Effects of Cu2+-exchanged montmorillonite on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of Nile tilapia

A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish per tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu²⁺‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. The dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet, (ii) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 MMT; (iii) basal diet + 30 mg kg^?1 copper as CuSO₄ (equivalent to the copper in the Cu‐MMT treatment group), or (iv) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 Cu‐MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu‐MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared with the control and fish fed with Cu‐MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO₄. Supplementation with Cu‐MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with the control. Addition of MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and the activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. Addition of Cu‐MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash, and the activities of total protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. While supplementation with CuSO₄ had no (P > 0.05) effect on intestinal microflora, digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities the results showed that Cu‐MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo resulting in a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities, and then promoted the digestion and absorption of dietary nutrition.     

Effects of feeding regimen of dietary Aspergillus oryzae on the growth performance,intestinal morphometry and blood profile of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The current study was conducted to evaluate the feeding regimen of Aspergillus oryzae (ASP) on the growth, intestinal histomorphology and blood profile of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four different ASP‐feeding regimens were evaluated, including feeding the basal diet continuously (control), feeding ASP (1 g/kg) continuously (ASPC), feeding ASP for 1 day and the next day without (ASPF1) or feeding ASP for 1 day and the two next days without (ASPF2). After 60 days, the final weight, weight gain, SGR, feed intake, protein efficiency, protein gain, body protein content, haematocrit, haemoglobin, and RBC and WBC values were increased significantly (p < 0.05) with lower glutamic‐pyruvate transaminase in ASPC group compared to the control without no difference (p > 0.05) with ASPF1‐feeding regimen. Interestingly, glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase was significantly reduced in all feeding regimens compared to the control (p < 0.05). Protease, lipase and villi length were significantly (p < 0.05) improved in all feeding regimens compared to the control, while amylase activity increased only in ASPC group. Thus, the obtained results indicated that all ASP‐feeding regimens resulted in quite similar outcomes with respect to growth, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal histomorphology.     

Effects of polysaccharide from fermented wheat bran on growth performance,muscle composition,digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota in juvenile common carp

The present study evaluated the effect of dietary polysaccharide from fermented wheat bran on growth performance, muscle composition, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Four diets supplemented with 0 (D0), 1.0 (D1), 2.0 (D2) and 4.0 (D3) g/kg fermented wheat bran polysaccharide (FWBP) were prepared. Fish were randomly assigned into four groups, each group having four replicates (30 fish/replicate) and fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks. Compared with the D0 group, the D3 group had higher final body weight and weight gain (p < .05). The amylase activity in the intestine and hepatopancreas of D1 and D2 groups and pepsin and trypsin activities in the hepatopancreas of D2 and D3 groups were significantly higher than D0 group. Significantly increased muscle protein and lipid content while reduced moisture content was observed in D1 group; additionally, D3 group had significantly lower muscle lipid content. The population of Bifidobacterium spp. in the intestine digesta of D1 and D2 groups was significantly increased, whereas lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Escherichia coli were unaffected. Collectively, dietary FWBP supplementation could enhance digestive enzyme activities and Bifidobacterium population and change the muscle composition and improve growth performance of common carp.     

饲料中海洋红酵母对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、消化酶及免疫酶活性的影响

为了研究海洋红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生长性能、消化酶及免疫酶活性的影响,配制6组饲料,分别为对照组、添加1 gkg-1、2 gkg-1、3 gkg-1、4 gkg-1和5 gkg-1的海洋红酵母组,投喂初始均质量为(5.220.01) g的尼罗罗非鱼,实验56 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,2 gkg-1和4 gkg-1组的饲料系数显著降低(P0.05),1 gkg-1、3 gkg -1和5 gkg-1组则没有显著性差异(P0.05)。5 gkg-1组鱼体粗蛋白含量显著低于1 gkg-1和2 gkg-1组(P0.05),1 gkg-1、3 gkg-1和5 gkg-1组鱼体粗灰分含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,1 gkg-1组胃蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),3 gkg-1、4 gkg-1和5 gkg-1组胃蛋白酶活性显著降低(P0.05)。2 gkg-1和3 gkg-1组前肠和中肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶,以及肝脏溶菌酶和一氧化氮合酶活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。根据尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼的消化酶和免疫酶活性等指标综合分析得出,海洋红酵母在罗非鱼饲料中的建议添加量为2～3 gkg-1。     

酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和肠道形态的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加酵母水解物对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、肝胰腺消化酶活性以及肠道形态的影响。酵母水解物添加量分别为0%、1%、3%和5%,配制4种等氮等脂(42.5%粗蛋白和8.5%粗脂肪)的实验饲料。选取初始体重为(1.86±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果表明饲料中添加5%酵母水解物组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于对照组(P0.05),而该组饲料系数(FCR)最低(P0.05)。对虾全虾粗蛋白含量随饲料中酵母水解物的增加而呈上升趋势,且5%酵母水解物添加组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。添加5%的酵母水解物显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血清总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,降低了谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性(P0.05)。各处理组肝胰腺淀粉酶活性和对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),但3%酵母水解物添加组的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3%酵母水解物添加组的对虾肠道皱襞高度和皱襞宽度显著高于对照组(P0.05),而5%添加组的微绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加3%~5%的酵母水解物能有效改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能、提高饲料利用率、促进消化吸收以及改善肠道形态学指标。     

Effects of stocking density on the growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,antioxidant resistance,and intestinal microflora of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juveniles

In this study, effects of stocking density on the growth performance and physiological responses of blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles were evaluated. The fish (average body weight, 25.76 ± 2.25 g) were randomly stocked at densities of 30F (30 fish/m³), 60F, 90F and 120F in 12 cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) in a concrete pond, with three cages for each density, for a period of 6 weeks. The higher stocking densities had a negative effect on individual growth performance. The results indicated that serum cortisol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde activities; and Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Vibrio numbers in the intestinal microflora increased significantly as the stocking density increased. In contrast, the viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index survival rate; serum glucose, total cholesterol, lipase, protease, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities; and Clostridium, Bacteroides, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Bacillus numbers in the intestinal microflora decreased significantly. The 90F and 120F groups showed obvious enlargement of the lamina propria and goblet cell damage, indicating that the gut showed inflammatory responses. The specific growth rate and weight gain rate increased significantly as the stocking density increased from 30 to 60 fish/m³, but decreased significantly when the stocking density was over 60 fish/m³.     

饲料蛋白水平对达氏鲟幼鱼生长性能、体组成、消化酶活性以及血液生化指标的影响

为了解达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)幼鱼适宜的饲料蛋白质水平,试验选取平均初始体重为(400.68±8.55)g的健康达氏鲟幼鱼为试验对象,在室内流水系统中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验。试验鱼随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为30%、35%、40%、45%、50%的5种等脂等能饲料。试验期间,水流量为6 L/min,水温(24.0±1.0)℃,溶氧大于6.0 mg/L,氨氮小于0.02 mg/L。结果显示:增重率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,饲料系数呈现相反的趋势。蛋白质效率随饲料蛋白水平的增加呈先平缓后下降的趋势。各试验组间肥满度无显著差异。肝体比和脏体比随饲料蛋白水平的增加而下降。各试验组间甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量无显著差异,饲料蛋白水平为50%的试验组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著高于其他试验组。本试验中胃蛋白酶活力与饲料蛋白水平呈正相关关系,淀粉酶活力呈负相关关系,脂肪酶在各试验组无显著差异。鱼体蛋白和脂肪含量均随饲料蛋白水平的增加而增加。分别对增重率、饲料系数这二者与饲料蛋白水平之间的关系进行二次回归分析,得出达氏鲟幼鱼饲料中适宜的蛋白水平为41.5%~42.97%。     

