Physiological, metabolic and haematological responses in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles fed diets supplemented with astaxanthin acclimated to low-salinity water

The effects of dietary astaxanthin supplemented at 0, 40, 80 or 150 mg astaxanthin kg⁻¹ on growth, survival, moult frequency, osmoregulatory capacity (OC) and selected metabolic and haematological variables in Litopenaeus vannamei acclimated to low‐salinity water (3 g L⁻¹) were evaluated. Supplemented astaxanthin at 80 mg kg⁻¹ improved growth, survival and moult frequency in shrimp. The lowest OC was also exhibited in shrimp fed with dietary astaxanthin at 80 mg kg⁻¹. Shrimp haemolymph concentrations of glucose, lactate, haemocyanin and total haemocyte count were all significantly enhanced by feeding the diet supplemented with 80 mg astaxanthin kg⁻¹ compared with shrimp fed with the other diets. On the basis of these results, dietary astaxanthin supplementation of 80 mg kg⁻¹ is recommended for juvenile L. vannamei cultured in low‐salinity water.     

芽孢杆菌制剂对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei肠道微生物群落的影响

应用Biolog方法和传统的平板培养方法分析比较了施用芽孢杆菌制剂的虾池(B)和没有施用任何有益菌的虾池(A)在养殖后期凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物群落结构,并用Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数分析了2种群落的代谢功能的差异。2个虾池对虾肠道微生物群落可培养细菌优势菌属都是革兰氏阴性菌;B虾池对虾肠道可培养细菌数量比A虾池的少;但B虾池对虾肠道微生物群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数及其微生物群落代谢功能均显著高于A虾池(P<0.05)。结果表明,虾池施用了芽孢杆菌制剂,可促进养殖对虾肠道微生物群落的代谢功能。     

Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility.     

Growth and body composition of juvenile white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed different ratios of dietary protein to energy

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight of 0.09 ± 0.002 g, mean ± SE). Twelve practical test diets were formulated to contain four protein levels (300, 340, 380 and 420 g kg^?1) and three lipid levels (50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1). Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps per tank (260 L). The water temperature was 28.5 ± 2 °C and the salinity was 28 ± 1 g L^?1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Shrimps fed the diets containing 300 g kg^?1 protein showed the poorest growth. However, shrimp fed the 75 g kg^?1 lipid diets had only slightly higher growth than that fed 50 g kg^?1 lipid diets at the same dietary protein level, and even a little decline in growth with the further increase of dietary lipid to 100 g kg^?1. Shrimp fed the diet with 420 g kg^?1protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid had the highest specific growth rate. However, shrimp fed the diet with 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid showed comparable growth, and had the highest protein efficiency ratio, energy retention and feed efficiency ratio among dietary treatments. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in the serum of shrimp increased with increasing dietary lipid level at the same dietary protein level. Body lipid and energy increased with increasing dietary lipid level irrespective of dietary protein. Results of the present study showed that the diet containing 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid with digestible protein/digestible energy of 21.1 mg kJ^?1 is optimum for L. vannamei, and the increase of dietary lipid level has not efficient protein‐sparing effect.     

Effect of dietary protein level on growth, survival and ammonia efflux rate of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) raised in a zero water exchange culture system

Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (1.96±0.07 g) were reared in a zero water exchange system for 25 days at 28°C. They were fed four commercial diets containing 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% crude protein in three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. Total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and pH were monitored weekly and total ammonia levels were additionally measured every 3 days using the flow injection analysis method. Total ammonia efflux rates were measured at days 0, 14 and 21, and survival and growth rates were recorded at the end of the experiment. No significant differences between water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were found. Nitrite concentration remained low in all dietary treatments up to the second week increasing considerably from day 14 onwards suggesting the initiation of the nitrification process. Water total ammonia of all experimental groups exhibited a gradual increase up to day 13; however, following this time ammonia levels of all experimental groups decreased, probably due to either the action of bacterial nitrification or ammonia‐N uptake by the animals. High ammonia efflux rates were recorded at day 14, especially after the first hour of immersion in the 25% protein group, but no significant changes occurred in any experimental group after 3 h. No significant differences in weight gain, final weight or survival of shrimp were observed under these experimental conditions. The importance of zero water exchange systems and their effects on the nitrogen metabolism of crustaceans are discussed.     

