山羊乳腺上皮细胞的生长特性

用组织块培养法获得山羊乳腺细胞原代培养物。根据山羊乳腺成纤维细胞与上皮细胞对胰蛋白酶的敏感性不同将二者分离纯化，对细胞生长特性进行了光镜观察。结果如下：细胞可形成闭合型细胞群和开放型细胞群。乳腺上皮细胞与成纤维细胞混生时，细胞之间形成许多腔状结构。纯化的乳腺上皮细胞通过单细胞悬浮后传代，部分细胞形成岛屿状聚集，部分细胞以贴壁的自由单个细胞散在形式存在。上皮细胞增殖可形成圆顶型结构，呈乳头状，称之为乳球体；可产生乳腺上皮细胞并分泌乳汁。山羊乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型．大多数上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形。细胞之间紧密相靠。互相衔接。连接成片，呈蜂窝状；细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形．核仁2～4枚；部分细胞呈圆饼状，体积较大；出现部分长形细胞；接触抑制的上皮细胞形态不均一。纯化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞传代至第15代时其生长仍正常，经透射电镜观察发现细胞表面微绒毛极为发达，细胞质中线粒体和粗面内质网丰富，细胞质内有大量脂滴及小泡，表明第15代山羊乳腺上皮细胞增殖活力旺盛。染色体数目分析表明．该细胞系稳定，在离体培养条件下细胞不发生转化。山羊乳腺上皮细胞系的细胞染色体数目为60．染色体组型为2n=60。     

山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞转染pCI-neo-hTERT质粒后的永生化

为获得大量的、具有高度同一性和表型功能正常的山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(EEC),本试验将含人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)基因的真核表达质粒pCI-neo-hT ERT导入原代山羊EEC中,筛选稳定转染的细胞克隆,进行表型鉴定,利用免疫细胞化学方法检测hTERT导入后细胞端粒酶活性的表达情况,探讨转染后细胞的生长特性。结果显示,转染后获得的阳性克隆细胞及其传代细胞呈明显铺路石状,与原代细胞形态一致,具有接触抑制性;角蛋白检测阳性;细胞具有较高的端粒酶活性,目前已传至50代仍稳定增殖;100nmol/L的雌二醇(E2)可促进该细胞的增殖;50,100nmol/L的孕酮(P4)可明显抑制该细胞的增殖。这表明hTERT导入山羊EEC后,可使其重建端粒酶活性,从而获得大量的、具有高度同一性和表型正常的细胞。     

Nuclear transfer using a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BMEC)

The developmental potential of nuclei from a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BMEC) in nuclear transfer was investigated. For nuclear transfer donors, BMEC cells (passage 15) were cultured for 4–5 days after seeding at cell densities of 1.0 × 10⁵ cells/cm² (high‐density group) or 0.8 × 10⁴ cells/cm² (low‐density group). First, the effective electric stimulation for fusion of enucleated oocytes with BMEC cells was examined. Fusion rates reached maximum with two DC pulses of 30 V/150 µm for 20 µs in the high‐density group and with two DC pulses of 25 V/150 µm for 10 µs in the low‐density group. The fusion rate (37.5%) in the high‐density group was significantly (P < 0.005) lower than in the low‐density group (71.4%). Second, the in vitro developmental potential of nuclear transfer embryos derived from BMEC cells was examined. In the high‐density and low‐density groups, 18.8% and 24.1% of fused oocytes, respectively, developed to blastocyst stage. The results of this study indicate that nuclei from BMEC cells support the development of nuclear transfer embryos to the blastocyst stage and that the efficiency of oocyte–cell fusion is affected by the culture conditions of the donor BEMC cells before nuclear transfer.     

山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞转染pCI—neo—hTERT质粒后的永生化

为获得大量的、具有高度同一性和表型功能正常的山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞（EEC）,本试验将含人端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）基因的真核表达质粒pCI—neo—hTERT导入原代山羊EEC中,筛选稳定转染的细胞克隆,进行表型鉴定,利用免疫细胞化学方法检测hTERT导入后细胞端粒酶活性的表达情况,探讨转染后细胞的生长特性。结果显示,转染后获得的阳性克隆细胞及其传代细胞呈明显铺路石状。与原代细胞形态一致,具有接触抑制性;角蛋白检测阳性;细胞具有较高的端粒酶活性,目前已传至50代仍稳定增殖;100nmol／L的雌二醇（E2）可促进该细胞的增殖;50,100nmol／L的孕酮（P4）可明显抑制该细胞的增殖。这表明hTERT导入山羊EEC后,可使其重建端粒酶活性,从而获得大量的、具有高度同一性和表型正常的细胞。     

