Phyllosphere yeasts antagonize penetration from appressoria and subsequent infection of maize leaves by Colletotrichum graminicola

In growth cabinet experiments, the common phyllosphere yeastsSporobolomyces roseus andCryptococcus laurentii var.flavescens were sprayed as a mixture (11) onto the fourth leaves of maize plants (Zea mays) two-three days prior to inoculation withColletotrichum graminicola. In four experiments the average yeast population of the treated leaves at the time of pathogen inoculation varied between 5× 10⁴ and 8× 10⁵ cells cm^–2 leaf, whereas on the untreated leaves the yeast population varied from <10³ to 10⁴ cells cm^–2 leaf. The yeasts reduced lesion density and necrosis fromC. graminicola infection by approximately 50%. Contrary to findings with other necrotrophic pathogens, conidial germination, superficial mycelial growth and appressorium formation were not affected. Instead, the reduction of infection could only be explained by a reduced number of penetrations from the normally formed appressoria, a site of interaction not previously recorded.Samenvatting In klimaatkastexperimenten werden maisbladeren (4e blad) twee-drie dagen voor inoculatie metColletotrichum graminicola bespoten met een mengsel (11) van de algemeen voorkomende fyllosfeergistenSporobolomyces roseus enCryptococcus laurentii var.flavescens. In vier experimenten varieerde de gemiddelde gistpopulatie op de behandelde bladeren, op het moment van inoculatie met het pathogen, van 5× 10⁴ tot 8× 10⁵ cellen cm^–2 blad, op de onbehandelde bladeren van <10³ tot 10⁴ cellen cm^–2 blad. De gisten reduceerden de lesiedichtheid en het necrotisch bladoppervlak tengevolge van deC. graminicola infectie voor ongeveer 50%. De stadia in de ontwikkeling van andere necrotrofe pathogenen, die gewoonlijk gevoelig zijn voor antagonisme door gisten, zoals sporekieming, oppervlakkige myceliumgroei en vorming van appressoria, werden bijC. graminicola niet beïnvloed. De waargenomen reductie van infectie kon alleen verklaard worden door een remming van de penetratie vanuit normaal gevormde appressoria. Interactie in dit stadium van het infectieproces is nog niet eerder waargenomen.     

Germination and appressorium formation of wheat leaf rust on susceptible,partially resistant and resistant wheat seedlings and on seedlings of other Gramineae

Germination and appressorium formation of wheat leaf rust urediospores were studied in two experiments. No consistent differences could be detected between 11 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum), two of barley, one ofTriticum dicoccum, one ofT. dicoccoides, one ofT. boeoticum and one ofAegilops squarrosa. Host genotypes and non-hosts gave similar results, suggesting that the phases before penetration of the host leaf are not affected by the resistance mechanisms operating in hosts and non-host genotypes.Samenvatting Kieming en de vorming van appressoria is bestudeerd in twee experimenten. Er zijn geen systematische verschillen waargenomen tussen 11 genotypen van tarwe, twee van gerst, een vanTriticum dicoccum, een vanT. dicoccoides, een vanT. boeoticum en een vanAegilops squarrosa. Waard en niet-waard genotypen gaven overeenkomstige resultaten, dit suggereert dat de fasen voor penetratie van het gastheerblad niet beïnvloed worden door de resistentiemechanismen werkzaam in waard en niet-waard.     

Application of pathogen surveys,disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an IPM approach for the control of wheat yellow rust

The present paper presents the rationale for the use of pathogen surveys, inoculated and non-inoculated disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an integrated approach to control wheat yellow rust in Denmark. The non-inoculated disease observation plots, which gave valuable information about yellow rust at the year, site and variety level, served as the primary sample source for the pathogen survey revealing pathogen virulence dynamics. This survey was also the main source for isolates of new pathotypes, a prerequisite for the assessment of the resistance characteristics of varieties and breeding lines in inoculated nurseries, and the postulation of race-specific resistance genes. A simple grouping of varieties into four categories with respect to resistance to the current yellow rust population proved robust, and this grouping was used as a determinant in a web-based decision support system for pesticide applications in cereals, Crop Protection On-line (CPO). The interplay between the different research and survey activities in the integrated pest management (IPM) approach demonstrated the need for a coherent and long-term involvement at all stages from plant breeding to the official variety approval system, extension service and research in disease epidemiology and resistance genetics.     

