Modelos Matematicos Aplicados al Crecimiento Gástrico Ovino durante la Vida Intrauterina

Mathematical models describing the histomorphometric growth of ruminant stomach during prenatal life One hundred forty four ovine embryos and feti were used in an investigation to determine mathematical models describing the histomorphometric growth of tissues and compartments of the ruminant stomach. The results indicate that during prenatal life the diameter of the gastric chambers increase more slowly than the length. The tissue layers of the gastric walls, particularly the muscular tunic of all compartments demonstrated a uniform tendency toward more rapid development than the compartment walls proper.     

Immunohistochemical evaluation of the goat forestomach during prenatal development

Here we report the detection and distribution of synaptophysin (SPY), non-neuronal enolase (NNE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (VIM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) expression in the goat forestomach during prenatal development. A total of 140 embryos and fetuses were examined to evaluate protein expression from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. In all cases, SPY immunoreactivity was detected at 53 days gestation in the lamina propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis, serosa, and myenteric plexuses. Immunoreactivity to NNE was observed at 64 days gestation in the same locations as well as the epithelial layer. Glial cells were found at 64 days as indicated by signals corresponding to GFAP and VIM at 39 days. Positive staining for NPY and VIP was observed at 113, 75, and 95 days in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum, respectively, in the lamina propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis, and myenteric plexuses of each of these gastric compartments. These findings indicate possible preparation of the fetal goat forestomach for postnatal function. Compared to other ruminant species, neuroendocrine cells, glial cells and peptidergic innervations markers were detected earlier compared to sheep but at around the same stage as in deer.     

Estudio Ontogenico Comparativo de la Lamina epitelial de los Compartimentos Gastricos no Glandulares en Ovinos Merinos

A total of 74 embryos and fetuses were used in a comparative analysis of the epithelium of the non-glandular stomach compartments of merino sheep during development. The mechanical protection showed by the tegumentary epithelium in the superficial layers of the rumen, reticulum and omasum is supported by a buffer system of neutral mucopolysaccharides secreted by the deeper strata. Neutral mucopolysaccharides first appeared in epithelial cells at 46 days of fetal life. Acid mucopolysaccharides, mucins, and mucoid compounds were not detected. Growth curves and formulas were constructed for the epithelial layers.     

Periodos del Desarrollo Intrauterino de los Compartimentos gástricos del Caprino (Capra hircus)1,2

Intrauterine developmental stages of the gastric compartments of the caprine ( Capra hircus )
A chronological and systematic scheme for intrauterine development stages of the composed stomach of caprine is proposed. Twenty one embryos (1.69 cm to 5.90 cm S. C.) and 16 fetuses (5.90 to 35 cm S. C.) for studying morphogenesis, histogenesis and relationships of gastric compartments were used. Six developmental stages were conventionally determined from the most relevant anatomical and histological characteristics.
The first four stages are characterized by appearance of the different compartments, their morphological modifications and progressive positional changes until their semi-final form and relations.
The two last stages are characterized by histological differentiation of both the reticulum wall and abomasum mucosa. They can also be recognized by observing the volume relationships between rumen and abomasum. Comparative aspects with bovine and ovine intrauterine development are commented together with considerations concerning the unitary origin of the stomach compartments.     

Ontogenesis of the rumen: A comparative analysis of the Merino sheep and Iberian red deer

The aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the rumen in the sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). A total of 50 embryos and fetuses of Merino sheep and 50 of Iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. For the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. The appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% gestation, 33 days) than in the deer (25% gestation, 66 days). In both cases it displayed a primitive epithelium of a stratified, cylindrical, non‐ciliary type. At around 28% gestation in the sheep (42 days) and 26% (67 days) in the deer, the rumen was configured of three clearly‐differentiated layers: internal or mucosal, middle or muscular and external or serosal. In both species the stratification of the epithelial layer was accompanied by modifications in its structure with the appearance of the ruminal pillars and papillae. The pillars appeared before the papillae and the appearance of both structures was always earlier in the deer (pillars: 70 days, 27% gestation; papillae: 97 days, 36% gestation) than in the sheep (pillars: 42 days, 28% gestation; papillae: 57 days, 38% gestation). The outlines of the ruminal papillae appeared as evaginations of the basal zone toward the ruminal lumen, dragging in their formation the basal membrane, the lamina propria and the submucosa. The tegumentary mucosa of the rumen was without secretion capability in the first embryonic phases. From 67 days (26% gestation) the neutral mucopolysaccharides appeared in the deer and at 46 days (30% gestation) in the sheep. In both cases they continued to decrease until birth, this diminution being more pronounced in the deer. Finally, the presence of neuroendocrine and glial cells was detected in the deer at earlier stages than in the sheep.     

