Polyphenols of pseudostem of different banana cultivars and their antioxidant activities

The present investigation is focused on potential use of banana pseudostem (BPS), which otherwise is disposed off as a waste or incinerated, as a source of polyphenols or antioxidants. The total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) in various solvent extracts of pseudostem (PS) of different banana cultivars varied from 7.58 to 291 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g of extract) and from 4 to 80 mg catechin equivalent (CE/g of extract), respectively. Acetone extract showed high antioxidant activity (AOA) in all of the in vitro models tested, whereas methanol extract exhibited high metal chelating activity. Among the banana cultivars, Nanjanagudu Rasabale (NR) showed the highest TP (291 mg GAE/g of extract), TF (80 mg CE/g of extract), and AOA. A detailed study on phenolic acids by reverse phase HPLC and ESI-MS revealed the presence of phenolic acids such as gentisic acid, (+)-catechin, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid in cultivar NR. The differences in AOA of banana cultivars are in accordance with their phenolic and flavonoid concentrations.     

Molecular phylogeny of banana cultivars from Thailand based on HAT-RAPD markers

Musa acuminata Colla (AA genomes) and Musa balbisiana Colla (BB genomes) are the wild progenitors of the cultivated banana, they are highly variable in Thailand. The genetic system is relatively unknown and complicated due to interspecific hybridization, heterozygosity and polyploidy, which are common in most clones. These factors make identification of closely related banana cultivars difficult, especially when sterile. The high annealing temperature-random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to estimate the genetic relationship between 22 selected banana cultivars, utilizing 14 random primers. Phylogenetic relationship was determined by unweighted pair group method with arithmetical averages cluster analysis. The dendrogram constructed from the similarity data showed that all the 22 cultivars analysed were closely related with a narrow genetic base. There were sufficient RAPD polymorphisms that were collectively useful in distinguishing the cultivars. The dendrogram grouped all the AA, BB, AAA, AAB and ABB genomes into a major cluster. Several subgroups are recognized within the major clade. As expected, Ensete glauca Roxb. (Musaceae) and Strelitzia reginae Banks (Strelitziaceae) were clearly differentiated from the analysed edible bananas. Our study showed that RAPD markers are sufficiently abundant to classify and readily dissect genetic differences between the closely related Musa germplasm and provide a basis for the selection of parents for improvement of this germplasm.     

Identification of virgin olive oil from different cultivars by analysis of DNA microsatellites

DNA analysis enables genome fingerprinting with consequent identification of different individuals. In the agro-food industry, this can have interesting applications for the identification of species and cultivars of both raw materials and processed food. In this investigation, the efficiency of DNA microsatellite analysis in identifying virgin olive oils from different cultivars was evaluated. Ten virgin oils were obtained in the laboratory from olives of 10 different cultivars and the DNA extracted from the cell residues, recovered by oil centrifugation, was used as a template with seven different primer pairs of microsatellite sequences. The electrophoretic patterns showed an adequate level of amplification and were identical to those obtained from leaves and drupes of the same cultivar. By analyzing all the patterns obtained, the smallest number of microsatellites able to distinguish the examined oils was established and an identification key for the different oils was developed.     

不同品种辣木全氮的动态变化特征研究

为了解不同品种辣木氮的动态变化规律,对西双版纳不同树龄的多油辣木、狭瓣辣木和‘PKM1’辣木叶、茎、枝中全氮含量及氮的生物累积量年动态变化特征进行比较研究。结果表明,辣木氮含量及氮生物累积量随品种、树龄、时间而变化。辣木全氮含量呈现:叶茎枝,14年树龄3年树龄,随时间变化逐渐降低。叶中全氮含量呈现:多油辣木‘PKM1’辣木狭瓣辣木;茎中全氮含量呈现:‘PKM1’辣木和狭瓣辣木高于多油辣木;枝中辣木氮含量受品种、树龄的影响而呈现不同差异。辣木全氮累积量呈现:枝叶茎,狭瓣辣木和多油辣木最高,‘PKM1’辣木最低。     

Identification and quantification of cyclolinopeptides in five flaxseed cultivars