Variation in sensitivity to fungicides which inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis in wheat powdery mildew

Fungicides which inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis have been in use for control of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici) in the Netherlands since 1978. Mildew populations were tested for their variation in sensitivity to triadimefon from 1982 to 1984.In 1982 isolates from the province Limburg, with a triazole spray-regime history, were less sensitive to triadimefon than isolates from the provinces Gelderland and Noord-Brabant, where triazoles had not been used. In the following years isolates with reduced sensitivity were also detected in the latter provinces and other parts of the country. This spread correlates with the increased use of triazoles, both in frequency and space, from 1983 onwards. The reduced sensitivity can as a whole or in part be responsible for the decline in field performance of triazoles, observed during these years.Cross-sensitivity to the triazoles triadimefon and propiconazole was established, but not to triazoles and the morpholine fungicide fenpropimorph. Effectiveness of the latter compound was similar to all isolates from Limburg tested in 1984. Field performance of fenpropimorph, introduced in 1983, appeared to be normal. It is recommended to counteract further development of resistance by sequential use of fenpropimorph early in the season (May) and triazoles at the end (June–July).Samenvatting Fungiciden die de ergosterolbiosynthese remmen worden in Nederland sinds 1978 gebruikt bij de bestrijding van tarwemeeldauw (Erysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici) Meeldauwpopulaties werden getoetst op hun variatie in gevoeligheid voor triadimefon van 1982 tot 1984.In 1982 bleken isolaten afkomstig uit de provincie Limburg, waar voordien triazolen werden toegepast, minder gevoelig te zijn voor triadimefon dan isolaten uit de provincies Gelderland en Noord-Brabant, waar nog geen triazolen werden gebruikt. In de daaropvolgende jaren werden isolaten met een verminderde gevoeligheid ook in laatstgenoemde provincies en in andere delen van het land gevonden. Deze uitbreiding is gecorreleerd met een toename in het gebruik van triazolen vanaf 1983 in areaal en frequentie. De afname in gevoeligheid kan geheel of gedeeltelijk verantwoordelijk zijn voor de verminderde meeldauwwerking van triazolen die gedurende deze jaren werd waargenomen.Kruisgevoeligheid werd vastgesteld voor de triazolen triadimefon en propiconazool, maar niet voor triazolen en het morfoline-derivaat fenpropimorf. De werking van dit middel was tegen alle isolaten uit Limburg die in 1984 werden getoetst, gelijk. De meeldauwwerking van fenpropimorf, dat in 1983 werd geïntroduceerd, was normaal. Aanbevolen wordt om verdere resistentie-ontwikkeling tegen te gaan door afwisselend gebruik van fenpropimorf vroeg in het groeiseizoen (mei) en een triazool aan het eind (juni-juli).     

模拟酸雨对小麦条锈病流行学组分的影响

为明确酸雨对小麦条锈病菌孢子萌发及病害流行学组分的影响,采用不同酸度的模拟酸雨(p H值分别为2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6)处理小麦条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子,并将不同酸度模拟酸雨处理后的夏孢子接种小麦感病品种铭贤169,采用组分分析法研究酸雨对病害发展过程的影响。结果表明,随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强,生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子萌发率均显著降低,萌发24 h后对照组生理小种CYR32和CYR33的夏孢子萌发率分别为93.7%和79.8%,在p H 3.5模拟酸雨处理后萌发率仅为13.1%和8.6%。温室内接种试验结果显示,不同酸度模拟酸雨对生理小种CYR32和CYR33的侵染概率、潜育期和病情指数均有显著影响,对生理小种CYR32和CYR33病斑扩展率影响不显著;与对照相比,p H 3.5模拟酸雨处理后生理小种CYR32和CYR33的侵染概率分别下降79.9%和79.8%。结果表明强酸雨(p H 3.5)显著延长小麦条锈菌潜育期,减少病斑产孢量,降低病情指数和病害进展曲线下面积。     

