柞蚕粉微胶囊化制备工艺的研究

为了更好得开发利用柞蚕资源,该文通过对微胶囊壁材的初选试验和包埋工艺的研究,确定了以spo-mo350变性淀粉、阿拉伯胶做为壁材,以柞蚕粉做为芯材,利用喷雾干燥的方法制备柞蚕粉微胶囊。通过正交试验确定微胶囊包埋最佳工艺参数为：spo-mo350变性淀粉/阿拉伯胶的质量比为4∶1,进风温度180℃,出风温度115℃,芯材/壁材的质量比为1∶1,壁材占乳化液比例30%,包埋率达86.4%。该微胶囊包埋工艺能够较好的解决柞蚕粉存在的腥味重、易氧化等问题,使其具有更广阔的应用前景。     

鱼油微胶囊射流空化制备工艺优化及理化性质研究

研究目的是以大豆分离蛋白为壁材,对射流空化制备鱼油微胶囊的工艺进行优化。采用喷雾干燥法,研究壁材添加量、乳化剂添加量、芯材添加量及射流空化处理时间对乳液稳定性和鱼油微胶囊包埋率的影响,通过响应面试验分析各因素,得到最优微胶囊制备工艺,并对制备的微胶囊产品同市售产品的结构、理化特性及稳定性进行对比分析。结果表明:在壁材添加量3.21%、乳化剂添加量0.21%、芯材添加量19.70%、射流空化处理时间11.25 min工艺条件下得到的乳液稳定性较好,鱼油微胶囊的包埋率达到94.14%。微胶囊产品微观结构呈球形颗粒,结构致密,颗粒形态完整,粒径小,表面含油率较低,包埋效果好;水分含量为3.07%,溶解度为96.30%,休止角为40.39?,溶解性较好;差示扫描量热分析结果显示,微胶囊热溶解温度较高,可用于常温贮藏。包埋后的鱼油经加速贮藏试验表明微胶囊化可以提高鱼油的氧化稳定性,延长鱼油贮藏期。     

花椒油树脂微胶囊的制备

为了将黏稠的花椒油树脂制备成具有良好分散性、流动性和耐储存的微胶囊,该文采用喷雾干燥法研究了花椒油树脂微胶囊工艺,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定花椒油树脂较好的工艺条件为阿拉伯胶:麦芽糊精的配比为1:4,芯壁的质量比为1:6,胶液浓度为30%.乳化液在40℃、40 MPa条件下均质2次.喷雾干燥参数:进气量9 m3/min、进料速度8 mL/min、进风温度140℃、出风温度70℃时,在此工艺条件下制备的微胶囊包埋率可达92%,且品质较好.     

菟丝子黄酮的微胶囊化及释放性能研究

该试验采用微胶囊技术,选用β-环糊精、阿拉伯胶、乙基纤维素作为复合壁材,对菟丝子黄酮进行微胶囊化,旨在提高菟丝子黄酮的稳定性,掩盖来自提取原料的不良风味,改善其油溶性,扩大其应用范围。结果表明：芯壁材比为10∶90,3种壁材配比为19.82∶31.51∶48.67,单甘酯加入量为芯材的0.4%,产品包埋率可达88.31%。微胶囊化产品芯材在不同极性的介质中均有释放的特性,在油溶性介质中的持续释放时间最长。说明该微胶囊化产品作为天然抗氧化剂可用于油溶性介质,通过控制释放发挥其抗氧化作用。     

嗜酸乳杆菌真空喷雾干燥微胶囊化技术的研究

以阿拉伯胶、β-环糊精、可溶性淀粉、明胶、脱脂奶粉为壁材，根据正交试验确定微生态菌株嗜酸乳杆菌细胞微胶囊化的最佳真空喷雾干燥进风温度、壁材浓度和芯材浓度，并对其粒子直径进行分析。结果表明，β-环糊精与阿拉伯胶以9∶1配比为理想壁材，喷雾干燥进风温度170℃、壁材浓度20%和芯材浓度6%为最佳组合，活菌数达10⁸ cfu/g以上，微胶囊粒子直径平均为20 μm。     

植物源农药印楝素微胶囊化工艺及防虫效果

该试验采用界面聚合法,对植物源农药印楝素进行微胶囊化,并通过正交试验优化微胶囊制备的工艺条件,旨在提高印楝素的稳定性,延长其田间防虫持效期.结果表明:壁材采用3∶4(m∶m)的甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDD与六亚甲基四胺,芯材与壁材的配比为30∶7(m∶m),溶剂采用3∶2(m∶m)的乙酸乙酯和二甲苯混合溶剂比效适宜,微胶囊中印楝素的包埋率为(83.16±1.22)%.所制得的印楝素微胶囊剂通过盆栽试验表明,对昆虫具有较好的防治效果和较长的持效期.     

