不同技术措施对碳氮在茶树内分布及茶叶品质的影响

本文用核素示踪技术研究了不同技术措施对茶树碳氮代谢和茶叶品质的影响,认为秋冬施肥可增强茶树冬春季的光合强度;钾素能增强光合产物运转速度,提高光合产物利用率;头茶后适当修剪能提高夏茶品质,而修剪应选择在体内营养物贮藏较多时进行,春茶后不宜重剪;在茶树体内贮藏物质丰富时施用赤霉素(GA)才能促进新梢的生长,否则将产生不利的效果。     

喷施硅肥对茶树生长及硅素分布的影响

【目的】研究喷施硅肥对茶树生长和茶叶品质的影响,以及硅在茶树中的累积和分布,为优质安全茶叶生产提供依据。【方法】采用室内盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法,供试硅肥为硅酸钠(Na2SiO3·9H2O)。室内盆栽试验设置7个硅喷施浓度：0、50、150、300、500、750、1500 mg/L,每7天喷施一次,共喷施3次。通过测定茶苗生物量、SPAD值、叶绿素荧光特性、植保素含量及气孔特性,以确定最佳喷施硅肥浓度。然后,以该最佳喷施浓度进行室内茶苗盆栽和田间试验,在室内试验中测定了茶苗不同部位和组织的硅含量,在田间试验中测定了茶园春、夏、秋季茶叶产量及新梢品质成分。【结果】喷施硅300、500 mg/L处理的茶苗地上部和根部生物量高于其他处理,幼苗叶绿素含量、叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学荧光淬灭系数(qNP)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)及植保素含量也高于Si0和其他处理,综合茶苗生长和生理指标结果,选用500 mg/L作为最佳硅喷施浓度。第一次喷施硅肥7天后,硅主要积累在叶部,从顶芽往下数的不同叶位硅含量分布为第3叶>第5叶>第1叶;第三次喷施7天后,第5叶硅含量显著高于第...     

茶鲜叶嫩梢捏切组合式采摘器设计与试验

针对条形名优绿茶依赖人工采摘、无专用采摘器的问题,该研究设计了适用于名优茶采摘的捏切组合式采摘器。首先分析人工采摘嫩梢的运动过程及茶叶嫩梢物理特性,设计了基于盘形凸轮的捏切、送、甩、抛循环式采摘机构和柔性捏切一体采摘爪。通过算法控制采摘臂旋转速度,采摘器实现了低振动、准确采摘。样机试验表明：采摘器单次作业最大时间小于0.6 s,实际采摘成功率稳定在100%,说明捏切组合式采摘器符合茶园嫩梢采摘连续、快速的需求。喂入深度和采摘高度越大采摘成功率越高,根据茶叶生长环境和农艺要求确定较优采摘高度和喂入深度均为10 mm、采摘角度为0°。试验结果表明采摘器采摘的茶叶嫩梢与人工采摘品质相同。该研究可为茶叶嫩梢低损、快速采摘提供参考。     

茶树控释氮肥的施用效果与合理施用技术研究

采用田间试验方法研究控释氮肥不同施用量和施用次数条件下土壤养分释放动态,以及对茶树养分吸收、叶片叶绿素含量,茶叶产量和品质变化的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥能明显延长氮在土壤中的留存时间,与普通尿素相比,NH4+-N浓度明显提高并能持续较长时间;而NO3--N变化不大,使NO3--N占总无机态氮含量的比例降低。控释氮肥在土壤中的这种动态变化与茶树对氮素的吸收规律基本同步,这不仅明显促进了茶树对氮素的吸收,而且对钾和锌等矿质元素的吸收也有所增强;茶树叶片叶绿素含量提高。与普通尿素相比,控释氮肥可减少30%氮肥用量而不影响茶叶产量和品质;相同的施肥量和施肥次数或施肥次数减少一次,茶叶仍增产6.6%～24.1%,平均12.9%;茶叶品质成分,特别是游离氨基酸含量也有明显提高。     

Accumulation and Fractionation of Rare Earth Elements in a Soil-Wheat System

Time series bioaccumulation of rare earth elements (REEs) in field-grown wheat with and without a dressing of extraneous REE fertilizer at different growth stages and fractionation of REEs during their transport in a soil-wheat system were determined. Time-dependent accumulation of extraneous REEs was found in different parts of wheat. An upward transport of extraneous REEs from roots to shoots under a soil dressing and a downward transport from leaves to roots with a foliar dressing were also observed. Moreover, fractionation of REEs occurred in the soil-wheat system. Compared to the host soil a positive Eu anomaly in the stems and grains as well as heavy REE enrichment in the grains were found. The ability of the different wheat organs to fractionate Eu from the REE series was ranked in the order of stems ≥ grains > leaves > roots.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grown in rare earth elements of mine tailings