草莓枯萎病菌对多菌灵的抗性及其抗性菌株生物学特性

为评价草莓枯萎病菌对多菌灵的抗性风险,从山东有代表性的草莓种植区,采集、分离了4个草莓枯萎病菌菌株,分别在含多菌灵的PDA平板培养基上进行继代培养,诱导获得抗性菌株。采用菌落生长速率法测定抗性菌株ZY-D的抗性稳定性及其对其它杀菌剂的交互抗性,比较了抗性菌株ZY-D与敏感菌株ZY的生物学特性差异。结果显示:选育至45代,抗性菌株ZY-D对多菌灵的抗性达53.91倍,抗性能够在无药条件下稳定遗传,4个抗性菌株与敏感菌株ZY具有同样的致病力;抗多菌灵菌株ZY-D对甲基硫菌灵等7种药剂表现出了不同程度的交互抗性;抗性菌株ZY-D与敏感菌株ZY的适宜生长温度均为25℃,适宜pH均为9;在不同的碳、氮源条件下,ZY-D与ZY的菌落直径和产孢量存在差异。     

小麦条锈病菌致病类型G22-83及流行小种CYR32和CYR33在四川省小麦品种(系)上寄生适合度的测定及分析

为了解致病类型G22-83及流行小种CYR32和CYR33对四川省近年小麦生产品种和后备品种的寄生适合度,在田间分别将致病类型G22-83、流行小种CYR32和CYR33接种于四川省109个小麦品种(系),采用综合病情指数法测定3个供试菌株的相对寄生适合度。结果显示,致病类型G22-83、流行小种CYR32和CYR33的平均寄生适合度分别为0.1930、0.0560和0.0379,且前者显著高于后两者;流行小种CYR32和CYR33的平均相对寄生适合度有差异,但是差异不显著。致病类型G22-83、流行小种CYR32和CYR33在四川省109个小麦品种(系)上相对寄生适合度的中位数分别为0.0626、0.0000和0.0000,前者在四川省109个小麦品种(系)上相对寄生适合度的平均水平和波动程度均高于后两者。致病类型G22-83在四川省小麦生产品种和后备品种上的寄生适合度较高,在今后一段时间内可能成为该地区小麦条锈菌的优势菌系。     

云南小麦条锈菌群体对18个抗条锈近等基因系的毒性分析

为监测云南省小麦条锈菌群体毒性及小麦抗条锈基因的有效性动态,2016年采用18个抗条锈近等基因系鉴别寄主对云南省9个州市的136个小麦条锈菌株进行毒性分析,并按八进制法对小种进行命名。结果表明,云南省小麦条锈菌群体毒性丰富,共鉴定出64个小种类型,其中居于前2位的小种是550273和550073,出现频率分别为28.68%和11.76%,是本年度优势小种;其它小种出现频率均在4.41%以下,为次要小种。条锈菌群体对Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr32四个抗条锈基因的毒力频率均为0,对Yr24、Yr Tr1、Yr8、Yr17四个抗条锈基因的毒力频率在0.74%~11.76%之间,表明这8个基因是云南省当前有效的抗条锈基因;对Yr27的毒力频率为52.94%,对Yr1、Yr6、Yr7、Yr9、Yr43、Yr44、Yr SP、Yr Exp2、Yr Tye九个抗条锈基因的毒力频率为77.94%~91.91%,表明这10个抗条锈基因的抗性已减缓或丧失,说明这些基因在云南省已失效。     

不同机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及与三唑酮的交互抗性

为明确三唑酮和氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚5种不同作用机制的杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的敏感性及交互抗性,采用田间小区试验和室内喷雾离体叶段法测定了不同杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂对小麦白粉病的防治效果可达90%以上,而三唑酮最高的防治效果仅为72.17%;小麦白粉病菌群体对氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚的敏感性EC50分别在0.087~1.901、0.058~1.402、0.186~3.014、0.222~6.005、0.006~1.742μg/mL之间,5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感性均呈连续单峰曲线,可作为小麦白粉病菌对5种不同作用机制杀菌剂的敏感基线。研究表明,三唑酮与氟环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、嘧菌环胺、乙嘧酚之间不存在交互抗性。     