Cyclolinopeptides are a group of naturally occurring hydrophobic cyclic peptides found in flaxseed and flax oil that have immunosuppressive activity. This study describes the measurement of flaxseed cyclolinopeptide concentrations using an internal standard HPLC method. In addition, the concentration of cyclolinopeptides in the seed of Canadian flax cultivars grown at two locations over two years is reported. The data are consistent with the formation of flaxseed cyclolinopeptides from two ribosome-derived precursors. Each precursor protein includes the sequences corresponding to three cyclolinopeptides from which those cyclolinopeptides are presumably derived by precursor processing. The concentrations of cyclolinopeptides C and E, which are encoded by the same gene sequence, are highly correlated, and the concentrations of cyclolinopeptides D, F, and G, which are encoded by a second gene sequence, are also highly correlated. The strong correlation between the cyclolinopeptides arising from the same gene may prove to be important in understanding how peptide concentration is controlled. Additional research may lead to approaches to improve flax either as a platform for peptide production or as a source of oil with improved drying properties and flavor.     

Determination of stilbenes in hop pellets from different cultivars

About 30% of the polyphenols in wort and beer derive from hop, but little is yet known about their nutritional impact. The recent discovery of trans-resveratrol and piceid isomers in hop opens new doors to understanding beer health benefits. In the present work, resveratrol was quantified by HPLC-APCI-MS/MS in pellets from 9 different cultivars. Concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 mg/kg trans-piceid, from 2 to 6 mg/kg cis-piceid, and up to 1 mg/kg trans-resveratrol were detected. As previously shown for total polyphenols and flavonoids, the lower the alpha-acid content, the higher the total stilbene content.     

Magnesium-manganese interaction in soybean cultivars with different nutritional requirements

Manganese (Mn) deficiency in soybean has occurred mainly in soils with surface dolomite lime application, which increases pH and the magnesium (Mg) concentration in the surface layer. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Mg on the Mn uptake in four soybean cultivars with different nutritional requirements. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design, in 4 × 2 × 4 factorial scheme [four soybean cultivars, two Mg rates (0.1 and 1.0 mmol L^?1) and four Mn rates (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 µmol L^?1)], with four replicates. The cultivars used in the experiment were: IAC 17 and FT Estrela (for soils fertility or high nutritional demand) and IAC 15–1 and DM Nobre (for soils partially corrected or medium nutritional demand). The root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), SDW/RDW ratio, chlorophyll content, seed yield and foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Mg, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), Mn, and zinc (Zn) were determined. The application of the highest Mg rate increased seed yield. This was also observed with a Mn rate up to 3.0 μmol L^?1. There was an interaction of Mg and Mn in the plant, and it was found that the IAC 17 cultivar was the most sensitive to Mn, while FT Estrela had the lowest performance. N, P, K, and Zn concentrations were significantly influenced by Mn rates. The Mg and Mn rates had a significant effect on Mg foliar concentrations. The rate of 1.0 mmol L^?1 of Mg provided the lowest levels of nutrients to the plant and increased SDW and seed yield, regardless of the nutritional requirement of each cultivar.     

Identification of potent odorants in different cultivars of snake fruit [Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss] using gas chromatography-olfactometry

Three cultivars of snake fruits, Pondoh Hitam, Pondoh Super, and Gading, were freshly extracted using liquid-liquid extraction. The aroma compounds of the three samples were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-olfactometry using the nasal impact frequency (NIF) method. A total of 24 odor-active compounds were associated with the aroma of snake fruit. Methyl 3-methylpentanoate was regarded as the character impact odorant of typical snake fruit aroma. 2-Methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylpentanoic acid, and an unknown odorant with very high intensity were found to be responsible for the snake fruit's sweaty odor. Other odorants including methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (overripe fruity, ethereal), methyl 3-methyl-2-pentenoate (ethereal, strong green, woody), and 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2]-furanone (caramel, sweet, cotton candy-like) contribute to the overall aroma of snake fruit. Methyl dihydrojasmonate and isoeugenol, which also have odor impact, were identified for the first time as snake fruit volatiles. The main differences between the aroma of Pondoh and Gading cultivars could be attributed to the olfactory attributes (metallic, chemical, rubbery, strong green, and woody), which were perceived by most of the panelists in the Pondoh samples but were not detected in the Gading samples. This work is a prerequisite for effective selection of salak genotypes with optimal aroma profiles for high consumer acceptance.     