Morphological study on the stomach of the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) with special reference to the internal surface.

The stomach of the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) was observed macroscopically. It consisted of only three compartments, rumen, reticulum and abomasum without omasum. The rumen was S-shaped with large ventral and caudoventral blind sacs and the reticulum was larger than the abomasum. Internally, the rumen was covered with numerous ruminal papillae even on the pillars and the ruminoreticular fold. These papillae were leaf- or tongue-like shaped and varied in size and density. The reticulum had honey-combed crests and the secondary crests were found rarely. The lips of the reticular groove were prominent and more developed in the aboral part than in the oral one. A sac-like transition zone, which had more prominent mucosal folds than had the floor of the reticular groove, was observed between the caudal end of the reticular groove and the abomasum. Mucosal folds of the abomasum were spiral, low but rather thick. These findings were discussed in view of comparison with other ruminants and of possible functional implications.     

山羊胃的腹腔镜探查

将腹腔镜从山羊胸骨柄后缘的腹中线插入腹腔,观察山羊在仰卧状态下瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃,以及它们与肝脏、膈肌、腹壁和肠管的位置关系,并获得清晰的图片,为诊断和治疗反刍动物胃部疾病提供依据。     

Mycosis in the stomach compartments of cattle

During a period of 22 months, 9.7% (23 out of 238) of the cattle necropsied at the Department of Veterinary Pathology had mycotic affections in the stomach compartments. The various stomach compartments were affected in the following pattern: omasum: 15 cases, rumen: 10 cases, reticulum: 8 cases and abomasum: 6 cases. In 5 of the animals mycotic affection was also found in other organs of which the liver was most often involved. Out of the 23 cases described, a primary diagnosis of mycosis was only established in 5 cases. In the remaining 18 cases the mycotic infection was regarded as being of a minor importance in the total necropsy result. Macroscopically and histologically the mycotic processes could be grouped into acute, subacute or chronic affections. In 20 cases only one type of inflammation was present, in the remaining cases combinations were found. Identification of the infective agent was performed by immunological staining of hyphal structures in tissue sections. Members of the Zygomycetes were found to predominate as causative fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus was found to have a propensity for infecting the terminal gastric compartments, whereas the Zygomycetes were found regularly in all compartments. Candida spp. were only found in 1 case. Predisposing factors for developing systemic mycosis are discussed. Among these especially the use of antimicrobial drugs, other diseases, metabolic disturbances and stressors in the post parturient period seem to be important.     

Prenatal histomorphological development of the reticulum in fallow deer (Dama dama)

The histomorphological changes occurring in the Dama dama reticulum during prenatal development have been investigated. Twenty‐five Dama dama embryos were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. Differentiation of the reticulum was observed at 23% gestation. By 25% gestation the reticular wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. Primary reticular crests were visible at 38% gestation. Secondary reticular crests were observed at 61% gestation. Neuroendocrine cells were detected by synaptophysin (SYP) at 35% gestation, in the lamina propria‐submucosa, tunica muscularis, and serosa. Epithelial Cytokeratin‐18 (CK‐18) cells were observed at 35% gestation extended throughout the epithelial layers. The glial cells (vimentin –VIM‐ and glial fibrillary acidic protein‐GFAP‐markers) were discerned at 25% and 43% gestation, respectively, in myenteric and submucosal plexuses, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, and perivascular connective tissue. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) markers were immunodetected at 75% and 80 gestation, respectively, in the lamina propria‐submucosa, muscularis mucosae, tunica muscularis, serosa, and myenteric plexuses. The prenatal development of the fallow deer reticular mucosa evidenced a considerable precocity similar to that previously reported in goat and red deer.     