Rare earth elements (REE) of mine tailings have caused various ecological and environmental problems. Revegetation is one of the most cost-effective ways to overcome these problems, but it is difficult for plants to survive in polluted tailings. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can provide biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to its host plant and has widely adopted for the revegetation of degraded ecosystems. However, little is known about whether AMF plays role in facilitating the revegetation of REE of mine tailings. The objective was to investigate the uptake of nutrients and REE when plants are inoculated with AMF. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted on the effects of Glomus mosseae and Glomus versiforme for the growth, nutritional status, and uptake of REE and heavy metals by maize (Zea mays L.) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grown in REE of mine tailings. The results indicated that symbiotic associations were successfully established between AMF and the two plant species. G. versiforme was more effective than G. mosseae at promoting plant growth by significantly increasing the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and decreasing carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry. The shoot and root dry weights of the two plant species were increased by 211–387% with G. versiforme inoculation. Maize and sorghum exhibited significant differences in the REE concentrations in response to the colonization by AMF. The shoot and root lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), and neodymium (Nd) concentrations of the maize inoculated with G. versiforme were decreased by approximately 70%, whereas those in the roots of sorghum were increased by approximately 70%. G. mosseae only significantly decreased the La, Ce, Pr, and Nd concentrations in the maize shoots. Inoculation with AMF also significantly decreased the concentration of certain heavy metals in the shoots and roots of maize and sorghum. These findings indicate that AMF can alleviate the effects of REE and heavy metal toxicity on plants and enhance the ability of plants to adapt to the composite adversity of REE in mine tailings.     

氮磷钾对春茶光合生理及氨基酸组分的影响

【目的】当前为追求茶园高产盲目施肥、滥用化肥造成生态环境破坏的现象较为严重,因此如何合理施肥显得尤为重要,本文通过研究氮、磷、钾不同水平及其配比对春茶净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)等光合生理指标和春茶新梢氮、磷、钾含量,氨基酸总量及其组分的影响,为茶园平衡施肥和精准施肥提供理论指导。【方法】采取单因素试验设计,设氮、磷、钾各3个水平及其配比和对照,共14个处理(N1、N2、N3、P1、P2、P3、K1、K2、K3、NP、NK、PK、NPK、CK),在茶树新梢长至1芽3叶时采样,用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪测定茶树的光合生理指标,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定春茶氨基酸总量及组分含量,分别采用凯氏定氮法、钒钼黄比色法和原子吸收分光光度法测定茶树新梢的全氮、全磷和全钾含量。分析不同施肥处理对茶树光合生理指标和春茶氨基酸总量及其组分的影响,并通过逐步回归分析建立Pn与茶树新梢氮、磷、钾含量,Tr、Gs和Ci的回归方程。【结果】NPK处理茶树Pn比CK提高9.70%;P2、P3和NPK处理的Tr显著增加,比CK分别提高10.60%、14.92%、14.25%;NPK处理的Gs显著增加,比CK高23.15%,同时Gs随不同施肥水平表现出与蒸腾速率较一致的趋势,二者的相关性极显著;Ci随氮、磷、钾施用量的增加而上升;WUE随氮、磷、钾施用量的增加而下降。NPK处理的茶树新梢的氮、磷含量较高,相同施肥处理的茶树新梢的磷含量低于氮、钾。逐步回归分析显示,茶树新梢磷含量,Ci和Gs对Pn的直接作用较大,直接通径系数分别为0.3688、-0.8139和0.4677,Pn=12.955+26.624P-0.087Ci+38.233Gs;NPK处理下春茶氨基酸总量及茶氨酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸和胱氨酸等主要氨基酸组分的含量分别比对照提高了27.88%、26.60%、35.78%、35.06%、24.41%和24.41%,与对照差异显著。【结论】新梢磷含量和气孔导度对春茶净光合速率的提高有直接的促进作用,而胞间CO2浓度对净光合速率有一定的消减作用。氮磷钾配施可显著提升茶树新梢叶片的气孔导度并保证茶树新梢中较高的磷含量,从而提高了茶树的净光合速率。氮磷钾肥配施能显著提高春茶氨基酸总量及其组分含量,提高了春茶的品质,表明茶叶中氨基酸总量和茶氨酸等重要组分含量的提高是氮、磷、钾营养共同作用的结果。因此,氮磷钾配合施用可以提高春茶的产量和品质。     