Identification of Chinese white pear cultivars using SSR markers

109 Pyrus accessions including 92 local Chinese accessions of P. bretschneideri were identified genetically using nine microsatellite loci developed from apple and pear. The nine SSR loci revealed 129 alleles in 109 pear accessions and 114 alleles in 92 Chinese white pears. Among the 92 local Chinese accessions of P. bretschneideri, 70 could be differentiated successfully except for 10 sets of synonymous or mutants. For the 92 accessions, the number of putative alleles per locus ranged from seven to 18, with an average of 12.67; the average values of observed heterozygosity and Shannon’s Information index were 0.60 and 1.85, respectively. A phenogram based on the SSR (simple sequence repeat) genotypes was obtained. The 109 accessions clustered into 11 groups based on geographical origin. The European pears and the Asian pears did not form independent two groups, but three P. communis cultivars grouped together independently. The Japanese P. pyrifolia cultivars mingled together with the Chinese P. bretschneideri cultivars, but four P. ussuriensis cultivars except for one (Jianbali) grouped together independently. The results indicated that the relationship of P. bretschneideri cultivars and P. pyrifolia cultivars was much closer than others.     

不同灌溉施肥方式对香蕉生长和产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究比较了几种不同灌溉施肥方式对香蕉生长和产量的影响。5灌溉方式,即:传统浇灌（CK）、喷水带、滴灌带、微喷灌、滴灌的研究结果表明,与浇灌相比,滴灌在香蕉周年生长中的灌水量仅为浇灌处理的27%,产量增加15.6%;微喷灌灌水量为浇灌处理的31.6％,产量增加5.6％。     

不同棉花栽培种的光合特性比较研究

对海岛棉"海7124"、亚洲棉"金华中棉"、非洲棉"红心棉"和陆地棉"苏12"4个棉花栽培种的光合参数和叶片荧光参数进行研究.结果显示,棉花叶片比叶重、叶绿素含量、Pn、Fv/Fm和qP均表现为"海7124">"苏12">"金华中棉">"红心棉",说明"海7124"具有高光效的特点.研究还表明,"海7124"、"金华中棉"、"苏12"光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,"红心棉"为单峰曲线.光合速率日变化与气孔导度的日变化一致,中午光合速率的下降与气孔导度及PSII光化学效率降低有关.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal dependency of different plant species and cultivars

The degree of plant growth change associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization is expressed as mycorrhizal dependency (MD). In this review, previous reports on the differences in MD among plant species or cultivars were surveyed, and the factors affecting the differences are discussed. Mean values of MD were 44% for field crops (37 species), 56% for forage crops (46 species), 70% for wild grasses and forbs (140 species), 79% for trees (26 species), and 56% for all plants (250 species), indicating that the cultivated plant species showed a lower MD than the wild plant species. MD was negatively correlated with root morphological characteristics such as root length, root dry weight, root hair length, density of root hairs, the ability of roots to acquire phosphate from soil, and the phosphorus utilization efficiency of the host plant. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for low input systems should be carried out in considering differences in MD.     

不同马铃薯品种的不同加工产品适宜性评价

中国是世界马铃薯生产和消费大国,2015年初,国家农业部因势而谋推进马铃薯主粮化战略,对提升马铃薯重要地位和推进马铃薯加工进步具有积极作用。系统研究马铃薯原料性状与制品品质间关系,对促进马铃薯产业发展和升级具有积极的借鉴意义。试验采用最大-最小归一化处理方法将马铃薯油炸薯片、油炸薯条及雪花全粉各个品质指标转化为一维的综合评价指标,分别与44个马铃薯原料品种的特征指标进行拟合并建立回归模型,建立的马铃薯油炸薯片综合品质评价模型决定系数R2=0.802,调整后决定系数R2=0.776,随机误差估计值σ=0.101;马铃薯油炸薯条综合品质评价模型决定系数R2=0.731,调整后R2=0.704,随机误差估计值σ=0.141;马铃薯雪花全粉综合品质评价模型决定系数R2=0.705,调整后R2=0.682,随机误差估计值σ=0.170;利用K-means聚类算法将44个品种按加工用途划分为最适宜、较适宜和不适宜3类,得出最适宜加工油炸薯片的15个品种,最适宜加工油炸薯条和雪花全粉各10个品种。结果表明,3个综合品质评价模型拟合度较高,误差较小,模型效果可靠,可用于实际马铃薯加工制品品质评价;K-means聚类结果与实际应用情况相符,可为筛选加工专用品种提供参考和借鉴。     