Effect of fermented Enteromopha prolifera on the growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and serum non‐specific immunity of red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of different levels of fermented macroalga, Enteromorpha prolifera, on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and serum non‐specific immunity of red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were fed the control diet or the five diets supplemented with fermented E. prolifera for 7 weeks (diets 1–5 containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g kg^?1 of fermented E. prolifera respectively). The results showed that the percentage weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) improved significantly in fish fed diets 3, 4 and 5, and regression analysis showed SGR reached the maximum in fish fed diet containing 37 g kg^?1 fermented E. prolifera, while the feed conversion ratio reduced significantly in fish fed diets 2, 3, 4 and 5, and regression analysis showed it reached its minimum in fish fed diet containing 41 g kg^?1 fermented E. prolifera. The pepsin, erepsin, gastric amylase, intestinal amylase, gastric lipase and intestinal lipase activities in fish fed diets 2, 3 and 4 were higher significantly than the control, with the exception of the pepsin activity in fish fed diet 4. The serum total superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities enhanced significantly in fish fed diets 3 and 4. In conclusion, fermented E. prolifera had positive effects on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and serum non‐specific immunity of red tilapia and the recommended dose of fermented E. prolifera is 37–41 g kg^?1 in the diet of red tilapia.     

饲料中不同蛋白含量对斑节对虾幼虾生长及消化酶的影响

选用鱼粉、豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白为主要蛋白源,配置6个蛋白质水平梯度(36%、38%、40%、42%、44%、46%)的饲料,对斑节对虾幼虾(1.03±0.02 g)进行56 d养殖实验,研究饲料中不同蛋白含量对斑节对虾幼虾生长及消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,(1)摄食40%蛋白饲料的斑节对虾的增重率(417.35%)和特定生长率(2.93%·d-1)获得最大值并显著高于36%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05),但与其它各组无显著差异。饲料蛋白水平在38%时的饲料系数(1.88)最低且与44%和46%蛋白饲料组存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)虾体蛋白含量在44%饲料蛋白组最高,且显著高于36%、38%和42%组(P<0.05)。(3)斑节对虾的蛋白质表观消化率在42%蛋白组最高,44%和46%蛋白饲料组的蛋白质效率显著低于36%～42%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05)。(4)随着蛋白水平的提高,斑节对虾的蛋白酶活性呈现由高到低波动的趋势;淀粉酶活性随着饲料蛋白含量的升高而呈下降趋势,胃淀粉酶活性在38%～42%蛋白饲料组显著高于36%蛋白饲料组(P<0.05),肠淀粉酶活性在42%蛋白饲料组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。通过饲料中蛋白质含量与增重率的回归分析,斑节对虾幼虾饲料蛋白的适宜含量为39.70%。     

Effects of Cu-exchanged montmorillonite on growth performance, microbial ecology and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to 4 treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish/tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu²⁺-exchanged montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) on growth performance, microbial ecology of the skin, gill and intestine, and intestinal morphology. The dietary treatments were: 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet + 1.5 g/kg MMT, 3) basal diet + 30 mg/kg copper as CuSO₄ (equivalent to the copper in the Cu-MMT treatment group), or 4) basal diet + 1.5 g/kg Cu-MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu-MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared to control and fish fed with Cu-MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO₄. Supplementation with Cu-MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with a tendency of Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with control. Measurements of villus and microvillus heights at different sites of the intestinal mucosa indicated that dietary addition of MMT or Cu-MMT improved intestinal mucosal morphology. However, the microbial ecology of the skin and gill was not affected by the addition of CuSO₄, MMT or Cu-MMT. Supplementation with CuSO₄ had no (P > 0.05) effect on the growth performance, microbial ecology and intestinal morphology. The results showed that Cu-MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo and protected intestinal mucosa from invasion of pathogenic bacterium and toxins, resulting in a positive effect on the growth performance.     

