七种海水鱼背部肌肉营养成分及矿物元素分布与健康评价

测定了7种海水鱼的基本营养成分、氨基酸组成及矿物元素含量,并对氨基酸进行营养评价,同时结合营养素安全摄入上限法(UL)对鱼肌肉中矿物元素进行了营养健康风险分析。结果显示,7种海水鱼粗灰分含量差异不大,粗脂肪和水分含量均差异显著,黄花鱼粗脂肪含量最高,含水量最低,分别为9.44%±0.29%和71.64%±0.44%,青点鹦嘴鱼含水量最高,粗脂肪含量最低,粗蛋白含量为18.56%±0.29%～20.97%±0.32%,差异显著;7种海水鱼肌肉中氨基酸种类齐全,含量丰富,且∑E A A/∑T A A和∑EAA/∑NEAA的比值符合FAO/WHO理想模式,限制氨基酸为Val、Trp、Met+Cys,必需氨基酸指数为77.57～89.04;7种海水鱼肌肉中矿物元素含量丰富,且不同鱼种同一元素含量差异显著,K平均含量最大,Na含量差异最为显著;矿物元素的风险评估显示,珠海采样的鱼类Cu在2～5、6～17、18～44、45～59这4个年龄阶段最大风险指数都大于100%,属于风险不可接受范围,平均风险指数均在可接受范围内。本研究以期为海水鱼深加工以及居民日常膳食提供参考。     

Nutritional and Antioxidative Attributes of Green Mussel (Perna viridis L.) from the Southwestern Coast of India

ABSTRACT

The present study reports the biochemical composition of Perna viridis from the southwestern coast of India. A balanced essential to nonessential amino acid ratio (0.7:1.1) along with the optimum and balanced quantities of vitamins, mineral nutrients, and low cholesterol contents characterized P. viridis. The n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio of P. viridis was found to be 3.7:5.3 and therefore may serve as an alternative to balance the higher intake of n-6 fatty acids. High oxyradical scavenging capacity (24–32%) and total phenolics (2–5 mg GAE^?1) suggest the nutraceutical potential of P. viridis.     

Nutritional evaluation of fatty acids for the open thelycum shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: I. Effect of dietary linoleic and linolenic acids at different concentrations and ratios on juvenile shrimp growth, survival and fatty acid composition

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of dietary linoleic (18:2n‐6, LOA) and linolenic (18:3n‐3, LNA) acids for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei by determining their effects on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Diets were formulated to contain 5% total lipid. A basal diet contained only palmitic and stearic acids, each at 2.5% of diet. Six diets contained one of three levels (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) of either LOA or LNA, and three diets had different ratios of LNA/LOA (1, 3, 9) at a combined inclusion level of 0.5% of diet. An additional diet contained 0.5% of a mixture of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). The fatty acid profile of hepatopancreas and muscle of shrimp reflected the profile of the diets. HUFA of the n‐3 family showed higher nutritional value than LOA or LNA for juvenile L. vannamei by producing significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weight and weight gain. Neither LOA nor LNA, alone or in combination, improved growth significantly compared with shrimp fed the basal diet.Thus, dietary requirements for LOA and LNA were not demonstrated under these experimental conditions.     

Nutritional evaluation of fatty acids for the open thelycum shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: II. Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids on juvenile shrimp growth, survival, and fatty acid composition

This study evaluated the nutritional value of dietary n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic (LOA) and linolenic (LNA) acids, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei, based on their effects on growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Diets contained 5% total lipid. A basal diet contained palmitic and stearic acids each at 2.5% of diet. Five diets contained 0.5% dry weight of LOA, LNA, AA, EPA, or DHA. An additional diet evaluated HUFA in combination by supplementing at 0.5% of diet, a mixture of n‐3 HUFA. All HUFA showed higher nutritional value than PUFA for shrimp and produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weight, weight gain, and total lipid in shrimp muscle. Fatty acid profiles of shrimp tissues reflected the composition of the dietary lipids. In general, saturated fatty acids were more abundant in the neutral factions, while PUFA and HUFA were more abundant in the polar fractions of tissues. Under these experimental conditions, HUFA had much greater nutritional value than PUFA for juvenile L. vannamei; moreover, dietary requirements for PUFA were not demonstrated.     

Color Removal from the Dark Muscle of Alaskan Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Fillets and Minces Using Peroxide

The effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide (0.85-2.0% by weight) and sodium tripolyphosphate (0-2.0% by weight) at different pH (pH 4.5-10.5) applied as a surface treatment or by injection into the fillet for bleaching the dark muscle of Alaskan pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) was evaluated. At a pH of 8.5-10.5 combinations 0.85-2% sodium tripolyphosphate and 0.85-2% hydrogen peroxide were effective in reducing the color of the dark muscle in intact fillets and minces. At higher levels of peroxide, lightening was generally accompanied by higher yellow (+b) values for fillets and minced dark muscle tissue.     