Comparison of different types and levels of commercial soybean lecithin supplemented in semipurified diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

Two 6-week growth trials were conducted to determine the dietary phospholipids (PL) requirement of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles and to compare the effect of different types of soybean lecithin on shrimp growth and survival. In the first trial, a basal diet and diets containing 1.5, 3 or 5% (dry-weight basis) of Type I lecithin (97.6% PL) and 1.5 or 3% of Type II lecithin (71.4% PL) were evaluated. In the second trial, the basal diet and diets containing 1, 2 or 4% of either Type I or Type II lecithin and 1 or 2% of Type III lecithin (48.4% PL) were evaluated. Results showed that there was no interaction between lecithin type and PL level on shrimp growth or survival. Shrimp growth increased with PL levels up to 3–5% of diet. No significant differences were observed for instantaneous growth rate (IGR) of shrimp fed the different types of lecithin at the same inclusion level, and no effect of PL level and lecithin type on shrimp survival was found. Thus, the recommended level of PL supplementation in diets for L. vannamei juveniles ranges from 3 to 5% of diet.     

基于因子分析及多元线性回归的市售冻凡纳滨对虾品质评价

为探究市售冻凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)品质评价方法及造成品质劣化的关键因素,以上海市超市在售11种不同商品类型的冻凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,分析超市等级、冻藏时间、产品形式和摆放位置对其水分损失、质构以及色泽的影响.采用电子舌技术区分其滋味轮廓,并结合相关性分析、因子分析和多元线性回归分析,建立...     

亚硝酸氮和副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾部分免疫指标的影响

在养殖水体中含不同浓度亚硝酸氮的情况下,用副溶血弧菌浸泡感染的方式对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamzei)进行毒性实验;并检测了凡纳滨对虾在亚硝酸氮和弧菌胁迫下的部分免疫指标的变化,研究亚硝酸氮和副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾免疫力的影响.结果表明,实验Ⅰ:亚硝酸氮浓度为0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L组分别胁迫健康凡纳滨对虾,对虾的血细胞数、血清酚氧化酶活力、酸性磷酸酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力和过氧化氢酶活力均显著低于对照组(0.005 mg/L)(P<0.05);10 d时,0.005、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L组的对虾死亡率分别达到0%、16.7%、20.0%、26.7%.实验Ⅱ:亚硝酸氮胁迫同时,用副溶血弧菌感染对虾,与实验Ⅰ相比,对虾的各项免疫指标受到的影响更大,其各项免疫指标与相应的实验Ⅰ相比,均有显著的差异(P<0.05);第10天时,0.005、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L对虾死亡率分别达到33.3%、40.0%、46.7%、50.0%.可见亚硝酸氮浓度越高,弧菌对对虾免疫力的破坏性越大,对虾的死亡率也越高.     

Use of commercial fermentation products as a highly unsaturated fatty acid source in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Removal or reduction of marine ingredients (MI) from feed formulations is critical to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. By removing MI, diets may become limiting in several nutrients including highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA). To reduce reliance on MI in shrimp diets, two trials were conducted with Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles to determine the feasibility of using fermentation meals rich in DHA and ArA as the primary source for HUFA. A practical diet with no MI was formulated with/without DHA and ArA supplements and fed in the first trial. A diet with menhaden fish oil or a combination of plant oil with/without DHA and ArA supplements was used in the second trial. To determine whether HUFA is only needed in the early growth stages, we also fed one group a HUFA‐supplemented diet to 5 g and then switched them to a HUFA‐supplement‐free diet. In both trials, the weights were reduced when HUFA supplements were not provided either throughout the trial or from 5 g to harvest (<16 g). These results suggest that supplementation of plant oils with DHA‐ and ArA‐rich oils from fermented products is a viable option to replace marine fish oil for L. vannamei.     