银杏叶提取物微胶囊化研究

为使银杏叶提取物能在食品领域得到充分有价值的应用，探索采用微胶囊技术来解决银杏类黄酮难溶于水及强烈苦味的问题。本研究选用阿拉伯胶和β-环状糊精作为银杏黄酮微胶囊壁材，通过喷雾干燥进行微胶囊化。结果表明：选用阿拉伯胶和β-环状糊精(1∶1)作为银杏黄酮的微胶囊壁材，能达到较好的微胶囊化效果，且芯材与壁材的最佳配比为0.1 g/g。最佳喷雾干燥工艺条件为：进料固形物浓度为25％，进风温度为180℃，进料速度为35 mL/min。产品微胶囊化效率达90％以上。     

不同壁材对ARA微胶囊理化性质和稳定性的影响

为了筛选更优的壁材包埋花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid, ARA）,该研究以ARA为芯材,乳清蛋白（whey protein, W）、乳清蛋白-葡萄糖浆（whey protein-glucose syrup, WG）和乳清蛋白-葡萄糖浆-乳糖（whey protein-glucose syrup-lactose, WGL）为壁材制备微胶囊,并对ARA微胶囊的包埋率、含水率、溶解度、堆积密度、休止角、粒径分布、微观形貌和氧化稳定性及热稳定性进行比较分析。结果表明,WGL的包埋率为98.64%,含水率为2.85%,溶解度为89.83%,堆积密度为0.54 g/mL,休止角为35.87°,粒径分布较均匀,其理化性质优于W和WG;表面结构呈完整球形、结构致密,有利于微胶囊的贮藏;采用碘滴定法测定过氧化值,在25和50 ℃贮藏条件下WGL的过氧化值分别为19.92和32.75 mmol/kg,均显著低于W和WG（P＜0.05）,表明WGL具有较高的氧化稳定性;由差示扫描量热法和热重法可知WGL的熔解温度和质量保留率最高分别为107 ℃和27.55%,表明WGL具有良好的热稳定性。综上,WGL的综合性质优于W和WG,表明WGL对ARA有较好的包埋和保护作用,该研究结果对选择合适的壁材包埋ARA微胶囊具有一定的参考意义。     

微胶囊包埋壁材对黑果枸杞花青素稳定性的影响

花青素微胶囊包埋技术因其能显著提高黑果枸杞花青素在加工、贮藏以及人体内胃肠道中的活性而备受关注。目前在微胶囊包埋技术中常用的天然高分子壁材主要有碳水化合物、蛋白质和植物胶这3大类。本文就目前微胶囊制备中使用的不同壁材对黑果枸杞花青素在加工、贮藏以及人体内活性的影响进行了分析讨论,从而为今后的相关研究提供参考。     

利用干酵母细胞微胶囊化丁香油的研究

探讨以干酵母细胞作为囊壁材料制备微胶囊的可行性。以丁香油为囊芯,通过正交试验优化微胶囊制备的工艺条件。结果表明,选择包埋温度70℃、包埋时间9 h和丁香油与干酵母质量配比为1∶1的条件比较适宜,微胶囊中丁香油包埋率可以达到41.26%。通过光学显微镜和电镜观察,丁香油微胶囊呈规则的球形,颗粒直径在2.0～4.0 μm之间,细胞质内能观察到闪亮的油滴存在。在100℃条件下加热20 h,丁香油经微胶囊化后挥发速率下降43.25%;丁香油微胶囊抑菌效果优于同量的丁香油,具有一定的缓释效果。     

Extraction of calcium fractions from plant material

Abstract

Calcium was extracted from leaves sequentially with water, 0.5M sodium nitrate, 2M acetic acid and 2M hydrochloric acid. Water and hydrochloric acid removed well defined fractions; water soluble calcium was mostly present in complexed form; hydrochloric acid removed only calcium oxalate. The results show that some oxalic acid may be produced by acid hydrolysis of plant constitutents during extraction with hydrochloric acid.

