2–25.0 kg ha⁻¹ increase in N application should be necessary for each unit decrease in SPAD value below the critical level.