不同花生品种氮代谢相关酶活性的研究

为研究不同品种花生各器官中氮代谢酶活性的差异及与籽仁蛋白质含量间的关系,采用田间小区试验,利用高产大花生品种(花育22号)和小花生品种(白沙1016)研究了两品种不同生长发育时期植株各器官中可溶性蛋白质(Pro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NRase)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化。结果表明,两粒型花生品种各器官的Protein、NRase、GS、GDH活性变化态势大致相同,但其含量的高低有异;各器官中的各指标含量均以小花生品种白沙1016较高。各器官中NRase活性随生育期的推进呈渐降趋势,籽仁中NRase活性远高于其他营养器官;两粒型品种叶片、茎和根中GS活性的变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,其峰值均出现在结荚期;叶片GDH活性以苗期较高,花针期最低,之后又迅速升高。茎和根中GDH活性均呈V字型曲线变化,根中峰谷滞后于茎,出现在饱果期,而籽仁中GDH活性成熟期略有升高。各器官中蛋白质含量与GS和GDH活性间的相关关系不明显,但与其相应器官中的NRase活性表现显著或极显著相关。     

Catalytic properties of alcohol acyltransferase in different strawberry species and cultivars

The substrate specificity of alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) enzymes from different strawberry varieties was studied. Proteins with AAT activity from fruits of Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Oso Grande were purified to apparent homogeneity and used for kinetic studies with different straight-chain alcohols and acyl-CoAs. K(m) values obtained for Oso Grande enzyme with six different alcohols, using acetyl-CoA as cosubstrate, decreased with increasing length of the alcohol chain. In similar experiments the increase in the acyl-CoA carbon chain was also found to be correlated with a higher substrate specificity. Heptanol (K(m) = 0.73 mM) and hexanoyl-CoA (K(m) = 0.41 mM) were the best substrates for Oso Grande AAT. Comparative catalytic studies were carried out with AAT partially purified extracts from the wild type Fragaria vesca and five commercial strawberry varieties: Tudnew, Carisma, Camarosa, Sweet Charlie, and Eris. The specificities of these enzymes toward five selected alcohols and acyl-CoAs reflected interesting cultivar differences.     

融合双线性网络和注意力机制的油橄榄品种识别

为解决自然条件下的油橄榄品种识别问题,该研究以油橄榄品种佛奥、莱星、皮削利和鄂植8号为研究对象,融合双线性网络与注意力机制,提出双线性注意力EfficientNet模型。针对不同品种油橄榄表型差异很小的特点,搭建双线性网络以充分提取油橄榄图像中的特征信息。在此基础上,选用兼顾了速度和精度的EfficientNet-B0网络为特征提取网络。针对自然条件下油橄榄品种识别易受复杂背景干扰的问题,将CBAM（convolutional block attention module,CBAM）注意力与双线性网络结合,使模型在提取油橄榄图像特征时,能够聚焦到对油橄榄品种识别起关键作用的特征上。经测试,所提模型对4个油橄榄品种识别的总体准确率达到90.28%,推理时间为9.15 ms。Grad-CAM（gradient-weighted class activation mapping,Grad-CAM）热力图可视化结果也表明,所提模型在识别油橄榄品种时重点关注了果实以及部分叶子区域。消融试验结果表明,在EfficientNet模型中引入CBAM注意力和搭建双线性网络后,总体准确率分别提高了5.00和10.97个百分点。并且,对比试验结果表明,与双线性ResNet34、EfficientNet-SE注意力、双线性ResNet18、双线性VGG16和双线性GoogLeNet等模型相比,所提模型的总体识别准确率分别高12.78、11.53、11.11、10.70和5.00个百分点。该研究为解决自然条件下的油橄榄品种识别提供了依据,同时也可为其他作物的品种识别提供参考。     