饲用油菜的营养成分分析及其在山羊瘤胃降解特性研究

本研究旨在通过化学分析和瘤胃瘘管山羊动物模型研究饲用油菜的营养成分、瘤胃降解特性,为饲用油菜饲喂反刍动物提供营养参数。试验测定华油杂62油菜盛花期及结荚初期植株营养成分含量,并用3只装有永久瘤胃瘘管的波尔山羊测定饲用油菜的瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)盛花期饲用油菜的粗蛋白质和总氨基酸含量分别达到17.30%、11.48%,显著高于结荚初期(P<0.05);两个生长期饲用油菜的粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。盛花期植株中硫甙含量为10.17 μmol·g^-1、单宁含量为0.94%,均高于结荚初期。2)盛花期、结荚初期饲用油菜中干物质、粗蛋白质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率随消化时间的延长均逐渐升高;盛花期饲用油菜粗蛋白质的瘤胃降解率在72 h时达到84.70%;干物质的瘤胃降解率在0~24 h快速升高,48 h后稳定在67%左右;中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率上升速度较慢,72 h时分别为48.22%和45.78%。结荚初期饲用油菜中干物质和有机物的瘤胃降解率在0~72 h均低于同时间点的盛花期。3)盛花期、结荚初期饲用油菜植株中各营养成分之间快速降解部分差异显著(P<0.05),粗蛋白质快速降解部分均为最高,分别达到64.06%和68.81%;粗蛋白质有效降解率显著高于其他营养成分(P<0.05),分别达到76.50%和75.13%。结论盛花期和结荚初期饲用油菜的主要营养成分含量和瘤胃降解率均较高,盛花期饲用油菜更易被山羊瘤胃消化。     

同一蛋白质水平不同赖氨酸与蛋氨酸比例对早期断奶藏羔羊复胃发育的影响

试验旨在研究18%蛋白质水平下,不同赖氨酸与蛋氨酸比例(Lys/Met)对早期断奶藏羔羊复胃发育的影响。选取(55±2)日龄断奶、体重(10.85±0.65)kg藏羔羊42只,随机分为3组,每组14只,公、母各半,分别饲喂18%蛋白质水平下不同Lys/Met比例的羔羊早期断奶料,试验期20 d。对早期断奶藏羔羊各胃室重量和组织形态指标进行了测定。结果表明,Lys/Met比例为3.1∶1时,藏羔羊复胃和瘤胃增重最好,瘤网胃乳头增长,瓣胃角化层、黏膜上皮和中央肌层增厚,皱胃胃底腺黏膜增厚效果最好。提示,早期断奶料营养水平影响藏羔羊复胃的生长发育,适宜的Lys/Met比例能够促进其良好的生长发育,在18%蛋白质水平下,藏羔羊早期断奶料Lys/Met比例为3.1∶1时效果最佳。     

藏绵羊溶菌酶1基因的克隆、原核表达及生物信息学分析

试验旨在研究藏绵羊溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)1基因在瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏各组织中的表达情况、进化关系及抑菌活性.采用RT-PCR技术克隆藏绵羊LZM1基因,定量PCR检测LZM1基因在瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏中的表达情况,并将该基因的氨基酸序列与普通牛胃LZM等氨基酸序列进行比对,根据邻位连接法构建系统进化树;将该基因插入pET-32a质粒后构建得到pET-32a-LZM1重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞并诱导表达,SDS-PAGE法鉴定表达产物;采用比浊法测定LZM1蛋白的活性;采用琼脂糖平板扩散法研究异源表达蛋白的抑菌活性.结果表明,从藏绵羊瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏各组织中成功克隆藏绵羊LZM1基因,其在瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏中均有表达,在皱胃中表达量最高;其氨基酸序列与普通牛胃LZM(GenBank登录号:NM_001080339.1)序列的同源性最高(96%);重组蛋白LZM1分子质量约为35 ku;其比活力约为400 U/mL;该重组LZM1对金黄色葡萄球具有良好的抑菌活性.     