凡纳滨对虾高位池养殖氮、磷收支研究及养殖效果分析

对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）高位池养殖氮（N）和磷（P）收支情况进行系统研究,比较分析不同放养季节、虾苗品系以及是否进行分段养殖引起养殖效果的差异。结果显示,饲料是最主要的N和P输入源,分别占池塘N和P总输入的91.76%~93.68%和94.55%~96.97%。收获对虾输出N和P分别占总输入的29.46%~40.46%和12.64%~17.41%,随养殖废水排出的N和P分别占24.63%~54.52%和23.03%~59.02%,沉积在池塘底部的N和P分别占14.10%~44.59%和27.59%~62.25%。放养季节和虾苗品系对养殖效果有显著影响。夏季组（ZS）对虾平均生长速度达到0.175g.d-1,分别比秋季组（ZF）和冬季普通组（ZW）高73.0%和139.3%。ZW成活率77.70%~87.75%,显著高于ZS和ZF。与相同养殖季节放养一代苗的ZW相比,放养本地苗的冬季组（BW）养殖成活率62.10%~72.30%,单位面积产量8821~9878kg.hm-2,均显著较低。采用分段养殖的冬季标粗组（ZWb）养成池塘单造使用周期缩短56.13%。     

酵母培养物和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、蛋白酶活性和免疫性能的影响

研究了饲料中添加酵母培养物(益康XP)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)制剂对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)生长、肌肉成分、蛋白酶活性和免疫功能的影响。在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加0.075%益康XP、0.100%益康XP、0.200%芽孢杆菌,饲养均重(5.57±0.21)g的凡纳滨对虾45 d。结果表明,添加0.075%益康XP、0.100%益康XP、0.200%芽孢杆菌分别提高凡纳滨对虾增重率17.24%、12.29%、20.18%,降低饲料系数14.28%、9.77%、12.03%,提高蛋白质效率16.49%、10.05%、12.98%(P<0.05);添加酵母培养物和芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾肌肉组成成分没有影响(P>0.05);0.075%益康XP组、0.100%益康XP组、0.200%芽孢杆菌组肝胰脏蛋白酶活性较对照组分别提高25.24%、15.22%、54.92%(P<0.05);各试验组肠蛋白酶活性与对照组相比有所提高,但均未达到显著水平(P>0.05);0.100%益康XP、0.200%芽孢杆菌组凡纳滨对虾血清酚氧化酶活性、溶菌酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);攻毒实验表明,感染溶藻弧菌后,芽孢杆菌组对虾第1、3、4天的累积死亡率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),第4天时的免疫保护率达到27.1%,而添加益康XP对累积死亡率无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加酵母培养物益康XP和芽孢杆菌均能改善凡纳滨对虾生长性能和消化功能,芽孢杆菌能增强凡纳滨对虾对溶藻弧菌的抗感染功能。     

微生态净水剂对凡纳滨对虾生理生化指标的影响

为了证实微生态净水剂(含菌量10×109/g)可以提高虾体免疫力和对污染物(如农药)的抵抗力,在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannmei)养殖过程中,设置了施用微生态净水剂的实验组和未用微生态净水剂的对照组,采用肌肉注射的方式,对2组凡纳滨对虾进行乙酰甲胺磷毒性实验。注射乙酰甲胺磷后,采样测定血细胞吞噬化学发光情况,组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酯酶活性以及酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶表型变化。结果表明:施用微生态净水剂组明显好于对照组。施用微生态净水剂的虾注射乙酰甲胺磷后死亡率降低,血细胞的吞噬功能也有所增加,虾体组织内SOD、POD、LSZ、酯酶活性变化较未用组的虾变化幅度较小,其中,SOD、POD活性等高于未用组,EST、MDH同工酶酶带数目也有增加。说明微生态净水剂从本质上增强虾体内代谢、提高虾体的免疫力、增强其对外界环境变化适应能力,并具有提高虾体防御功能,增强抵抗疾病能力的作用。     