饲料成分与环境温度对奥尼罗非鱼消化酶活性的影响

取相同生长阶段、体重均匀的雄性奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis nilotieus×O.aureus)为研究对象,分别设置不同P／E饲料组与不同水温组进行暂养,共3周。在最后一次投喂后2 h进行取样测定。结果表明,饵料蛋白质水平在20％-40％时,肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活性变化差异不显著。胃蛋白酶活性随着饵料蛋白水平上升而减低了22.2％和26.0％(P<0.05)。碳水化合物水平由34％上升到42％和50％,肝胰脏淀粉酶活性分别上升了107.1％和106.6％(P<0.01),肠道淀粉酶活性分别提高了67.1％和39.8％(P<0.01)。脂肪水平由1.5％升高7％,肠道脂肪酶活性没有变化,脂肪水平升高到12.5％,肠道脂肪酶活性降低了25.4％(P<0.01)。在水温17-32℃时,罗非鱼消化酶活性均随环境温度的升高而提高。     

Comparative growth performance of two Nile tilapia (Chitralada and Red-Stirling), their crosses and the Israeli tetra hybrid ND-56

Growth performance of two Oreochromis niloticus strains, Chitralada and Red‐Stirling, their reciprocal crossbred and the Israeli tetra‐hybrid ND‐56 were assessed in net cages under on‐farming conditions. Throughout 268 days of grow‐out, the strains were weighed monthly and mortality, feed consumption and water quality were recorded. Ten rigid net cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 1.7 m) immersed in a 10 ha reservoir were linearly arranged near the reservoir outlet following a completely randomized design with two replicates for each treatment (strain). Each cage was stocked with 459 fish (120 fish m^?3) and fed twice daily to apparent satiation with a commercial tilapia diet following the recommended feeding program. The final mean weights were higher for Chitralada (557.20 g) and the reciprocal crossbreds (522.95, 496.40 g) than those of Red‐Stirling (421.90 g). All treatments outperformed the ND‐56 tetra hybrid. Daily growth showed statistical differences between Chitralada (2.04 g) and Red‐Stirling (1.52 g) but they were statistically the same when compared with the reciprocal crossbreds (1.90, 1.80 g). The relative growth ratios showed the same trend observed in the results for daily growth. The mean survival rate was 98%. The overall growth rate showed that crossbred performed as well as the parental lines. All crossbred progeny presented red colouration with variable pattern of black marks corroborating the dominant inheritance of the red trait in Red‐Stirling strain.     

Dietary leucine requirement of Juvenile Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary leucine on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and non‐specific immune responses of juvenile Nile tilapia. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain graded levels of L‐leucine (5.3, 8.1, 10.9, 13.2, 15.6 and 18.1 g kg^?1 diet, respectively) from dietary ingredients and crystalline L‐leucine. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 20 juvenile fish (1.94 ± 0.01 g) three times daily to apparent satiation. Results showed that the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased as dietary leucine concentrations increased from 5.3 to 13.2 g kg^?1 and then decreased slightly with further increase in dietary leucine concentrations. Quadratic regression analysis (y = ?522.6x² + 1304.x + 132.6, R² = 0.684) on weight gain against dietary leucine levels indicated that the optimal dietary leucine requirement was estimated to be 12.5 g kg^?1 diet (corresponding to 43.1 g kg^?1 of dietary protein). Leucine supplementation had no impact on the survival and body composition of tilapia. Serum lysozyme activity of fish fed diet containing 13.2 g kg^?1 leucine significantly increased compared to fish fed diet containing 5.3 g kg^?1. Serum superoxide dismutase activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration were not significantly affected by dietary leucine supplementation.     