Drying of leaves prior to analysis altered the distribution of calcium; water soluble calcium decreased while acetic and hydrochloric acid soluble calcium increased.     

Orchard studies utilizing fluidized bed material

Abstract

Fluidized bed material (FBM, a coal/limestone combustion byproduct) was used as a Ca source and lime substitute in established apple (Malus domestica Borkh) and peach (Prunus persia L.) orchards. FBM or limestone had little effect on apple tree Ca status over three growing seasons. Peach leaf Ca concentrations were significantly greater from FBM applied at three times the soil lime requirement (on a weight basis) than limestone applied at the lime requiremnt or a non‐amended control. Peach peel and flesh Ca, however, were not significantly altered. Tissue trace element concentrations (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, B ,Al, Sr, Pb) were not affected by treatments. FBM applied at twice the lime requirement, on a weight basis, maintained soil pH at levels equivalent to agricultural limestone applied at the lime requirement during the three growing seasons in both studies. FBM was found to be a satisfactory substitute for agricultural limestone under orchard conditions and when applied at mutiples up to three times the soil lime requirement.     

多点出流PVC材料径流小区建设

 径流小区是研究降雨一地表径流一土壤侵蚀规律的主要科研设施和方法。传统的径流小区使用混凝土建成,由边界墙、集流槽、集流桶组成。在建设过程中需要开挖边界墙基础榷,造成自然坡面的破坏或扰动,短时期内不能恢复到原始状态,影响观测的精度,研究和监测的工作效率低下,同时工程造价高,研究的成本很髙,很难实现特殊研究或监测的需要。所谓多点出流PVC(聚氯乙烯）材料径流小区,就是用PVC(聚氯乙烯）材料代替混凝土建筑小区边界和集流槽,降低建设成本,减少建设过程中对原始坡面的扰动,从而实现径流小区的即建即用,提髙工作效率;由原来的集流槽单点出流,改进为多点出流,在集流槽上多放置几个出流口,尽量多地消除集流槽汇流时间长导致的对小区实际出流时间的影响,提髙径流小区出流过程的观测精度。     

凹凸棒石环境矿物材料的制备及应用

机械力改性、物理改性和化学改性是凹凸棒石环境矿物材料制备的3种主要改性方法.机械力改性法和物理改性法工艺简单,化学改性法效率高且在实际生产中应用较多,但仅仅依靠一种改性作用目前尚难以满足环境应用领域对凹凸棒石矿物物理性能和化学性能的要求.因此,深入系统地研究凹凸棒石环境矿物的基本性能,揭示环境矿物的净化机理,提出进一步提高环境矿物净化性能的改性工艺,将有利于进一步扩大其应用领域.     

Model for decomposition of organic material by microorganisms

A theoretical model which gives the rate of microbial decomposition of organic material (plant or animal residues, or soil organic matter) is presented. Explicit equations for the rate of decomposition, mineralizations and immobilization are given. The main assumption of the model is that the rate of decomposition of any substrate is proportional to the growth rate of its decomposers. The main results of the model are: 1. Addition of extra nitrogen to materials poor in nitrogen increase their rate of decomposition; 2. Addition of extra nitrogen to a substrate whose initial carbon/nitrogen ratio is above a critical ratio (20–30) causes a decrease in the substrate's carbon/nitrogen ratio during its decomposition; 3. If the initial carbon/nitrogen ratio is below the critical one, no change in the substrate's ratio will occur with time; 4. Net mineralization of organic-nitrogen occurs when the substrate being decomposed has an initial carbon/nitrogen ratio which is below the critical one; 5. Addition of ammonium to such a substrate (point 4) will increase the rate of organic-nitrogen mineralization but not necessarily the rate of net mineralization. All the model results are analytical and independent of the values for the various parameters. Nevertheless the application of the model to real field conditions is discussed while presenting a numerical example.     