0~56日龄陕北白绒山羊解剖特点及胃肠道参数变化规律探究

试验旨在研究0~56日龄羔羊胃肠道全重、相对净重、容积、长度等参数的变化规律。试验选用24只陕北白绒山羊,按照完全随机试验设计分为8组,每组3只,分别在0、3、7、14、21、28、42、56日龄屠宰、取样,测定各阶段羔羊体况发育情况及胃肠道全重、相对净重、容积及长度等参数。结果显示,除了皱胃外,各胃室相对净重均快速增长,7日龄后增速较高,在56日龄时,瘤胃相对净重从0日龄的29.34%提升到52.53%,网胃从11.83%到14.77%,瓣胃从6.54%上升到9.34%,而皱胃相对净重从52.29%下降到23.36%;小肠各部位净重均保持增长,十二指肠相对净重在0~56日龄整个阶段均保持在3.5%左右,而空肠均保持在90%左右,回肠相对净重在14日龄之前保持在1%左右,在14日龄之后保持在5%左右;大肠的各部位全重迅速增大,盲肠从0日龄的5.29 g增长到56日龄的43.31 g,结肠从11.67 g增长到200.45 g,直肠从3.03 g增长到53.02 g,前期增长缓慢,从28日龄开始,大肠各部位全重迅速增重。综上所述,28日龄是羔羊全面发育的一个界点,28日龄后,其消化道参数快速增长,特别是具有纤维物质消化能力的瘤胃、回肠、盲肠、结肠等部位,结合各方面因素可以预测,28日龄断奶具有可行性。     

哺乳期藏羊羔羊复胃的发育性变化

为了研究羔羊复胃的发育性变化,试验以0-112日龄哺乳期藏羊羔羊为研究对象,采用大体解剖学方法测定了放牧条件下0、3、7、14、21、28、42、56、72、84、98和112日龄羔羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃、前胃、总胃重量及各胃室容积的变化情况。结果表明：藏羊羔羊在0-112日龄的各胃室发育迅速,各胃室增重明显,容积显著增加,尤其瘤胃的增重明显;在藏羊生产实践中,70日龄断奶较适宜,56日龄是可接受的最早断奶日龄。     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the omasum in cows and buffaloes.

The study was conducted to establish the ultrasonographic features of the healthy and impacted omasum in cows and buffaloes. Scanning was done using a 3.5 MHz microconvex transducer. In healthy buffaloes, the omasum could be scanned at the eighth to ninth intercostal space as a round or oval structure having thick echogenic wall with echogenic leaves. Gradual slow movements of omasal leaves could also be seen in real-time B-mode. The omasum appeared to be very clear, large, and close to the transducer at the start of the omasal contraction, and as the contraction progressed the omasum retracted away from the transducer and became very small. In healthy cows the omasum was seen as a crescent-shaped structure with an echogenic wall. The contents of the omasum or omasal leaves could not be visualized. Omasal contractility was not as prominent as in buffaloes. In buffaloes, the impacted omasum appeared amotile, the omasal leaves were not visible, and the omasum as a whole gave a prominent distal acoustic shadow. In cows, the impaction could be diagnosed based on amotile omasum covering a large area on the right side. Ultrasonography was found to be helpful in subjective assessment of omasal impaction but could not aid in diagnosing the severity of impaction.     

Anatomía del Desarrollo del Tracto Digestivo y Forma Corporal Externa Durante el Período Embrionario en el Caprino (Copra hircus)

Anatomy of the digestive tract and external body development during the embryonic stages of the caprine (Copra, bircus) The purpose of this work has been to establish the pattern of prenatal growth and normal development of the digestive tract and annex glands during goat embryonic stages. 21 embryos with ages ranging from 14 to 34 days (1.69 to 5.90 cm CR) as determined by registering the mating time, were obtained by cesarea. This material was histologically processed to obtain complete serial sections of the stomatodaeum, foregut, midgut, hindgut and cloaca. In this work, it is chronologically described the morphogenesis and histogenesis of the mouth, hypophysis, pharynx and its derivatives, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas and cloaca. The results obtained establish chronological comparisons with the development of the lamb and gives information on the unitary origin of the gastric compartments in ruminants.     

The Stomach of the Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis)

The Kafue lechwe is endemic to the Kafue Flats area of Zambia. It is semi-aquatic in habit, feeding upon grasses above and below the waterline. The volume of the lechwe rumen is 17 L in the male and 14 L in the female. It has strong and definite pillars. The interior of the rumen is papillated except in the roof area and on the pillars. The omasum has more than 70 laminae which are papillated on the reticular end. The anatomy of the lechwe stomach is similar to the stomachs of other water dependent grazers such as Bohor Reedbuck, Waterbuck, Uganda Kob and Puku.     