不同抗旱性小麦品种耗水量及产量形成的差异

为明确年际间不同抗旱性旱地小麦品种的产量差异,筛选适于黄土高原东缘种植的旱地小麦品种,于2012—2017年在山西省运城市闻喜县试验基地进行田间试验。选取10个小麦品种,将降水年型与小麦品种抗旱性进行分类(降水年型:欠水年、平水年;小麦品种:强抗旱性、弱抗旱性),比较分析不同年型下抗旱性不同的小麦品种水分利用效率、干物质积累量、产量及产量构成要素的差异,分析产量及干物质积累量与耗水量的关系,明确不同品种小麦的节水增产效果。结果表明,强抗旱性品种包括‘晋麦92’‘运旱20410’‘运旱22-33’‘运旱618’‘运旱719’和‘长6697’,弱抗旱性品种包括‘洛旱6号’‘洛旱9号’‘洛旱11号’和‘洛旱13号’。欠水年,强抗旱性品种的平均耗水量高于弱抗旱性品种,当耗水量增加1 mm时,强抗旱性品种产量提高29.6 kg·hm~(-2),且影响其产量的主要因素是穗数和穗粒数,营养器官干物质积累量提高50.8 kg·hm~(-2),从而水分利用效率较高,尤其‘晋麦92’和‘运旱20410’。此外,强抗旱性品种较弱抗旱性品种单位粮食生产的节水量提高13.61%,消耗1 mm土壤水分增产量提高15.74%,具有较好的节水增产效果。平水年, 6个强抗旱性品种耗水量普遍较高,其中‘运旱20410’和‘晋麦92’的水分利用效率较高,产量也较高。因此,本研究条件下,欠水年和平水年表现均较好的品种是‘晋麦92’和‘运旱20410’。     

不同品种冬小麦再生生长对刈割干扰的响应

为探究不同熟性冬小麦品种库源分配对刈割的响应,在温室控制条件下,选取陇东地区常用的中熟(‘宁麦5号’和‘陇育4号’)和晚熟(‘西峰27号’和‘陇育1号’)冬小麦品种,测定不同品种冬小麦不刈割(对照)以及分蘖期刈割(留茬2 cm)后再生生长早期叶面积指数,花期和成熟期的物质分配构成。研究结果表明:不同熟期冬小麦刈割再生后的叶面积指数、光合产物分配均有所不同。刈割后再生生长早期,4个品种叶面积指数较未刈割均显著下降;再生至花期中熟品种‘宁麦5号’和‘陇育4号’的叶面积指数仍显著降低27%和17%,晚熟品种‘西峰27号’略降低6%,‘陇育1号’则上升7%。中熟品种‘宁麦5号’和‘陇育4号’再生至花期地上生物量降低18%和11%,晚熟品种‘陇育1号’上升13%;各品种再生至花期地下生物量较未刈割均呈下降趋势,并且中熟品种的下降幅度小于晚熟品种,但晚熟品种在成熟期出现增加趋势,‘陇育1号’显著增加26%。再生至花期中熟品种各部分可溶性碳水化合物含量均降低,而晚熟品种‘陇育1号’各部分可溶性碳水化合物含量增加2%~12%。可见晚熟品种‘陇育1号’再生至花期可溶性碳水化合物含量及干物质向叶、穗分配增加,资源再分配、源库协调能力强,为后期籽粒产量形成奠定了良好的基础,较中熟品种更适于在分蘖期利用青饲草、成熟期收获籽粒的利用方式。     

Variation in seed longevity of rice cultivars belonging to different isozyme groups

The storage potential of seeds harvested at different stages of maturity was studied in ten cultivars of Oryza sativa, representing six known isozyme groups, and in two cultivars of O. glaberrima. Mass maturity (the end of the seed-filling period) was attained between 14.2 and 20.2 days after anthesis (DAA). A comparison of the estimates of p ₅₀ (time in storage for viability to decline to 50%) of seeds harvested at 21, 28 and 35 DAA and stored at 35°C with 15% moisture content showed that maximum longevity was attained between 28 and 35 DAA in most cultivars. Cultivars belonging to isozyme group II survived longer than other cultivars with estimates of p ₅₀ nearly doubled. On the other hand, the floating rices of Group IV had shorter longevity. Within group VI, the upland cultivar survived longer than the lowland cultivar. Both O. glaberrima cultivars survived reasonably well, showing that African rice cultivars also differ in longevity.