Inclusion of camelina meal as a protein source in diets for farmed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Camelina meal Camelina sativa (CM) is a potential protein source in aquaculture feeds, because of its crude protein level (39%) and essential amino acids. Two feeding experiments were conducted with Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Cod in Experiment I (19.4 g fish^?1) were fed diets with 0%, 12% or 24% CM for 9.5 weeks at 10°C; and cod in Experiment II (14.4 g fish^?1) were fed diets with 0%, 15%, 30% or 40% CM for 13 weeks at 10°C. Growth, lipid and amino acid tissue composition were compared amongst cod fed varying levels of CM. In Experiment I, cod could tolerate the highest level of CM inclusion (24%) without affecting growth compared to cod fed the control diet. In Experiment II, growth performance was significantly affected at 30% CM inclusion compared to the control treatment, and cod fed 15% CM displayed some signs of depressed growth (reduced feed intake and weight gain). Both treatment and duration were interacting factors (P = 0.015) that determined growth performance when comparing both experiments. Muscle tissue composition was relatively unaltered with less than 30% CM inclusion; however, multivariate statistics revealed significant differences in muscle tissue fatty acid composition between cod fed 40% CM and the control diet. The tissue amino acid profile was generally unaltered because the dietary amino acid profile was consistent after CM inclusion. A few antinutritive compounds in CM may have affected palatability in diets with greater than 30% CM inclusion, which may have resulted in reduced growth performance.     

Development of a broodstock diet to improve developmental competence of embryos in European eel,Anguilla anguilla

We examined the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the production of embryos and hatched larvae in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Two diets with high and intermediate levels of ARA and low and intermediate levels of EPA (Feed 1: ARA 1.9%, EPA 4.2%; Feed 2: ARA 1.2%, EPA 5.1% of total fatty acids) were tested against a commercial diet (DE: ARA: 0.5%, EPA: 8.2% of total fatty acids). After 24 weeks of feeding, ARA levels in the muscles and ovaries increased to 0.9% and 1.3% of total fatty acids, respectively, in Feed 1 and were significantly higher than in Feed 2 and DE. Female broodstock was not fed during hormonal treatment to induce vitellogenesis and ovulation. EPA levels in females fed the test diets decreased in the both muscle and ovary and were significantly lower in eggs from females fed Feed 1. The highest percentage of stripped females, producing viable eggs and larvae, were those females fed the highest dietary ARA levels (Feed 1). The level of lipid peroxidation products in eggs was similar among treatment, indicating that the lowest dietary levels of vitamin C and vitamin E were sufficient. In the unfertilized eggs, ARA levels were also highest (1.1% of total fatty acids) in the diet with highest ARA levels (Feed 1).     

野生江鳕肌肉氨基酸含量及其营养评价

采用酸水解法测定野生江鳕（Lota lota）的肌肉氨基酸含量,分析其氨基酸的种类与比例,并对其营养成分进行评价。结果表明：江鳕肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,总含量为（72.43±1.16）%（干样）,其中7种为人体必需氨基酸（EAA）,总量为（29.82±0.57）%,占氨基酸总量的41.17%,其中必需氨基酸的组成比例与联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织（FAO/WHO）的标准相符。江鳕的第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸＋胱氨酸,4种鲜味氨基酸（DAA）总量为（28.34±0.35）%（干样）。必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为62.58。研究表明：江鳕含有丰富的氨基酸具有很高的营养价值和保健作用。     

Differences in the biochemical compositions of two dietary jellyfish species and their effects on the growth and survival of Ibacus novemdentatus phyllosomas

Phyllosomas (planktonic larvae) of slipper lobsters cling onto and feed on jellyfish under both natural and laboratory conditions. Phyllosomas of Ibacus novemdentatus are capable of feeding on various jellyfish species including venomous stingers; however, the range of jellyfish species capable of supporting the growth and survival of phyllosomas is unknown. Seventeen (12 for the first and five for the second trials) and 18 (13 for the first and five for the second trials) phyllosomas were fed exclusively on the jellyfish Aurelia aurita and Chrysaora pacifica, respectively. Aurelia aurita‐fed phyllosomas metamorphosed into the nisto stage (postbenthic larvae) ～54 days after hatching, whereas C. pacifica‐fed phyllosomas did not. Major nutritional compositions such as amino acids, fatty acids and minerals were compared between the two jellyfish species. The proportion of each major nutritional component was not significantly different between the two jellyfish species, suggesting that C. pacifica was not nutritionally inferior to A. aurita. Therefore, the observation that the C. pacifica‐fed phyllosomas did not metamorphose into the nisto stage was not because of major nutritional compositions but due to other factors such as the lack or excess of other minor nutrients, or the species‐specific texture of the jellyfish.     