组织块再移法分离培养奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞

通过比较组织块贴壁培养法、组织块再移法、胰蛋白酶消化法、胶原酶Ⅱ消化法和胶原酶消化配合组织块贴壁法分离、培养、纯化山羊乳腺上皮细胞,绘制细胞生长曲线并计算细胞群体倍增时间,研究乳腺上皮细胞培养效果。结果显示,利用胶原酶消化配合组织块贴壁法不能获得正常生长的乳腺上皮细胞;利用组织块贴壁培养法、组织块再移法和胶原酶Ⅱ消化法获得大量的乳腺上皮细胞,所得到的上皮细胞生长曲线呈典型的＂S＂型,符合细胞生长的一般规律。组织块再移法不仅可快速获得大量纯化的乳腺上皮细胞,而且所得到的细胞经传代后,细胞群体倍增时间最短、增殖能力最强,表明,该法是获得山羊乳腺上皮细胞最适宜的方法。     

苜蓿黄酮对热应激下体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡的影响

本实验旨在研究苜蓿黄酮对热应激下体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的影响。将乳腺上皮细胞分成5组,每组培养基中分别含有0,25,50,75和100 μg/mL苜蓿黄酮,同时置于细胞培养箱37℃,5%CO₂培养72 h,再在 42℃恒温水浴锅中热应激1 h后返回细胞培养箱培养12 h,检测细胞活性、抗氧化指标和相关基因的表达。结果显示:1)添加25 μg/mL组的细胞活性显著高于0和50 μg/mL组(P<0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著。2)相对于0 μg/mL组,50~100 μg/mL组细胞的GSH-Px活性升高(P<0.01),LDH和MDA含量降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),而CAT活性无显著性差异。3)相对于0 μg/mL组,50和75 μg/mL组Caspase3和Socs3基因表达降低(P<0.01),25 μg/mL组P53、Stat1和Socs1基因表达升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),而Bcl-2和Fas基因表达无显著差异。综上所述,在热应激下,苜蓿黄酮能够提高体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的活性,改善抗氧化能力和抑制细胞凋亡,其中添加75 μg/mL效果较好。     

Immortalization and characterization of a new canine mammary tumour cell line FR37‐CMT

Here we describe the establishment of a new canine mammary tumour (CMT) cell line, FR37‐CMT that does not show dependence on female hormonal signaling to induce tumour xenografts in NOD‐SCID mice. FR37‐CMT cell line has a stellate or fusiform shape, displays the ability to reorganize the collagen matrix, expresses vimentin, CD44 and shows the loss of E‐cadherin which is considered a fundamental event in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The up‐regulation of ZEB1, the detection of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and the downregulation of DICER1 and miR‐200c are also in accordance with the mesenchymal characteristics of FR37‐CMT cell line. FR37‐CMT shows a higher resistance to cisplatin (IC₅₀>50 µM) and to doxorubicin (IC₅₀>5.3 µM) compared with other CMT cell lines. These results support the use of FR37‐CMT as a new CMT model that may assist the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT, CMT drug resistance, fostering the development of novel therapies targeting CMT.     

Effect of short‐chain fatty acids on triacylglycerol accumulation,lipid droplet formation and lipogenic gene expression in goat mammary epithelial cells

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major energy sources for ruminants and are known to regulate various physiological functions in other species. However, their roles in ruminant milk fat metabolism are still unclear. In this study, goat mammary gland epithelial cells (GMECs) were treated with 3 mmol/L acetate, propionate or butyrate for 24 h to assess their effects on lipogenesis. Data revealed that the content of triacylglycerol (TAG) and lipid droplet formation were significantly stimulated by propionate and butyrate. The expression of FABP3, SCD1, PPARG, SREBP1, DGAT1, AGPAT6 and ADRP were upregulated by propionate and butyrate treatment. In contrast, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FASN and LXRα was not affected by propionate, but reduced by butyrate. Acetate had no obvious effect on the content of TAG and lipid droplets but increased the mRNA expression of SCD1 and FABP3 in GMECs. Additionally, it was observed that propionate significantly increased the relative content of mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C16:1) at the expense of decreased saturated fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0). Butyrate and acetate had no significant effect on fatty acid composition. Overall, the results from this work help enhance our understanding of the regulatory role of SCFAs on goat mammary cell lipid metabolism.     