Effect of different diets on growth and digestive enzyme activity in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) early post-larvae

Growth rate, soluble-protein content and digestive-enzyme activities were studied in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) early post-larvae under six feeding regimens, which included combinations of freshly hatched Artemia nauplii, an artificial diet and algae. Growth (0.11 mg DW day⁻¹) and soluble-protein content (61.8 μg protein larvae⁻¹ at PL₁₀) of post-larvae fed mixed diets were significantly higher (P < 0.05). An artificial diet used alone or co-fed with algae caused the lowest growth (0.03–0.05 mg DW day⁻¹) and soluble-protein content (13.7–15.5 μg protein larvae⁻¹ at PL₁₀). Trypsin-like activity was higher (up to 10 times) in post-larvae fed Artemia nauplii and an artificial diet alone or plus algae. The artificial diet stimulated chymotrypsin activity, apparently in response to squid meal present in this diet. Amylase activity increased when post-larvae were fed the artificial diet. This was apparently related more to the origin of the starch than to the total carbohydrate level of the diet. No obvious relationship was found between enzyme activity and growth in any feed combination. Based on growth and soluble-protein content, we determined that partial substitution (50%) of Artemia nauplii by artificial diet and the use of algae co-fed beyond the first post-larval stage benefits growth and the nutritional state of L. vannamei post-larvae.     

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

研究了不同投喂频率(1,2,3,4和5次·d-1)对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活率和水质的影响。试验在室内2m3的圆形水泥池(d=1.6m)中进行,采用全封闭养殖模式,凡纳滨对虾(初始重量为0.24g)养殖密度为50尾·m-3,投喂人工配合饲料(粗蛋白含量为42.98%)。通过7周的试验,结果表明,投喂频率为1～4次·d-1时,随着投喂频率的增加,对虾增重率显著增加;投喂频率由4次·d-1增加到5次·d-1时,对虾增重率略有增加,但差异不显著。凡纳滨对虾的成活率在1次·d-1时最低,2次·d-1时最高,2～5次·d-1时随着投喂频率的增加而降低(投喂频率为1和2次·d-1之间、3和4次·d-1之间差异显著)。投喂频率为3次·d-1时饲料系数最低,蛋白质效率最高。随着投喂频率1～3次·d-1增加,饲料系数逐渐显著降低,蛋白质效率显著递增;而投喂频率从3～5次·d-1增加时,饲料系数增大,蛋白质效率逐渐下降(3和4次·d-1差异显著;4和5次·d-1之间差异不显著)。投喂频率对水环境中的pH值、H2S含量、COD、盐度等水质指标没有显著影响;在养殖后期水环境中投喂频率3～5次·d-1的NH 4和NO-2浓度较投喂频率1～2次·d-1时高。     

颤藻浓度和水温对凡纳滨对虾响应颤藻粗提液毒性的影响

文章研究了绿色颤藻(Oscillatoria chlorina)不同成分对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的毒性,分析了颤藻浓度与水温对对虾响应粗提液毒性的影响,并初步检测了颤藻粗提液所含的毒素。结果显示,湿藻质量浓度为5.04 mg·m L~(-1)的颤藻细胞及其粗提液可导致93.72%以上的对虾死亡,藻细胞培养液对对虾无致死效应。用湿藻质量浓度高于2.52 mg·m L~(-1)的粗提液注射对虾,对虾死亡率超过86.67%,随质量浓度低至0.504 mg·m L~(-1),对虾死亡率降至2.22%,差异显著(P0.05);水温显著影响了粗提液对对虾的致死效应(P0.05),湿藻质量浓度为2.52 mg·m L~(-1)的粗提液在22℃水温条件下可引起20.0%对虾死亡,当温度升至34℃,对虾死亡率增加至97.8%;以微囊藻毒素(Microcystin-RR/YR/LR,MC-RR/YR/LR)作标准品,使用高效液相色谱法检测颤藻粗提液毒素,结果在粗提液中均未检出RR、YR、LR等3种常见的微囊藻毒素。结果表明,绿色颤藻可致对虾急性死亡,其主要有害成分是颤藻粗提液所含的非MC-RR/YR/LR等藻毒素,对虾对颤藻粗提液毒性的响应与颤藻浓度和水温显著相关(P0.05)。     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾亲虾生长、性腺发育及脂肪酸积累的影响