潜育期小麦条锈菌的高光谱定性识别

小麦条锈病的发生流行严重影响小麦的生产安全,其早期的监测预警对病害发生的防控具有重要作用。本研究利用Hand Held 2地物光谱仪获取不同浓度小麦条锈菌胁迫下的潜育期小麦冠层高光谱数据,基于定性偏最小二乘(discriminant partial least squares,DPLS)、人工神经网络(artificial neural networks,ANN)和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)3种方法建立识别潜育期小麦条锈菌的模型,并分析接菌间隔日、建模比及光谱特征的差异对模型效果的影响。结果显示,在全波段(325~1 075 nm)建模,SVM识别效果优于ANN,而ANN优于DPLS,其中以一阶导数为光谱特征所建模型识别效果最优,在不同建模比下其识别准确率均可达到100.00%。     

西藏小麦条锈菌群体结构与遗传多样性

为查明西藏小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici群体结构和遗传多样性,采用中国鉴别寄主和近等基因系鉴别寄主,以及竞争性等位基因特异性PCR-单核苷酸多态性（kompetitive al-lele specific PCR-single nucleotide polymorphism,KASP-SNP）分子标记对2017年采自西藏的150个小麦条锈菌菌系分别进行表型分析和基因型分析。表型分析结果显示,中国鉴别寄主将150个菌系区分为 12 个已知小种、6 个已知致病类型和 13 个未知致病类型,所有菌系均不能侵染中四和Triticum spelta album鉴别寄主。近等基因系鉴别寄主将150个菌系区分为88个毒性类型,这些毒性类型均不侵染携带抗性基因Yr5、Yr10或Yr15的品种。基因型分析结果显示,26对引物将150个菌系划分为73个基因型,表明西藏小麦条锈菌群体基因型丰富。基因流分析结果表明,波密县与洛扎县小麦条锈菌亚群体之间的基因流N_m最高,达5.86,米林县西部与波密县、洛扎县、巴宜县、米林县东部条锈菌亚群体之间的N_m较低,分别为0.25、0.34、0.42和0.67,表明西藏不同地区条锈菌群体之间基因交流强度差异较大。说明西藏作为我国小麦条锈病的独立流行区,条锈菌群体毒性结构复杂,遗传多样性高。     

Damage effects of cereal aphids in wheat

Laboratory and field studies on aphid damage in wheat are described. Both direct and indirect effects of aphids on the behaviour of the crop were studied. In the laboratory a clear effect of honeydew and yeasts on photosynthesis was found. This effect could not be demonstrated under field conditions, since even at yield loss levels of 700 kg ha^–1 the size of this effect may be undetectable with crop enclosures reaching an accuracy of 10%. The effect of honeydew on ageing, measured in the laboratory trials was also found in the field and may form a major cause of the yield losses found in the field. Yield losses under field conditions reached 700 kg ha^–1 and were for 72% due to direct sucking damage of the 35 aphids, found maximally per culm, and direct and indirect honeydew effects. Saprophytic and possibly also some necrotrophic fungi caused 28% of the yield losses. The exact contribution of each of the damage factors was not revealed but it was demonstrated that direct and indirect effects contribute to the final yield losses.Samenvatting Laboratorium- en veldproeven over de schade door bladluizen in tarwe worden beschreven. Een analyse van de directe en indirecte effecten van bladluizen op de groei van het gewas werd verricht. In het laboratorium werd een duidelijk effect van honingdauw en gisten op de fotosynthese gevonden. Dit effect kon niet worden gedemonstreerd in het veld, hetgeen waarschijnlijk wordt veroorzaakt door de orde van grootte van dit effect dat valt binnen de meetfout van de gewasfotosyntheseapparatuur.Het effect van honingdauw op veroudering, dat in het laboratorium werd vastgesteld, kon ook worden aangetoond in het veld en is waarschijnlijk een van de hoofdoorzaken van de oogstverliezen. Deze oogstverliezen in het veld bedroegen 700 kg ha^–1 bij een maximale dichtheid van 35 bladluizen per halm en werden voor 72% veroorzaakt door direct zuigsschade en honingdauweffecten. Van de totale schade werd 28% veroorzaakt door saprofytische en wellicht ook door enige necrotrofe schimmels. De precieze bijdrage van ieder van de schadefactoren tot de schade werd niet vastgesteld, maar de wijze waarop directe en indirecte effecten hun bijdrage leverden aan de uiteindelijke oogstverliezen werd zichtbaar gemaakt.     

