The effects of tank colours on the growth and survival of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis,Linnaeus 1758) hatchlings and juveniles

The effects of different tank colours (white, yellow sandy and black) on the growth, mortality and biomass production were studied for hatchling and early juvenile cuttlefish. For hatchlings, the use of different colour tanks did not promote differences in growth due to the higher variability (standard deviation) found in the white‐ and sand‐coloured tanks. Black tanks promoted the lowest and highest values for total mortality and biomass respectively. For juveniles, the use of different tank colours promoted different growth (P<0.05), but not mortality. Black tanks promoted the best results in terms of growth and biomass. The results obtained in the present study advise the use of black (or dark colour) tanks in the hatchling and early juvenile stages to reduce the standard deviations associated with growth, mortality and biomass production. This will contribute to minimize problems associated with slow and fast growers and competition.     

Growth of young cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus 1758) at the upper end of the biological distribution temperature range

Individual growth rates, feeding rates (%BWd^?1) and food conversions for cuttlefish (S. officinalis) hatchlings and juveniles were determined during this study. A flow‐through system was used. Water temperature reached 30 °C during the hottest part of the day, gradually decreasing to 25 °C during the night; salinity varied between 37 ± 3 ppt and lights were kept on for 14 h day^?1. Hatchlings were placed in separate compartments with a water volume of 1.2 L. Juvenile cuttlefish (from 0.5 to 25 g) were placed in bigger baskets, with a water volume of 5.2 L. Water flow was 120 L h^?1. The biggest cuttlefish used in these experiments (> 25 g) were gathered in groups of five and placed in circular tanks (water volume of 250–300 L). Thus, results obtained in this case are means and not individual data. During the first 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, mean growth rates (of all individuals sampled by age group) decreased consistently (11.8 ± 4.1, 9.8 ± 1.8, 8.1 ± 2.2 and 7.3 ± 0.7%BW^?1 respectively); in similar fashion, mean feeding rates decreased with age group (33.7 ± 13.5, 22.0 ± 7.9, 17.3 ± 3.9 and 16.7%BWd^?1 respectively). Mean food conversions varied between 3.6 and 2.5 between the age groups. When grouping results by weight class, similar patterns occur, as growth and feeding rates decrease consistently as cuttlefish grow bigger. Highest mean growth and feeding rates are obtained by hatchlings (< 0.1 g) with 12.4 ± 4.5 and 35.3 ± 15.1%BWd^?1, respectively, while the lowest growth and feeding rates were recorded for the largest animals, between 15 and 25 g (3.4 ± 1.1 and 10.8 ± 4.1%BWd^?1 respectively). For these weight classes, mean food conversions varied between 2.7 ± 0.9 and 3.8 ± 2.8.     

Optimization of Antioxidant Peptides Production from the Mantle of Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) Using RSM and Fractionation

Persian Gulf cuttlefish mantles were hydrolyzed (CPH) using alcalase, and the optimal hydrolysis parameters were obtained for the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) and strongest antioxidant (based on their ability to quench 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals) activity using response surface methodology (RSM). The predicted optimal parameters of DH and quenching DPPH radicals was: pH of 7.88, 50.2°C, 150 min, and enzyme to substrate ratio of 1.5%. The reducing power (RP) and ability of optimized peptides to quench ABTS radicals in a gastro-intestinal track model system increased during the intestinal stage, while scavenging ability against DPPH radicals dropped (P < 0.05). The oxidation of lipid was retarded in a lecithin-liposome model added with optimized CPH in a concentration dependent response. Ultrafiltration of optimized CPH showed that the 3–10 KDa fraction had the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity, the 10–30 KDa fraction had the highest reducing power, and the <3 KDa fraction had the greatest ABTS radical scavenging activity.     

金乌贼精子的超微结构

应用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了金乌贼精子的超微结构。结果表明,精子全长为191.84μm(n=10),由头部和尾部组成。其中,头部主要由顶体和细胞核组成,尾部分为中段、主段和末段3个部分。头部顶体为呈倒U字形的囊状体,亚顶体腔呈∩形。细胞核细长,呈圆柱状,稍弯曲,为高电子密度的均质结构。核后窝偏离细胞核中心位置。尾部中段较长,由线粒体距及其不完全包围的鞭毛组成。线粒体距分为上段和下段,上段含较多线粒体,下段无线粒体。尾部鞭毛主段细长,由9+2结构的轴丝及外围9束粗纤维组成,构成典型的9+9+2结构。     

Long Term Rearing of Cuttlefish in a Small Scale Facility

Cephalopods are arguably the most complex and fascinating aquatic invertebrate taxa. Except for a few well known exceptions, this group of organisms has been a challenge to study primarily due to difficulties in rearing and maintaining these animals in a small laboratory setting. Our knowledge about cephalopod rearing comes mainly from large marine centers, with much less known about small scale rearing facilities. This paper describes a bench top (ca. 450 litre) aquarium system that is relatively inexpensive, easy to maintain, and suitable for long term rearing of cuttlefish in the laboratory. This closed aquarium system uses artificial sea water and a biological filter to remove/recycle nitrogenous wastes. The simple design of this system can be easily replicated by inland researchers interested in studying cuttlefish but who have been thwarted by the lack of suitable housing facilities. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Degree of Hydrolysis and Protease Type on the Antioxidant Activity of Protein Hydrolysates From Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) By-Products