萌芽前叶面喷施硒酸钠提高茶叶含硒量及品质

【目的】探究在茶树不同生育时期叶面喷施不同硒肥对夏茶产量、品质及硒含量的影响,为生产富硒茶提供技术依据。【方法】田间试验在浙江嵊州进行,供试茶树品种为‘中茶108’。试验采用二因素列区设计,主处理为硒肥种类(A因素),副处理为硒肥喷施时期(B因素)。主处理设喷施清水对照(A0)、硒酸钠(A1)、亚硒酸钠(A2)和酵母硒(A3);副处理设夏茶顶芽萌发前(5月12日,B1)与1芽1叶期(5月20日,B2)两个喷施时期。硒肥喷施浓度均为Se 50 mg/L,硒肥溶液喷施量为1.8 L/m2。当茶树蓬面1芽2叶占比达30%左右时,每个小区随机选取30 cm×30 cm茶蓬,调查蓬面新梢总数、1芽2叶数量、1芽2叶长度和百芽重。同时,取1芽2叶新梢样品,测定茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、花青素以及硒含量。【结果】与A0B1处理相比,A3B1处理茶树萌展值显著降低了0.14,但对茶树蓬面新梢总数无明显影响;A2B1处理茶树1芽2叶新梢长度和百芽重分别显著降低了1.04 cm和1.94 g。A1B2和A3B2处理茶树蓬面新梢总数分别显著降低了17.66和22.33,但不影响其萌展值;A1B2显...     

基于改进YOLOv8n的茶叶嫩稍检测方法

针对名优茶智能采摘中茶叶嫩梢识别精度不足的问题,该研究对YOLOv8n模型进行优化。首先,在主干网络中引入动态蛇形卷积（dynamic snake convolution,DSConv）,增强模型对茶叶嫩梢形状信息的捕捉能力;其次,将颈部的路径聚合网络（path aggregation network,PANet）替换为加权双向特征金字塔网络（bi-directional feature pyramid network,BiFPN）,强化模型的特征融合效能;最后,在颈部网络的每个C2F模块后增设了无参注意力模块（simple attention module,SimAM）,提升模型对茶叶嫩梢的识别关注度。试验结果表明,改进后的模型比原始模型的精确率（precision,P）、召回率（recall,R）、平均精确率均值（mean average precision,mAP）、F1得分（F1 score,F1）分别提升了4.2、2.9、3.7和3.3个百分点,推理速度为42 帧/s,模型大小为6.7 MB,满足低算力移动设备的部署条件。与Faster-RCNN、YOLOv5n、YOLOv7n和YOLOv8n目标检测算法相比,该研究提出的改进模型精确率分别高出57.4、4.4、4.7和4.2个百分点,召回率分别高出53.0、3.6、2.8和2.9个百分点,平均精确率均值分别高出58.9、5.0、4.6和3.7个百分点,F1得分分别高出了56.8、3.9、3.7和3.3个百分点,在茶叶嫩梢检测任务中展现出了更高的精确度和更低的漏检率,能够为名优茶的智能采摘提供算法参考。     

山东棕壤茶园幼龄茶树叶片黄化病因诊断与防治研究

在山东pH偏高（＞6.5）的棕壤幼龄茶园中,茶树容易发生失绿黄化病症,严重影响了新建茶园的成园速度。为了探明该病害的发生原因,分析了茶园土壤pH、有机质、养分状况和不同病害程度叶片中与叶色有关的6种无机元素含量,并对患病植株进行了叶面喷施N、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn肥的防治效果研究。结果表明,土壤中有效N含量低是导致茶树下部成叶黄化的原因,喷施尿素能使下部成叶快速转绿,但并不能使上部新梢转绿。新梢黄化叶中Mn、Cu元素含量显著低于茶树叶片正常范围的低限值,是导致其叶片黄化的原因;叶面喷施含Mn、Cu元素的肥料能有效防治幼龄茶树新梢的黄化。导致茶树Mn、Cu缺乏的机理还有待进一步研究。     

Growth Characteristics of Tea Plants and Tea Fields in Japan

In 12th century, the Buddhist priest Eisai brought tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) seeds to Japan from China and now tea plants are cultivated all over Japan except in the Hokkaido and Tohoku districts. The quality (reflected in the price) of Japanese green tea is affected by the nitrogen content. Consequently in tea fields, for last three decades large amounts of fertilizer have been applied to produce high quality tea. As a result, problems such as acidification of soil have been caused. It is also known that the growth of tea plants is stimulated by the addition of aluminum (Al) under acidic conditions. In this keynote address, some problems caused by excess applications of fertilizer in tea fields and the growth characteristics of tea plants related to Al are presented.     