中国小麦条锈病菌CYR32和CYR33的毒性及基因型多样性

为明确我国小麦条锈病菌当前主要流行生理小种CYR32和CYR33的毒性及基因型特征,从全国11个省(区)随机选取29个CYR32菌株和39个CYR33菌株,利用近等基因系及辅助鉴别寄主对其进行毒性鉴定,利用SSR分子标记技术对其进行基因型分析,并对其进行聚类分析。结果显示,CYR32和CYR33菌系各有17种毒性表型,而且在抗病基因Yr2、Yr17、Yr27、Yr32、Yr43、Yr Sp、Yr Exp2、Yr28、Yr V23上都发生了毒性分化,CYR32和CYR33菌系的多样性指数分别为0.089、0.097;CYR32和CYR33菌系的香农信息指数均值分别为0.44和0.45;当相似性系数为0.93时,CYR32和CYR33菌系分别被聚为5个和8个毒性类群;当相似性系数为0.84时,CYR32和CYR33菌系分别被聚为10个和16个基因型类群。表明在中国鉴别寄主上具有相同毒性谱特征的CYR32和CYR33菌系在近等基因和SSR分子标记中发生了不同程度的毒性和基因型分化。     

Benomyl-resistant Fusarium-isolates in ecological studies on the biological control of fusarium wilt in carnation

Ecological properties and stability of benomyl resistance of three benomyl-resistant mutants of nonpathogenicFusarium-isolates antagonistic to fusarium wilt in carnation, and three benomyl-resistant mutants of a pathogenic isolate ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi were evaluatedin vitro and in glasshouse experiments. The benomyl resistance of the nonpathogenic mutants was stable under all conditions tested, also after a 1000-fold increase of the population in sterilized soil. Mutants of the pathogen were stable during allin vitro tests, but after proliferation in carnation stems only part of the population was benomyl resistant.Compared to the wild type, mutants of the pathogen were less pathogenic, also if thein vitro propeties were similar. Colonization of carnation by benomyl-resistant nonpathogenicFusarium in the presence of the pathogen showed that the antagonistic effect correlated with the presence of the nonpathogenic isolates within the carnation stem. The wild types and two of the mutant nonpathogenicFusarium-isolates controlled fusarium wilt in the susceptible cultivar Lena for 50% or more.UV-induced benomyl resistance appeared to be a valuable marker to distinguish between differentFusarium isolates and to study the population dynamics, but intensive screening of the mutants is a prerequisite since alterations in antagonism and pathogenicity can occur.     

A comparative study of resistance to powdery mildew in wild emmer wheat in the seedling and adult plant stage

An isometric virus was isolated from cucumber plants growing in a plastic house in Crete and showing stunting and bright yellow mosaic of the leaves. Based on host range, properties in crude sap, behaviour during purification, electron microscopy and serology, the virus was identified as an isolate of artichoke yellow ringspot nepovirus. Ecological data corroborate transmission of the virus via the soil.Samenvatting Uit komkommerplanten in plastic-foliekassen op Kreta werd een bolvormig virus geïsoleerd; de aangetaste komkommerplanten vertoonden dwerggroei en helder geel mozaïek op de bladeren. Gebaseerd op de resultaten verkregen uit onderzoek met het virus naar de waardplantenreeks, de eigenschappen in perssap, zuivering, elektronen-microscopie en serologie kon het virus worden geïdentificeerd als een strain van het artichoke yellow ringspot nepovirus. Waarnemingen op het gebied van de ecologie wijzen op overdracht van het virus via de grond.     