We have investigated the antioxidant activities of eight hydrolysates from cuttlefish by-products obtained by treatment with various gastrointestinal proteases (chymotrypsin, trypsin, and crude alkaline enzyme extracts from cuttlefish and sardinelle) and bacterial proteases (Alcalase and crude enzymes from Bacillus pumilus A1, Bacillus mojavensis A21, and Bacillus cereus BG1). The antioxidant activities of the cuttlefish by-products protein hydrolysates (CPHs) were evaluated using various in vitro antioxidant assays, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity. All hydrolysates showed different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) and varying degrees of antioxidant activity. Among the different hydrolysates, cuttlefish crude enzyme hydrolysate exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, followed by sardinelle crude enzyme and Alcalase hydrolysates. Further, CPHs with different degrees of hydrolysis were prepared by treatment with proteolytic enzymes from cuttlefish, sardinelle, and B. mojavensis A21. All hydrolysates showed a greater antioxidative activity as indicated by all the methods considered. In addition, antioxidant activity in hydrolysates was positively correlated with the increase of DH. The results of this study indicated that CPHs might be a good candidate for further investigation in developing new antioxidants.     

西非沿岸乌贼角质颚形态及生长特征

乌贼(Sepia officinalis)是生活在大西洋西岸的重要头足类之一,研究乌贼角质颚形态及生长特征有利于对其的开发利用。本研究根据2015年在毛里塔尼亚附近海域生产期间所获得的乌贼渔获样本,对乌贼角质颚的各项形态参数进行描述,探究不同胴长和不同性腺成熟阶段角质颚生长情况的差异,并估算乌贼个体的大小。通过对乌贼上、下颚各长度指标的比值比较发现,乌贼角质颚下颚的长度比值波动较大,较不稳定。t检验表明,将各项形态参数除以胴长消除样本规格影响差异后,乌贼雌性个体在角质颚的各项形态参数上均极显著大于雄性(P0.01);方差分析及多重比较(LSD法)表明,随着胴长的增加,乌贼的各个角质颚的形态参数也极显著增加(P0.01)。在性腺成熟期Ⅱ~Ⅳ中,乌贼角质颚的形态参数随着性腺成熟度的增加而显著增加(P0.05),但性腺成熟度为Ⅴ期的个体的角质颚形态参数却显著小于前面几期(P0.05)。主成分分析显示,第一主成分的负载绝对值最高的指标为上头盖长(Upper hood length,UHL)和下脊突长(Lower crest length,LCL);第二主成分下喙长(Lower rostrum length,LRL)和下喙宽(Lower rostrum width,LRW),利用主成分分析得到的前2个主成分可以对乌贼的胴长进行估算。研究表明,同一种类不同性别的乌贼个体角质颚形态参数及其比值存在特异性,研究结果为西非沿岸乌贼类分类及生态研究提供基础资料。     

金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)早期发育阶段相关酶活性的变化

采用生化方法测定了金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)不同发育阶段的受精卵以及0-10日龄幼体的胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脂肪酶和谷丙转氨酶5种酶比活力的变化.结果显示,可溶性蛋白浓度总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在囊胚和原肠期(Ⅱ)最高,在初孵幼体(Ⅶ)中最低,含量分别为81.50 mg/g和4.24 mg/g.胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和谷丙转氨酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段均能检测出这3种酶的活性,说明主要自母体获得,但活力相对较低;在初孵幼体中,这3种酶活性均显著升高,比活力分别为0.51 U/g、1.68 U/mg和37.84 U/g;5日龄幼体(Ⅷ)中,3种酶比活力均显著下降至出膜前水平;10日龄幼体(Ⅸ)中,3种酶比活力均有小幅度上升.碱性磷酸酶和脂肪酶比活力的变化趋势相近,总体呈上升趋势,其中,在胚胎发育阶段仅检测到这2种酶的极低活性,幼体孵出后2种酶的比活力才显著上升,标志着器官发育的逐步完善和消化能力的逐步增强.     

金乌贼成体副缠卵腺的超显微结构

采用组织学和电镜技术对金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)成体副缠卵腺的结构进行了研究。结果显示,(1)解剖结构显示,副缠卵腺呈耳状,下端呈‘M’型与缠卵腺紧密连接,颜色为白色并夹杂着橙黄色;(2)显微结构显示,副缠卵腺由腺壁、腺体小管和结缔组织构成,腺壁由外向内依次为外膜层和肌肉层,其中,外膜层由单层柱状上皮细胞组成;腺体小管数量较多,平均直径为70μm,内腔表面可见微绒毛层,管腔内含有大量的分泌物质;结缔组织具有集中分布的血管和肌肉纤维;(3)超微结构显示,上皮细胞细胞质中含有数量较多且分布集中的囊泡,部分囊泡中含有分泌球状体;微绒毛分布面积较广且排列密集,而纤毛一部分集中分布,另一部分呈单行排列,着生不连续;腺体小管管腔内具有大量的共生菌,绝大部分为球菌,且在管腔中具有较多的分泌球状体。研究表明,金乌贼副缠卵腺是一种起分泌作用的腺体,存在的共生菌据认为在胚胎发育阶段的病害防治方面具有一定作用。     

东海区经济乌贼类资源量评估

本文根据2000年和2001年在东海进行的底拖网调查资料,利用扫海面积法评估东海区经济乌贼类的资源量,并估算可捕资源量。结果表明,近年以金乌贼和神户乌贼等经济乌贼为主捕对象的年潜在资源量稳定在一定的水平上,与20世纪90年代中期的水平相当;当前的实际捕捞产量已接近最大持续产量,进一步开发利用的潜力不大。