Measures of egg quality in induced spawns of the Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer Bloch

The egg morphometry and lipid and protein components were determined in induced spawns (n=14) of the sea bass, Lates calcarifer, to identify measures of egg quality. Based on fertilization and hatching rates, the spawns were classified either in Group I, (zero fertilization) or Group II (where fertilization and hatching occurred). The egg morphometry did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05). The total lipid was higher in Group II than in Group I, although the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The EPA and linoleic acid were significantly higher in Group II (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations between the total saturated fatty acids and fertilization rate (p < 0.05; r=0.58), the total saturated fatty acids and percentage of normal zygotes (p < 0.02; r=0.62), and DHA and the percentage of normal zygotes (p < 0.04; r=0.56). The total protein and FAAs were higher in Group I than in Group II, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Proline, glycine, p-ethanolamine, and aspartic acid were significantly higher in Group II (p < 0.05), while tyrosine and glutamic acid were significantly higher in Group I (p < 0.05). Phosphoserine and fertilization rate were positively correlated (p < 0.03; r=0.60), as well as aspartic acid and hatching rate (p < 0.05; r=0.54). Arginine was negatively correlated with fertilization rate (p < 0.03; r=–0.61) and the percentage of normal zygotes (p < 0.03; r=–0.63). Serine was inversely correlated with yolk volume of the newly-hatched larvae (p < 0.03; r=–0.77). The moisture content of the eggs, which was significantly higher in Group II than in Group I (p < 0.03), was directly correlated with the FAAs:protein ratio (p < 0.03; r=0.76). The present results reveal egg components that may be used as quality measures in induced spawns of sea bass, a euryhaline teleost that spawn pelagic eggs containing an oil globule.     

野生和养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉营养成分分析及比较

采用生理生化方法,对野生和养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行了测定.结果表明,与野生棘头梅童鱼相比,养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量较低,水分含量较高,且差异显著(P<0.05),蛋白质和灰分含量则无显著性差异(P>0.05);在氨基酸方面,野生和养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉中均检出18种氨基酸,其中养殖组的酪...     

达里湖高原鳅肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

采用常规生化分析方法分析和评价内蒙古达里诺尔湖达里湖高原鳅Triplophysa dalaica肌肉的营养成分。结果表明:达里湖高原鳅全鱼和肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量分别为:(74.28±1.04)%和(78.30±0.23)%、(14.57±0.02)%和(17.77±0.05)%、(7.15±1.56)%和(1.77±0.03)%、(3.45±0.14)%和(1.14±0.05)%。达里湖高原鳅肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸,总量(TAA)为(13.80±0.92)%,其中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)总量为(5.72±0.37)%,占氨基酸总量的(41.43±0.69)%,必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)/非必需氨基酸总量(TNEAA)为(70.76±1.99)%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。依据氨基酸评分标准(ASS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸、色氨酸;依据化学评分标准(CS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为55.52。肌肉中鲜味氨基酸(DAA)总量为(5.29±0.24)%,占氨基酸总量的(38.40±1.07)%,支链氨基酸(BCAA)与芳香族氨基酸(AAA)的比值(F)为(2.48±0.16)。肌肉中共检测出22种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总含量为(23.50±0.12)%,其中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)+二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量为(9.37±0.10)%,必需脂肪酸(EFA)含量为(10.07±0.29)%。分析结果表明,达里湖高原鳅具有合理的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,是一种味道鲜美、营养价值丰富的淡水鱼类,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

乌龟肌肉营养价值的评定

分析结果表明,乌龟的水分、总糖、灰分含量分别为80 24%,0 66%和0 95%。乌龟肌肉的蛋白质含量达16 64%,必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的49 16%和43 39%,氨基酸组成中以Glu含量最为丰富,Ie是第一限制性氨基酸,氨基酸分为82 63;乌龟肌肉脂肪含量为1 51%,脂肪酸组成以C18∶1为主,达39.32%,其次为C16∶0及C22∶6,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的76 83%。     

Effect of partial or total replacement of forage fish by a dry diet on the quality of reproduction in pikeperch, Sander lucioperca

The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the influence of different feeding regimes on the quality of reproduction in pikeperch. Three diets were tested: forage fish (FF), a commercial dry feed (DD) and a mix of both (FD).  The diets were given to fish throughout a complete reproductive cycle. During the spawning season, couples were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and let to spawn on nests. Proportion of running males, spawning and hatching success and larval quality (weight, length, body protein, total lipid, fatty acid and lipid class compositions and resistances to osmotic shock and starvation stress tests at hatching) were evaluated. The proportion of running male was lower in the DD group than in the FF and FD groups (54% for DD against 76–89% for FF and FD). In addition, 25%, 62.5% and 75% of injected couples gave spawning that hatched in DD, FF and FD groups respectively. Larval quality parameters were not significantly different between treatments. The results indicate that overall quality of reproduction was higher in FF and FD treatments than in DD. It suggests that the dry feed used was not totally adequate for pikeperch reproduction. Relations between breeder reproductive performances and the feed compositions are discussed.     