无乳链球菌体外感染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞

用分离到的无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae,GBS)及标准菌株侵袭原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞建立体外感染细胞模型,并进行细胞凋亡检测。同时,采用qRT-PCR方法检测细胞受到侵袭后白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)等细胞炎性因子mRNA的转录水平。结果显示,标准菌株组(WL组)与空白组相比凋亡率差异极显著(P<0.01),分离菌株组(FL组)与空白组相比凋亡率差异极显著(P<0.01),分离菌株组与其标准菌株组的凋亡率差异也极显著(P<0.01)。qRT-PCR结果分析显示,标准株组TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8 mRNA转录水平与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);而分离菌株组TNF-αmRNA转录水平与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),IL-6及IL-8 mRNA转录水平差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,与标准菌株相比,无乳链球菌分离株对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞侵袭和损伤能力较低,乳腺细胞的凋亡率也较低,当奶牛乳腺上皮细胞受到细菌侵袭的时候,细胞中IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α等炎性因子mRNA的转录水平都显著性提高,但在相同浓度下GBS标准株诱导细胞炎性因子的表达量显著高于GBS分离株。本试验结果为以后预防和控制GBS引起的隐性乳房炎提供试验依据。     

Improved development of somatic cell cloned bovine embryos by a mammary gland epithelia cells in vitro model

Previous studies have established a bovine mammary gland epithelia cells in vitro model by the adenovirus-mediated telomerase (hTERT-bMGEs). The present study was conducted to confirm whether hTERT-bMGEs were effective target cells to improve the efficiency of transgenic expression and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). To accomplish this, a mammary-specific vector encoding human lysozyme and green fluorescent protein was used to verify the transgenic efficiency of hTERT-bMGEs, and untreated bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (bMGEs) were used as a control group. The results showed that the hTERT-bMGEs group had much higher transgenic efficiency and protein expression than the bMGEs group. Furthermore, the nontransgenic and transgenic hTERT-bMGEs were used as donor cells to evaluate the efficiency of SCNT. There were no significant differences in rates of cleavage or blastocysts or hatched blastocysts of cloned embryos from nontransgenic hTERT-bMGEs at passage 18 and 28 groups (82.8% vs. 81.9%, 28.6% vs. 24.8%, 58.6% vs. 55.3%, respectively) and the transgenic group (80.8%, 26.5% and 53.4%); however, they were significantly higher than the bMGEs group (71.2%, 12.8% and 14.8%), (p < 0.05). We confirmed that hTERT-bMGEs could serve as effective target cells for improving development of somatic cell cloned cattle embryos.     

山羊乳腺上皮细胞的分离、培养与超微结构观察

从山羊乳腺取部分组织进行细胞培养，并通过控时消化分离纯化山羊乳腺上皮细胞，建立了山羊乳腺上皮细胞系。结果表明：用含150U／mL Ⅰ型胶原酶和100U／mL透明质酸酶的混合液，37℃消化组织块4h，可得到大量的分散单细胞用于原代培养，该法是获得山羊乳腺组织单细胞的适宜方法；以含10％胎牛血清和双抗的RP-M11640或DEME／F12培养液为基础液，在培养液中添加氢化考的松、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、表皮生长因子(EGF)及胰岛素一转铁蛋白一硒钠(ITS)对山羊乳腺上皮细胞的生长具有较明显的促进作用。上皮细胞显微和超微结构显示：山羊乳腺上皮细胞在体外培养过程中可形成岛屿状单层聚集和类似圆顶状的结构；传代培养到第7代的细胞仍增殖旺盛，细胞内有丰富的脂滴和高尔基小泡，细胞分泌活动旺盛。     

Establishment and characterization of a canine sebaceous epithelial cell line derived from an eyelid mass

Little is known about the pathological roles of sebaceous glands in canine skin diseases, as most examinations have been conducted with cultured human sebaceous epithelial cell lines. To our knowledge, there is no available canine sebaceous epithelial cell line. The purpose of this study was to establish a canine sebaceous epithelial cell line and characterize it. An eyelid mass in a dog was surgically resected for treatment, and it was histologically diagnosed as sebaceous epithelioma. Collected tissue was conducted for culture, and the growing epithelial-like cells were passaged. The cells showed continuous proliferation for over 6 months. After 40 passages, the cells were named CMG-1. Lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of CMG-1 cells were confirmed by Oil Red O staining. As reported in studies with human sebaceous epithelial cell lines, lipogenesis in CMG-1 cells was promoted by linoleic acid, whereas transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) suppressed it. Additionally, real-time PCR revealed that the expression levels of chemokines and cytokines, including CC chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-20, CXCL-10, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and IL-8, were significantly increased in CMG-1 cells following treatment with lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, we successfully established a new canine sebaceous epithelial cell line. Our data indicated that lipogenesis and inflammatory responses were quantitatively evaluable in this cell line. CMG-1 cells could be useful for the pathological analysis of sebaceous gland diseases in dogs.     

