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中国玉米南方锈病初侵染源的多源性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
由多堆柄锈菌Puccinia polysora Underw.引致的玉米南方锈病是广泛分布在热带、亚热带地区的重要病害,在温带地区也时常发生。玉米南方锈病在中国20个省份有发生记载,已成为黄淮海夏玉米区突发性、爆发性、生产危害性极大的病害。掌握病害发生规律是病害防控的基础,中国玉米南方锈病初侵染源来源及其传播规律一直未有明确答案。本研究通过对多堆柄锈菌夏孢子生物学特性的研究、11省份病菌不同地理种群遗传相关性解析以及病害突发性与热带气旋活动相关性分析,证明中国各地域发生的玉米南方锈病初侵染源具有不同的来源,来自中国台湾的病菌引起黄淮海夏玉米区、辽宁以及福建、浙江地区的南方锈病,也是广东春季南方锈病的菌源地;来自菲律宾的病菌引起广东、广西及海南的南方锈病;来自泰国等东南亚国家的病菌引起云南、贵州的南方锈病。云南、贵州等西南地区的南方锈病初侵染源由西南季风传播,其他地区的初侵染源主要由不定期形成的西太平洋热带气旋所携带。 相似文献
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棉花苗期发生的病害约有十余种,大致可分为两类.其中重要的一类是引起烂种、烂芽、茎基腐和根腐.常见的有立枯病、炭疽病、红腐病,其次为猝倒病、枯腐病等.主要发生在子叶期至二叶真叶期.由于根茎过于幼嫩,抗病能力弱,易遭受病菌侵染而腐烂;另一类以为害子叶、真叶及茎部为主的茎枯病、疫病、黑斑病、轮纹病及苗期枯萎病等.对生产上影响较大的主要是前一类. 相似文献
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辽宁省玉米顶腐病发生情况及防治建议 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
玉米顶腐病(Fusariummoniliformevar.subglutinansWr.&Renik)是玉米上发生的一种重要病害,国外许多国家和地区曾有报道。在我国,此病于1998年在辽宁省阜新地区首次发现,为我国玉米上一种新的病害。据调查,当年阜新县发病面积达60万hm2,占玉米种植面积的1/3。此外山东、吉林、黑龙江等省也有此病发生。2002年,玉米顶腐病在辽宁省玉米产区普遍发生和流行,造成玉米生产上严重的产量损失。许多地块因此病造成毁种,农民和生产部门对此反应强烈。针对这一生产上的新问题,对辽宁省玉米顶腐病的发… 相似文献
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玉米粗缩病属于昆虫传播病害,主要是由灰飞虱传播的一种病毒病.灰飞虱通过刺吸带毒的大麦、小麦及其它禾本科杂草获毒后迁飞至玉米上取食,从而传播病害[1].由于水稻、麦类轮作,灰飞虱的越冬数量大,已连续多年导致粗缩病的发生.近年来江苏、山东等地均有大面积发生.2008年江苏省粗缩病大发生,发生面积达13.3万hm2以上,不少地方毁耕重种,直接制约着江苏玉米产业的发展. 相似文献
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灰斑病是一种玉米病害,近来日趋严重,分布遍及美国中西部,中太平洋及东南部。灰斑病最初报道是1970年以前,在美国肯塔基、田纳西和弗吉尼亚山区。灰斑病日益严重和流行与玉米连作生产及有利于病菌越冬的免耕技术有关(Roane 等,1974;Hilty 等,1979;Payne 等,1983)。免耕可导致早期接种体增多,从而导致早期侵染、茎腐,茎倒伏及显著的 相似文献
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2007年吉林省玉米主要病害调查及其发生趋势预测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2007年8~9月对吉林省的长春、四平、延边和白城等9个地区25个市(县)、乡(镇)的生产田、吉林省区试和生试试验田玉米主要病害发生情况进行了调查和病样采集。结果表明,吉林省大部分玉米产区大斑病和灰斑病普遍发生,白城和松原地区部分玉米产区大斑病发病率高达100%,灰斑病发病率高达90%,未来几年可能成为吉林省主要玉米病害。2007年许多地区玉米弯孢叶斑病、茎腐病、纹枯病、瘤黑粉病、小斑病和丝黑穗病等病害发生也较为普遍,甚至在某些玉米产区成为主要病害。 相似文献
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稻曲病已成为我国水稻生产中重要病害之一,不仅影响水稻产量和品质,且危害人畜健康安全。目前对稻曲病研究已取得一定进展,但在抗性评价标准、抗性基因挖掘、病原菌侵染方式、致病机理以及防控预测等方面还存在局限性。本文综述了稻曲病简史与发生概况、稻曲病菌的生物学特征、稻曲病菌的侵染特征、稻曲病抗性遗传规律与基因鉴定、抗性遗传机制、抗性鉴定技术以及病害发生影响因子等方面的研究进展。同时,探讨当前稻曲病抗性鉴定方法、抗性基因挖掘、侵染机制、稻曲病菌与水稻互作以及病情监测预报和防治等方面存在的问题,分析与展望了相关问题及研究方向。 相似文献
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东华北春玉米区玉米品种对主要病害和玉米螟的抗性评价 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
对东华北春玉米区24份玉米主栽品种进行玉米大斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病、灰斑病、丝黑穗病、茎腐病和玉米螟的抗性鉴定。高抗和抗大斑病品种11份,占参试品种的45.83%;高抗和抗灰斑病品种11份,占参试品种的45.83%;高抗和抗玉米弯孢菌叶斑病品种16份,占参试品种的66.67%;高抗和抗丝黑穗病品种10份,占参试品种的41.67%;高抗和抗茎腐病品种18份,占参试品种的75.0%;高抗和抗玉米螟品种6份,占参试品种的25.0%。综合抗性评价筛选出广谱抗性品种9份,占所有参试品种的37.5%。 相似文献
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2002~2010年对250个甜、糯玉米新品种进行玉米大斑病、小斑病、茎腐病和亚洲玉米螟的抗性鉴定。结果表明,不同年份间的平均病害级别差异显著,玉米螟的食叶级别无显著差异。所有鉴定品种中,对大斑病表现中抗以上的占80.0%,对小斑病表现中抗以上的占76.4%,对茎腐病表现中抗以上的占77.2%,对玉米螟表现中抗及以上的仅占5.8%。根据玉米类型分析,甜玉米的综合抗性高于糯玉米,甜玉米品种"蜜脆678"、"华珍"和"绿色超人"等12个品种以及糯玉米"浙糯玉4号"和"京甜紫花糯"等10个品种的综合抗性较佳,表现出较强的抗病虫性。 相似文献
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2006~2009年间吉林省通过审定的玉米品种有203个,对审定品种的抗性鉴定结果进行分析,比较吉林省审定品种的抗性水平变化。结果表明,吉林省通过审定的品种在抗性方面大多属于综合中抗水平,在审定品种对所有病虫害的抗性鉴定结果中,对玉米大斑病、玉米茎腐病和玉米螟的抗性审定严格控制,对吉林省区域性发生且危害小的玉米弯孢菌叶斑病和能够通过种衣剂防控的玉米丝黑穗病要求相对降低。抗源筛选和分子辅助育种是现代抗逆育种的基础条件,耐密抗倒伏成为现代育种的重要指标。 相似文献
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2016~2019年对62个热带亚热带类型区和西南春玉米类型区的各省审定拟引种广西的玉米品种进行6种主要病害的抗病性鉴定,明确拟引种广西的玉米品种对广西玉米产区主要病害的抗病水平。结果表明,参试品种对纹枯病、南方锈病、大斑病、小斑病、穗腐病和茎腐病的抗性,表现中抗及以上的比例分别为27.9%、30.6%、66.1%、50.0%、68.9%和69.4%。不同年份间引种品种抗病性呈现一定的相似性,个别年份特殊除外,表现感和高感纹枯病及南方锈病的品种比例均高于其他4种病害,都在60.0%以上;不同省份审定的引种品种抗病性亦显示一定的相似性,表现感和高感纹枯病及南方锈病的品种比例高于其他4种病害。鉴定结果表明,在同一适宜生态区的各省审定品种中选择品种引种广西时,应特别注意避免或谨慎引种高感纹枯病和南方锈病的品种,以规避或减少因病害危害造成损失,保障引种生产安全。 相似文献
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J. E. van der Waals K. Krüger A. C. Franke A. J. Haverkort J. M. Steyn 《Potato Research》2013,56(1):67-84