为探讨人工配合饲料中添加磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)亲虾性腺发育的影响,分别在饲料中添加0、10%、20%的南极磷虾粉,配制3组人工配合饲料(饲料组1、饲料组2和饲料组3)对12月龄的凡纳滨对虾进行了为期60 d的营养强化培养,并以投喂双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)为对照组。营养强化结束之后,比较分析了不同饲料组凡纳滨对虾亲虾的体重增重率、肝胰腺指数(HPI)和性腺指数(GSI);另外,检测分析了各组饲料以及亲虾性腺和肝胰腺的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,对照组的雌雄亲虾体重增重率均高于3个饲料组;饲料组2的HPI最低,为(2.37±0.02)%,与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);饲料组3的GSI与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但两组的GSI均低于饲料组2,并且存在显著差异(P0.05)。同时,本研究还比较分析了饲料脂肪酸组成与亲虾性腺、肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的相关性以及对亲虾性腺发育的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加一定含量(10%~20%)的南极磷虾粉可在一定程度上成为凡纳滨对虾亲虾营养强化阶段的优良饲料。     

饲料中添加凹土对凡纳滨对虾存活和生长的影响

研究了饲料中添加凹土（０．０％、０．５％、１．０％、２．０％、４．０％和８．０％）对凡纳滨对虾（１．０４～１．０６ｇ）存活和生长的影响。实验在淮海工学院江苏省海洋生物技术重点建设实验室进行,凡纳滨对虾（Ｌｉｔｏｐｅｎａｅｕｓｖａｎｎａｍｅｉ）幼虾购自海南某育苗场;实验采用单因子６水平设计,每个水族箱放养１０尾对虾,每个水平设３个重复。实验前停食２４ｈ,称其初始体重。日投饵２次,过量投饵;投饵２．５ｈ后从每个水族箱收集残饵、粪便和虾壳。实验周期３０ｄ。所得数据用单因素方差分析和Ｔｕｒｋｅｙ′ｓ多重比较进行处理。结果表明,饲料中添加凹土显著地影响对虾的特定生长率,而对存活率、摄食量、饲料系数和吸收效率的影响不显著;在２．０％凹土水平,凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率显著高于０．０％凹土水平,但与其它处理差异不显著;总的看来,２．０％凹土添加组对虾的饲料系数低于其它处理,而摄食量高于其它处理。     

Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.     

2个凡纳滨对虾选育群体亲虾形态特征及其产卵量、孵化率的比较

本研究对A、B两个凡纳滨对虾选育群体的亲虾形态特征及其产卵量和孵化率进行比较,结果表明A、B群体的体型性状存在一定差异,尤其是体重、体长、头胸甲长、第二腹节高和尾节长存在显著差异(P0.05),其他形态性状差异不显著(P0.05)。两个群体亲虾产卵量分别为(0.65±0.20)×104、(0.64±0.18)×104粒/体重(g),差异不显著(P0.05),但无节幼体量和孵化率差异显著(P0.05)。A群体产卵量与体型不显著相关(P0.05),亲虾产卵量(Y,×104粒)与体重(W,g)的回归方程:Y=0.010 3W1.0878(R2=0.410 3);B群体凡纳滨对虾亲虾体重与产卵量显著相关(P0.05),亲虾产卵量(Y,×104粒)与体重(W,g)的回归方程:Y=0.054 5W0.677 8(R2=0.522 8)。