肌醇对哲罗鲑生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响

为了探讨肌醇对哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响, 以鱼粉、明胶和酪蛋白为蛋白源配制肌醇含量为99.8(不添加肌醇)、199.8、299.8、499.8、699.8、899.8和5 099.8 mg/kg的7种饲料, 分别投喂7个处理组, 每组3个重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 进行为期56 d的饲养实验。结果表明, 投喂肌醇含量为499.8 mg/kg饲料组的增重率最大, 且与添加量低于299.8 mg/kg的3个饲料组差异显著(P<0.05)。饲料系数在499.8 mg/kg饲料组最低, 在5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组最高, 两组间差异显著(P<0.05)。肌醇含量为499.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率显著高于99.8~299.8 mg/kg及5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。肌肉中水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白各组间差异不显著(P>0.05), 肝淀粉酶、幽门盲囊脂肪酶活性各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肠道蛋白酶活性在肌醇含量为199.8~499.8 mg/kg饲料组较高, 显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 脂肪酶活性在299.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组高于99.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。由此得出, 饲料中适量添加肌醇可提高哲罗鲑的生长性能及消化酶活性; 肌醇含量过低时哲罗鲑增重率、消化酶活性均较低; 肌醇含量过高时哲罗鲑特定增长率、消化酶活性较低, 饲料系数较高; 以增重率为指标由折线回归模型分析得出, 肌醇的最适含量为536.6 mg/kg饲料。

     

饲料中大豆黄酮对大菱鲆生长、消化酶活力、抗氧化力及肠道结构的影响

为研究大豆黄酮在大菱鲆幼鱼中的营养生理作用,本实验在以鱼粉为主要蛋白源的基础饲料中添加不同剂量的大豆黄酮(0、5、10、20和100 mg/kg)来配制5种等氮等脂的实验饲料,并通过12周的投喂养殖实验评估饲料中不同剂量的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活力、抗氧化力以及肠道结构的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加不同剂量的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼的存活率(98.89%~100.00%)、终末体质量(21.24~24.42 g)、特定生长率(1.81~1.98%/d)、饲料效率(1.01~1.11)、摄食率(1.43~1.51%/d)及形体指标均没有产生显著性影响;饲料中添加大豆黄酮显著降低了大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体的粗蛋白(15.41%~15.59%)和粗脂肪(3.19%~3.93%)含量,但对鱼体的水分(77.41%~79.70%)和灰分(3.46%~3.81%)含量未产生显著性影响;饲料中添加10~100 mg/kg大豆黄酮显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼的胰蛋白酶活力(35.26~40.66 U/g prot),但胃蛋白酶(31.75~49.56 U/mg prot)、肠蛋白酶(10.00~14.79U/mg prot)、胃淀粉酶(0.10~0.25 U/mg prot)和肠淀粉酶(0.05~0.17 U/mg prot)的活力在各处理组间没有显著性差异。饲料中添加5、10和20 mg/kg的大豆黄酮显著降低了血清丙二醛(10.67~11.17 nmol/mL)的含量,并显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶(51.05~53.36U/mL)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(551.40 U/mL)的活力;饲料中添加不同浓度的大豆黄酮对大菱鲆幼鱼后肠肠道结构完整性没有显著性影响,但10~20 mg/kg大豆黄酮显著促进了肠道组织结构的发育和成熟,提高了大菱鲆幼鱼后肠肠绒毛的高度(391.26~401.48μm)。研究表明,大豆黄酮(5~100 mg/kg)对大菱鲆的生长没有显著性的影响,但饲料中适量的大豆黄酮(10~20mg/kg)可以显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼的消化酶活力和抗氧化能力,并促进肠道绒毛的发育。     

生物絮团养殖模式下益生菌添加对异育银鲫生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响

前期研究表明,生物絮团技术(biofloc technology,BFT)适于异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖。为进一步优化BFT养殖模式,本研究设置3个实验组:BFT模式下EM菌添加组(BB组)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)添加组(BI组)和BFT对照组(B组),以均体重(1.60±0.50)g的异育银鲫为研究对象,探讨BFT模式下外源添加益生菌对养殖动物生长、消化酶活性及肠道组织结构的影响。结果表明:(1)益生菌添加组异育银鲫增重率和特定生长率显著高于对照组(P0.05),BB和BI组的增重率分别提高了216.70%和184.04%,特定生长率分别提高了141.18%和125.49%,BB和BI组间差异不显著(P0.05);(2)益生菌添加组(BB组和BI组)的消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶)活性均显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05)。益生菌添加组间,BB组淀粉酶活性显著高于BI组(P0.05),脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性亦高于BI组,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)益生菌添加组肠道肌层厚度和黏膜下层厚度显著高于对照组(B组)(P0.05),BB组异育银鲫肠道黏膜皱襞高度和皱襞间质宽度与BI和对照组相比,均无显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,BFT养殖模式下外源添加益生菌可以更好地促进异育银鲫生长。     