Mapping of urban material degradation from available data

An assessment study of air quality and metallic material degradation was carried out in the Sarpsborg/Fredrikstad region in 1982–83. Based on air quality modelling, the developed dose-response function for steel was also modelled and mapped for the region (Haagenrud et al., 1985). This type of modelling can now be improved. In the UN ECE International Cooperating Programme for Materials dose-response functions for a range of materials and mapping procedures based on the” critical/acceptable load” concept have been developed. By using these functions and procedures together with the available air quality data and dispersion models the corrosion is modelled and mapped for Oslo for 1985 and 1993. The corrosion modelling in the ArcView geographical information system is presented in the ENSIS integrated environmental surveillance and information system as a new ENSIS CORROSION module. Integrated in the ENSIS CORROSION module is also information from the recently completed digitalized building register GAB, containing all buildings in Norway. Application of such mapping for cost benefit assessments and maintenance planning is discussed.     

Enhanced dewatering optimizes compactibility of processed dredged material

Purpose

The utilization of dredged material in dike construction as a substitute for traditionally used aged marsh sediment is considered an advisable option with respect to ecological as well as economic aspects. As a prerequisite to the application, the equivalency with respect to soil physical and mechanical properties of the materials has to be verified. Previous investigations on the compactibility of dredged materials used for dike construction had shown that the bulk densities of these materials were considerably lower than bulk densities of aged marsh sediments. The aim of the investigations presented in this paper was to analyze whether the compactibility of the processed dredged material could be improved by enhanced dewatering of the material prior to construction. It was hypothesized that a decreased water content of the material would allow higher bulk densities to be achieved during construction and hence the soil physical properties would become more comparable to those of the aged marsh sediments.

Materials and methods

To examine whether the compactibility of dredged material can be enhanced by pre-drying, Proctor tests were carried out at different initial water contents. Moreover, it was examined whether the temperature of oven-drying at 30 and 105 °C affects the compactibility of these materials and whether ripening, i.e., the repeated drying and wetting of the dredged material under natural and laboratory conditions, can improve their compactibility.

Results and discussion

The investigations on the effect of the various further processing methods showed that the compactibility and therefore the suitability of processed dredged material for dike construction can be improved by air-drying. A linear relationship between dehydration and Proctor density was found. Air-drying to water contents of 10% dry weight (DW) resulted in an improvement of the Proctor density of up to 11%. However, the tests on the effect of the drying temperature on the compactibility showed that oven-drying had no additional effect on the compactibility of the dredged materials. Ripening under laboratory and natural conditions did not lead to statistically significant changes in the compactibility of the processed dredged material either.

Conclusions

Air-drying of processed dredged material to water contents less than 10% DW is considered to be a useful pre-treatment option to improve the compaction behavior of processed dredged material and to obtain a better functional equivalency with traditionally used dike construction materials such as fine-grained aged marsh sediments.

     

Ripening reduces the shrinkage of processed dredged material

Purpose

The utilization of dredged material in dike construction as a substitute for traditionally used materials is considered as an option to preserve natural resources such as marsh sediments. As a prerequisite for this application, the equivalency with respect to soil physical and mechanical properties of the materials must be assessed. Previous investigations have shown pronounced differences in shrinkage behavior and desiccation cracking between sediments and dredged material. The key objective of the study was to assess whether shrinkage of processed dredged material can be reduced by further processing, i.e., dewatering, which can be referred to as ripening.

Materials and methods

To compare the shrinkage behavior of the materials, three different methods of different scales were applied. Small-scale methods conducted were the standard procedure for the determination of the shrinkage limit and the determination of the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE_rod). Large-scale shrink-swell experiments were carried out in a specially constructed test system with 90 l capacity for a period of up to 385 days. Here the materials were ripened, i.e., air-dried, until shrinkage almost ceased, and a rewetting-air-drying cycle was conducted. Shrinkage and swelling were determined during the processes by measuring the changes in volume. On the ripened materials, COLE_rod was determined.

Results and discussion

The experiments show that the shrinkage behavior of processed dredged material can be ameliorated by ripening. COLE_rod of the ripened materials were about 20–80% lower than COLE_rod of the un-ripened materials. The large-scale shrink-swell experiments showed that shrinkage in the second drying cycle amounted to less volume than in the first drying cycle and that shrinkage behavior in contrast to the first drying cycle, where pronounced proportional shrinkage was observed, was dominated by structural and residual shrinkage in this cycle.

Conclusions

Ripening of processed dredged material is considered a useful pre-treatment option to ameliorate the shrink-swell behavior of processed dredged material and to obtain a better functional equivalency with traditionally used dike construction materials such as fine-grained marsh sediments.