Chemiqal Behavior of Cadmium in Wheat Rhizosphere

The present study deals with some chemical behavior,including Cd extractability,species transformation and adsorption-desorption characteristics,of Cd in the rhizosphere(R) of wheat seedlings grown on both yellow-brown earth(YBE) and red earth (RE).Results indicated an increase of pH about 0.5 unit in the R of the yellow-brown earth and a decrease about 0.4 unit in the R of red earth in comparison with their respective bulk soils(NR).More Cd adsorbed and less Cd desorbed,and hence less Cd extracted in the R of YBE than those in the NR were found.The opposite cases were got for the R of RE.Fractionation experiment showed that in the R of YBE,more Cd was bound to Mn oxides and organic matter,less Cd was in exchangeable form,and little Cd was bound to amorphous and crystal iron oxides.However,little difference of the Cd species between the R and NR of RE was found. Regression analysis indicated that pH was one of the dominant factors affecting the chemical behavior of Cd in rhizosphere.     

我国茶园施肥现状与减施潜力分析

【目的】茶树是我国重要的经济作物之一,合理施肥是保证茶叶高产优质的重要措施,受茶树品种、采摘模式、栽培水平的影响,我国不同地区茶园间施肥量存在较大的差异。厘清我国茶园施肥现状,分析不同茶区施肥水平的差异,寻求差异化的减肥途径,对实现我国茶园化肥减施增效,促进茶产业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】依托国家茶产业技术体系试验站,本研究于2010—2014年期间在我国主要茶区调查了5000多个茶树种植单元,约占我国茶园总面积的5%。调查内容包括氮磷钾肥料品种、用量、施用时间、施用方式以及茶园面积、茶树品种、施肥成本等信息。根据肥料养分含量计算不同种植单元的氮磷钾养分投入量,有机养分替代比例,并以现行的茶园推荐施肥标准作为施肥评价依据,对不同区域茶园的施肥水平进行了评价。【结果】我国茶园的养分投入总量 (N + P₂O₅ + K₂O) 为796 kg/hm2,施用有机肥的茶园样本比例为46%,按纯养分计,茶园有机养分投入量平均占总养分投入量的15%。各省茶区年均养分投入量为N 281～745 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 72～485 kg/hm2、K₂O 76～961 kg/hm2。参照目前的推荐肥料用量,我国有30%左右茶园存在化肥过量施用问题,其中山东、湖北、湖南、江西、四川、福建等地过量施肥问题较为突出。复合肥已成为茶园的重要肥料品种,80%的茶园施用的是等养分比例的复合肥,茶园中磷肥或者钾肥过量施用现象开始凸显,福建、江西、湖南等地过半茶园磷、钾养分投入过量。根据过量施肥茶园的现有施肥水平,通过总量控制和增加有机肥比例等途径,大约可削减30%～40%的化肥用量。【结论】我国30%的茶园化肥过量施用,80%的茶园施用的化肥氮磷钾比例不完全符合茶叶养分需求,有机肥养分所占比例偏低,只有15%。依据不同茶区养分具体管理方式、茶叶栽培特点以及土壤条件,因地制宜采取差异化的茶园化肥减施策略,大约可削减30%～40%的化肥用量。     

Liquid organic fertilizer sprayed on shoots of Phaseolus vulgaris stimulates arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in soil

Processed organic agricultural byproducts such as liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) are promising alternatives that can improve crop productivity while reducing mineral fertilizer use and improving sustainability. The effects on beneficial soil organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM), caused by LOF spraying on shoots is poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated how AM colonization and soil PSM are affected by LOF spraying on common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in a greenhouse. The LOF was obtained by anaerobically fermenting a mixture of fresh water, cattle manure, bovine milk, sugarcane molasses and mineral salts. LOF was applied twice on the plant shoots. Fresh and dry mass of root and shoot, P content, P accumulation in the shoots and AMF spore counts in the soil were not LOF dose dependent. However, we found that a 5% LOF application stimulated AM colonization and led to dose-dependence for calcium and aluminium phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi. These results show that LOF sprayed on shoots causes responses on soil communities. We therefore endorse the use of LOF in low input agriculture.     