Effects of non-starch polysaccharides enzyme, phytase and citric acid on activities of endogenous digestive enzymes of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus)

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) enzyme, phytase and citric acid have been shown to increase digestibility in pigs, poultry and some fish. To examine their roles in digestion in tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus  ×  Oreochromis aureus ), the present study was designed to evaluate their effects on activities of a number of endogenous digestive enzymes in tilapia. Neither NSPs enzyme (1 g kg⁻¹) nor phytase (1 g kg⁻¹) affected the activities of protease in digestive organs. In contrast, NSPs enzyme increased the activities of amylase in the hepatopancreas and intestine by 11.4% and 49.5%, respectively, while phytase (1 g kg⁻¹) increased the activities of amylase in the hepatopancreas and intestine by 14.0% and 24.1%, respectively. Citric acid (10 g kg⁻¹) increased the activities of protease in stomach by 29.6%, but reduced the activities of protease in the intestine by 35.1%. Citric acid increased the activities of amylase in the hepatopancreas and intestine by 30.7% and 29.4%. Lipase activities were not affected by NSPs enzyme, phytase or citric acid. Above results suggest that NSPs enzyme, phytase and citric acid primarily influence the activities of amylase in digestive tract of tilapia.     

Haematological response and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed diets containing folic acid

Haematological response and growth performance over 150 days, and resistance to a low-temperature stress of Nile tilapia fed diets with increasing folic acid (FA) levels were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight FA levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mg kg⁻¹ feed) supplemented in purified diets (32.0% CP and 13 398 kj DE kg⁻¹). One hundred and ninety-two fingerlings were randomly assigned to 32 net cages distributed in eight 1000 L aquaria with a physical and biological filter and a temperature control system (26.0 ± 1.0 °C). For cold-induced stress, fish were transferred to 24 30 L-aquaria with individual biofilters and aeration. The water temperature was gradually reduced until it reached 13 °C. Haematological parameters evaluated before and after cold stress were total erythrocytes and leucocytes count, differential leucocyte, haemoglobin, haematocrit, total plasmatic protein and haematometric indices. Growth performance parameters were mean weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival. Dietary FA supplementation did not influence erythropoiesis under normal temperature conditions; cold stress impaired erythropoiesis, causing hypochromic microcytic anaemia and leucopoiesis, and also neutrophilia. Growth performance is influenced by folate and supplementation between 0.5 and 1.0 mg FA kg⁻¹ diet, which makes up for nutritional demands, guaranteeing production and health under appropriate temperature conditions.     

Effects of pretreatment with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was to assess effects of the pretreatment in all‐plant based diets with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Pretreatment trials were conducted using phytase at graded doses to determine the optimal dose of phytase. Available phosphorus (P) levels increased significantly with the increased doses of phytase and the dose of 1000 U kg^?1 was most efficient. Based on the pretreatment trials, plant based diets for Nile tilapia were formulated by pretreating with phytase at 1000 U kg^?1. Experimental diets were supplemented with graded levels of mono calcium phosphate (MCP) at 25, 18.75, 12.5, 6.25 and 0 g kg ^?1 diet. In addition, there were three controls: one phytase control, one inorganic P control and one pretreatment control. The results showed that diets pretreated with phytase gave better growth performance, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of Nile tilapia compared with the phytase control diet and pretreatment control diet (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in growth performance of Nile tilapia between the inorganic control diet and phytase pretreated diets supplemented with MCP at 25, 18.75 and 12.5 g kg^?1 (P > 0.05), which resulted in significantly better performance than those at 6.25 and 0 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Dietary interaction effects of phytase were observed for phosphorus retention efficiency and phosphorus load. Apparent digestibility coefficient of P (ADCp) was improved significantly by phytase pretreatment (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected on ADC of crude protein among all experimental diets (P > 0.05).