果香味剂对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养液中乳成分含量及风味影响的研究

试验旨在研究果香味剂对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞培养液中乳成分含量及培养液风味的影响。试验选用自制的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,试验设5个处理组,果香味剂的添加剂量分别为0、5、10、15和20μg/ml。结果表明:①当培养基中果香味剂添加量为15μg/ml时,乳腺上皮细胞培养液中总蛋白水平、甘油三酯及乳糖含量均达到最高,其中对脂肪含量影响显著(P<0.05),而对蛋白和乳糖含量影响不显著(P>0.05),之后呈下降趋势,说明果香味剂可能会诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖分泌水平的升高;②运用PT/GC-MS分析乳腺培养液中的风味成分,与对照组相比,各试验组中除具有原有乳腺培养液的风味外,还有乙酸异丁酯、乙酸异戊酯、丙酸异戊酯、丙酸戊酯、丁酸异丁酯、丁酸戊酯、丁酸乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯等物质成分,而这些物质成分正好是果香味剂中进入到乳腺培养液中的风味物质,且当添加剂量为15μg/ml时,各物质成分含量为最高(P<0.05),之后呈下降趋势。果香味剂能显著影响奶牛乳腺上皮培养液中乳成分含量和风味。     

荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养

目的：建立荷斯坦奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的分离培养方法。方法：采用组织块种植法培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,利用胰蛋白酶差时消化法分离、纯化上皮细胞。结果：成功培养出奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,显微镜下观察,纯化的乳腺上皮细胞呈典型上皮细胞形态,细胞之间排列紧密,呈鹅卵石铺路样,形态均一,多角形的单层聚集。通过荧光免疫细胞染色方法对细胞骨架蛋白-角蛋白18进行鉴定,呈现阳性反应。乳腺上皮细胞增殖旺盛,经25次以上传代后长势仍然良好。结论：采用组织块种植法结合胰酶差时消化法成功获得纯化的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞。     

Establishment of an in vitro culture model to study milk production and the blood–milk barrier with bovine mammary epithelial cells

This study attempted to establish a culture model to recreate the milk production pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). BMECs were isolated from Holstein cows (nonlactating, nonpregnant, and parous) and were stored by cryopreservation. To separate the apical and basolateral compartments, BMECs were cultured on a cell culture insert with a collagen gel in the presence of bovine pituitary extract and dexamethasone to induce milk production and tight junction (TJ) formation. The culture model showed the secretion of the major milk components, such as β‐casein, lactose, and triglyceride, and formed less‐permeable TJs in BMECs. Moreover, the TJs were distinctly separated from the apical and basolateral membranes. Glucose transporter‐1, which transports glucose into the cytoplasm through the basolateral membrane, localized in the lateral membrane of BMECs. Toll‐like receptor‐4, which binds to lipopolysaccharide in the alveolar lumen in mastitis, localized in the apical membrane. Beta‐casein was mainly localized near the Golgi apparatus and the apical membrane. Moreover, milk components were almost secreted into the upper chamber of the cell culture insert. These findings indicate that this model has clear cell polarity as well as in vivo and is effective to study of milk production and the blood–milk barrier in lactating BMECs.     

机械破碎法分离奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养研究

采用机械破碎法分离奶牛乳腺上皮细胞 ,并对分离细胞 (试验组 )和未分离的乳腺组织块 (对照组 )进行体外培养 ,研究乳腺上皮细胞体外培养的效果。培养液由DMEM /F1 2 加 2 0 %小牛血清组成 ,培养条件为 5 %CO2 、 37℃。机械破碎法分离的细胞在培养 2d开始生长增殖 ,7d基本长满培养板底部 ;而培养的乳腺组织块细胞到 5d后才呈现旺盛生长 ,长满培养板底部需 1 4～ 1 5d。结果表明 ,机械破碎法是分离乳腺上皮细胞的一种有效方法