养殖曼氏无针乌贼白色卵膜营养成分分析及评价

测定分析并评价了养殖曼氏无针乌贼（ Sepiella maindroni）白色卵膜（WEM）的营养成分。结果表明,WEM （鲜样）中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的质量分数分别为92.34％、1.76％、5.28％和0.34％。WEM（干样）中氨基酸（AA）总量为55.53％,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）总量为19.85％;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（NEAA）的比值为65.6％,构成比例符合 FAO/ WHO 规定的优质蛋白质标准;鲜味氨基酸（ DTAA）总量为29.53％。WEM的第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸（Phe ＋ Tyr）,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为38.03。脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）占19.21％。矿物质含量丰富,尤其以磷（P）质量分数最高（1423.2 mg·kg -1）。结果表明,WEM 营养组分较为全面,与野生黑色卵膜（BEM）的营养成分进行对比分析发现,在氨基酸组成、必需氨基酸和无机元素质量分数等方面存在差异,这种差异是否是导致白化受精卵孵化率降低的关键因素有待进一步研究。     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

野生巨(鱼丕)肌肉营养成分测定和分析

对野生巨(鱼丕)(Bagarius yarrelli Sykes)肌肉的营养成分进行测定和分析。结果显示:巨(鱼丕)是一种较少见的具有黄色肌肉的鱼类。巨(鱼丕)含肉率为48.78%、肌肉中水分含量77.28%、粗蛋白含量18.01%、粗脂肪含量2.52%、灰分含量2.19%;肌肉中水解氨基酸总量为14.15%,含量最高为缬氨酸(1.35%),最低为甘氨酸(0.45%);必需氨基酸含量为6.21%,占氨基酸总量的43.89%,氨基酸价为160.81,第一和第二限制氨基酸是亮氨酸和赖氨酸(1973年FAO/WHO标准)。结果表明巨(鱼丕)是一种营养价值较高有待开发的野生鱼类。     

施氏鲟鱼皮营养成分的分析及综合评价

对人工养殖的施氏鲟鱼皮进行营养分析,结果表明:施氏鲟鲜鱼皮的粗蛋白含量为38.70%;纯蛋白含量为17.90%;鲜鲟鱼皮中18种氨基酸总含量为33.67%;其中必需氨基酸占总量的20.04%,第一限制氨基酸为色氨酸,氨基酸评分为72.00;水分含量为57.50%;灰分含量为2.54%;粗脂肪含量为5.78%;总糖含量为0.80%;矿物质含量丰富,特别是微量元素锌含量达21.30 mg/kg。     

盐碱水和海水养殖条件下的拟穴青蟹生长和营养成分比较分析

为探究不同水体条件下拟穴青蟹的生长和营养成分差异,本研究测定了黄河三角洲海水（DY）、盐碱水（ZD）及三门海水（SM）的水质离子组成,采用阿廖金分类法进行养殖水体分类;测量形态指标并计算肥满度,利用独立样本t-检验（t-Test）方法比较3种水体中养殖90和140日龄青蟹的生长;测定肝胰腺和肌肉氨基酸及脂肪酸含量,应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法分析各组青蟹氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成。结果显示,ZD组养殖水体碱度显著高于SM组（P<0.05）,与DY组无显著差异（P>0.05）;3个组90日龄青蟹肥满度在0.54~0.89之间,ZD、DY组青蟹肥满度显著高于SM组（P<0.05）,140日龄青蟹肥满度的组间差异不显著（P>0.05）;共测出20种氨基酸和26种脂肪酸,3个组青蟹的肝胰腺和肌肉总氨基酸含量（TAA）分别为3.94~6.87 g/100g和9.73~12.42 g/100g,SM组均为最高;3组青蟹的肝胰腺和肌肉总不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸含量（TUFA/TFA）比值分别为59.68~68.80%和70.08~73.79%,其中,ZD组青蟹肝胰腺中C20:5n-3（EPA）含量为各组最高;主成分分析和聚类分析分别显示,ZD组的青蟹的氨基酸与脂肪酸含量与其他组区分较为明显,但差异不显著（P>0.05）,各组青蟹的肌肉、肝胰腺氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的聚类结果均相似。研究发现,与正常海水相比,盐碱水养殖青蟹的生长速度、肥满度及氨基酸和脂肪酸含量差异不大,部分指标占优,为保证养殖青蟹的生长速度和产量,可在盐碱水中适量补充Mg2+和K+。研究结果为盐碱水青蟹养殖和新品种培育提供参考。