0～56日龄放牧羔羊消化道的解剖特点和瘤胃功能变化

旨在研究完全放牧条件下羔羊消化道相对质量与相对容积和瘤胃功能的发育特点。选用44只甘肃高山细毛羊公羔,测定0、3、7、14、21、28、42与56日龄胃(前胃、皱胃)、小肠各段和盲肠的相对质量(%活体质量),胃各室相对质量(%全胃质量)、相对容积(%全胃容积)、内容物相对质量(%全胃内容物质量)及瘤胃内容物微生物酶活性和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的浓度。结果表明:前胃、小肠、盲肠相对质量随羔羊日龄增大而提高,14～21d前胃与盲肠相对质量增速最快,其次为42～56d;小肠相对质量各阶段增速波动较小。随日龄增长,瘤胃相对质量与相对容积升高,皱胃相应下降,7～14、14～21与42～56d变速较大;0～14d前胃相对容积增速低于相对质量,14d后其增速快于后者,28d后相对容积增速大于相对质量。胃各室内容物的pH相对稳定,瘤胃内容物pH变动于6.03～6.67;0、3、7d部分受试羔羊中被检出纤维素酶比活性的比例随日龄增大,14d后所有受试羔羊均被检出,且纤维素酶比活性随日龄增高。14d蛋白酶活性最高,42d淀粉酶、纤维素酶比活性最高;从3d羔羊瘤胃内容物中即检出乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,其浓度均随日龄增大而升高,VFAs浓度与微生物酶比活性峰值的出现与瘤网胃发育状况并行。结论:羔羊前胃相对质量0～21d增长较快,而此后其增速减慢,是羔羊营养状况改变引起的;本试验条件下,羔羊2月龄断奶较适宜,42d是可接受的最早断奶日龄。     

Ultrasonography of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum before, during and after ingestion of hay and grass silage in 10 calves

The reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum were assessed via ultrasonography in 10 healthy female calves before, during and 2h after feeding hay and grass silage. The evaluations were made using an ultrasound machine with a 5.0MHz linear transducer. The reticulum could be visualized before feeding in all the calves. Its appearance and pattern of contractions were similar to those in adult cattle, although the amplitude (5.2±1.06cm) and velocity (3.5±1.42cm/s) of the first contraction were markedly less than in adult cattle. The position and size of the entire rumen including the dorsal and ventral sacs and the ruminal contents were assessed. Except for its smaller size, the ultrasonographic appearance of the omasum of calves was similar to that of adult cattle. The abomasum was seen to the left and right of the ventral midline before feeding in all calves; it occupied considerably more space on the left than the right. Compared with its appearance before feeding, the ultrasonographic appearance of the rumen, omasum and abomasum did not change during or after feeding. Ultrasonography is an ideal imaging tool for evaluating the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum before, during and after feeding in calves.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the forestomachs and the abomasum in ruminal drinker calves

Background

The study investigated the ultrasonographic appearance of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum of calves with ruminal drinking syndrome.

Methods

In ten milk-fed calves with ruminal drinking syndrome the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum were examined by ultrasonography using a 5-MHz linear transducer before, during and after the ingestion of milk.

Results

The reticulum could be imaged in eight of ten calves before feeding. The reticular wall appeared as an echoic line, similar to mature cattle, and reticular folds were seen in eight calves. The reticular content appeared as echoic heterogeneous fluid. Reticular contractions were biphasic with 1.0 ± 0.38 contractions per minute. The rumen had a mean wall thickness of 2.1 mm dorsally, 3.5 mm at the level of the longitudinal groove, and 3.2 mm ventrally. The ventral sac of the rumen of all calves contained echoic heterogeneous liquid. During feeding the milk entering the rumen could be seen as hyperechoic liquid in five calves. The omasum was seen on the right side as a crescent-shaped line medial to the liver in seven calves. Only the omasal wall closest to the transducer was seen as an echoic line with a mean thickness of 2.7 mm. The ultrasonographic appearance of the omasum did not change during or after feeding. The abomasum was seen immediately caudal to the xyphoid on both sides of the midline before feeding. The mean length at the ventral midline was 22.2 cm. The ingesta were heterogeneous in all calves and the abomasal folds were distinct in eight. The mean lateral expansion of the abomasum from the ventral midline to the left and right varied from 8.7 to 13.8 cm and from 4.3 to 11.3 cm. The milk entering the abomasum was observed in all calves, and signs of milk clotting were seen in all calves 15 minutes after feeding.

Conclusion

This study showed that ultrasonography is useful for detecting milk in the reticulum and rumen of calves with ruminal drinking syndrome.