基于毒性表型与微卫星标记的云南省条锈病菌群体遗传分析

为明确云南省条锈菌群体结构和遗传多样性水平,利用19个中国鉴别寄主和11对微卫星(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记引物对采自云南省大理、曲靖、文山、昭通4个市的88个菌系进行了毒性表型分析和分子基因型分析。毒性表型分析结果表明,云南省条锈菌群体Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.17,Kosman指数为0.22,云南省条锈菌群体毒性结构复杂;菌系以Hybrid 46类群(77.3%)和贵农22类群(17.0%)为主,并且均不能侵染鉴别寄主中四和Triticum spelta album。分子基因型分析结果表明,云南省条锈菌整体上香农信息指数为0.63,分子遗传多样性比较丰富;大理市菌系香农信息指数为0.64,分子遗传多样性最丰富;文山市菌系香农信息指数为0.35,分子遗传多样性最低。聚类分析结果表明,云南省西部大理市菌系明显不同于云南省东部曲靖市、昭通市、文山市的菌系,昭通市菌系和曲靖市菌系毒性结构和基因型结构基本相同,表明云南省东、西部条锈菌群体遗传分化程度较高,是2个相对独立的流行区域。     

四川58个小麦品种苗期抗条锈基因推导及成株期抗性表现

为了解四川小麦品种所含抗条锈基因及其在田间的抗性表现,将29个毒性谱各异的小麦条锈菌鉴别菌株于苗期接种35个已知抗条锈基因载体品系和58份四川小麦品种（系）,通过抗病谱对比分析和各品种（系）系谱分析,推导了四川小麦品种（系）的抗条锈基因型。在田间,选用中国小麦条锈菌优势小种CY32、CY33、Su-4和对Yr10、Yr24和Yr26致病的贵农22致病类型田间突变株进行混合接种,在乳熟期对各品种（系）的抗条锈性进行了鉴定。结果显示,Yr2、Yr5、Yr7、Yr9、Yr10、Yr24、Yr27、YrSpp、YrAlba等9个基因以单基因或基因组合的形式存在于44个四川小麦品种（系）中。有6个品种（系）含有Yr9基因,10个品种（系）含有Yr10基因,11个品种（系）含有Yr24基因,其中1个同时含有Yr10和Yr24基因。23个品种（系）含有未知基因及其组合。共有19个小麦品种（系）成株期对包含上述混合菌种在内的田间流行菌系表现抗病,其中5个品种抗性受成株抗性基因控制。     

A unique race of the wheat stem rust pathogen with virulence on Sr31 identified in Spain and reaction of wheat and durum cultivars to this race

Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a re-emerging disease, posing a threat to wheat production. In Spain, stem rust has been rarely detected since the 1970s, but infection was observed in wheat fields in 2018. We analysed six stem rust samples collected in Rota, Cádiz province and one from Monteagudo del Castillo, Teruel province. All the samples from Rota were typed as race TKTTF, whereas the sample from Monteagudo del Castillo, collected in a wheat field adjacent to barberry bushes, was typed as race TKHBK. This race has a unique and significant virulence combination that includes virulence to Sr31, Sr33, Sr53 and Sr59, and is avirulent to Rusty, a durum line developed for universal susceptibility to the wheat stem rust pathogen. TKHBK is the first race outside the Ug99 race group with virulence to Sr31 and the first known race with virulence to Sr59. Genotyping studies indicate that race TKHBK does not belong to the Ug99 or TKTTF race groups and constitutes a previously unknown lineage. Two hundred bread and durum wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Spain were evaluated against TKHBK, TKTTF, and six additional races. Resistance was observed to all the races evaluated. Molecular markers confirmed the presence of Sr7a, Sr24, Sr31, Sr38 and Sr57 in bread wheat, and Sr13 in durum wheat. The re-emergence of wheat stem rust in Spain and the occurrence of unique virulences underscore the need to continue surveying and monitoring this disease.