硝酸稀土对兰州百合植株生长和鳞茎产量的影响

在陇中半干旱区坡耕地大田栽培条件下,以兰州百合为试验材料,研究了硝酸稀土对兰州百合植株的生长特性及鳞茎产量的影响。结果表明,硝酸稀土具有降低兰州百合植株高度、增大茎秆粗度和单叶面积、提高鳞茎产量的作用,其中以浸种和叶面喷施相结合的处理效果最为明显,田间植株高度较对照降低5.4%,茎秆粗度、平均单叶面积分别较对照提高15.3%和13.8%,鳞茎增产率达7.9%。     

Forms of Rare Earth Elements in Soils: Ⅰ. Distribution

The distribution of rare earth element (REE) forms in soils is given in the present paper on the basis of sequential fractionation and determination of 34 representative surface soils collected from all parts of China.Results obtained show that the extraction rate of water soluble and exchangeable REE had the odd-even phenomenon and that of organically bound REE from La to Lu tended to reduce gradually with the increase of atomic number.The stability of Sc and the activity and enrichment of Tm in soils are proposed.Furthermore,the paper makes a preliminary discussion on the differences in the concentration distribution of various forms of individual REE in some soils.     

Identification and comparison of phenolic compounds in the preparation of oolong tea manufactured by semifermentation and drying processes

Oolong tea manufactured via a semifermentation process possesses a taste and color somewhere between green and black teas. Alteration of constituents, particularly phenolic compounds, in the infusion of oolong tea resulting from its manufacture, was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The identified constituents contained 2 alkaloids, 11 flavan-3-ols, 8 organic acids and esters, 11 proanthocyanidin dimers, 3 theaflavins, and 22 flavonoid glycosides, including 6 novel acylated flavonol glycosides. The tentative structures of these 6 novel compounds were depicted according to their mass fragmentation patterns in MS(n) (n = 1-4). In comparison with caffeine as an internal standard, relative contents of the constituents in the infusions of fresh tea shoot and different oolong tea preparations were examined. Approximately, 30% catechins and 20% proanthocyanidins were oxidized during the manufacture of oolong tea from fresh tea shoots, and 20% of total flavonoids were decomposed in a follow-up drying process. Gallocatechin-3-O-gallate and theaflavins putatively produced in the semifermentation process of oolong tea were not detected in fresh tea shoots, and the majority of theaflavins were presumably transformed into thearubigins after drying.     

农用稀土的生态毒理学效应

稀土农用给中国农业带来巨大经济效益,但环境安全问题也随之产生。本研究从生态毒理学角度,综述了稀土对土壤微生物、植物、动物的影响,指出稀土可以改变土壤微生物的种群结构、种群数量及其土壤酶活性,影响植物的生长发育、生理生化过程及富集规律,并对动物生殖系统、肝脏、儿童智力及人体健康造成损害。稀土对生物的生态毒理作用,可以是稀土对生物的直接影响,也可以是食物链蓄积的间接效应,在稀土农用中应充分考虑其对环境与人体的影响。     

施用袋控缓释肥对碧桃生长发育及观赏效果的影响

为降低园林植物施肥人力成本,拓宽袋控缓释肥应用范围,通过施肥试验研究施用袋控缓释肥对碧桃观赏效果的影响.设置袋控缓释肥处理、撒施肥处理、不施肥处理3种施肥方式,测定施肥后土壤各养分的含量.试验结果表明:施肥后土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾等养分含量,袋控缓释肥处理维持在一个较高水平,撒施处理下降显著,不施肥处理含量...     

赣南富稀土景观中稀土元素的土壤地球化学特征

选择赣南富稀土矿区典型环境地球化学景观,研究了稀土元素在土壤中的含量、分布及赋存形态特征,结果表明,在各单元景观的土壤中稀土元素的含量２具有规律性。土壤中稀土元素的分布模式继承了母岩的特征真有明显的Ｅｕ负异常。但Ｃｅ在残积景观和堆积淋溶景观的奎训呈现正异常,而在水上景观土壤中出现Ｃｅ负异常。稀土元素在各单元景观土壤中的赋存形态特征也不同。总体上,稀土元素主要以可交换态和有机结合态形式存在于矿区土壤