A set of daily weather data simulations for 1961 to 2050 were used to calculate past and future trends in pest and disease pressure in potato cropping systems at three agro-ecologically distinct sites in South Africa: the Sandveld, the Eastern Free State and Limpopo. The diseases and pests modelled were late blight, early blight and brown spot, blackleg and soft rot, root-knot nematodes and the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (as indicator of Potato virus Y and Potato leaf roll virus). The effects of climate on trends in relative development rates of these pathogens and pests were modelled for each pathogen and pest using a set of quantitative parameters, which included specific temperature and moisture requirements for population growth, compiled from literature. Results showed that the cumulative relative development rate (cRDR) of soft rot and blackleg, root-knot nematodes and M. persicae will increase over the 90-year period in the areas under consideration. The cRDR of early blight and brown spot is likely to increase in the wet winter and wet summer crops of the Sandveld and Eastern Free State, respectively, but remains unchanged in the dry summer and dry winter crops of the Sandveld and Limpopo, respectively. Climate change will decrease the cRDR of late blight in all of the cropping systems modelled, except in the wet winter crop of the Sandveld. These results help to set priorities in research and breeding, specifically in relation to management strategies for diseases and pests. 相似文献
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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test for potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and pink rot (P.erythroseptica, P. nicotianae) diseases has been developed for use with potato tuber tissue. Primers based on sequence analysis of the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA of late blight and pink rot pathogens were utilized in PCR assays of inoculated tubers and tubers harvested from plots known to have late blight and/or pink rot. Assays of artificially inoculated Kennebec and Russet Burbank tubers revealed thatP. infestans was detected by PCR as early as 72 h after inoculation and in the absence of visible symptoms. Much higher detection frequencies were obtained by PCR compared with plating on selective medium or placement of tissue in moist chambers. Tubers from plots known to have late blight and/or pink rot were tested using the PCR assay. Assay of late blight lesions showed ca. 80% recovery for late blight-infected tubers from the field. Results indicate that the PCR assay provides a rapid and accurate test for diagnosis of late blight and pink rot in potato tubers. 相似文献
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Cold arid trans-Himalayan Ladakh region of India bordering with Pakistan and China is one of most elevated inhabited regions of the world. This region is highly vulnerable to climate change and serious environmental threats resulting in reduction in crop productivity due to risk of agricultural pest and plant pathogens. The present work describes the various diseases attacking barley from this region where the status of barley diseases has not yet been explored. Extensive field surveys were conducted for the first time during 2004-2005 and 475 fields were inspected at the 95 locations. Yellow rust, powdery mildew, leaf spot blotch/blight, covered smut, loose smut, foot/root rot and cereal cyst nematode causing molya disease were encountered during the survey. However, yellow rust, molya and foot/root rot were found as the most destructive diseases. Excellent hotspots of the encountered diseases were identified and marked which may be used for the screening of barley genotypes and determining the impact of climate change on plant diseases. 相似文献