The bionomics ofLiriomyza Trifolii on Gypsophila and Bean Leaves

A study was carried out to determine the distribution of feeding and oviposition punctures made byLiriomyza trifolii Burgess on gypsophila(Gypsophila paniculata ) and bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves, and the development times of the immature stages on these plants. The absolute number of punctures per leaf area was much greater on bean leaves than on gypsophila leaves. The number of mines per leaf was also higher on beans than on gypsophila, but the ratio of mines/punctures was higher on gypsophila. Gypsophila leaves were punctured on both sides, but most of the punctures were on the distal third of the upper leaf side. On beans the punctures were dispersed uniformly on the upper side of the leaf. The larval period (±SE) at temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C was 9.9±0.2, 4.4±0.1 and 3.7±0.1, and 5.5±O. l, 3.7±0.1 and 2.4±0.1 days, on gypsophila and bean, respectively. The pupal period at 17, 20, 25 and 30°C lasted 19.9±0.2, 14.7±0.1, 10.4±0.1 and 7.8±0.1 days, respectively.     

Effect of gamma radiation on sterility ofliriomyza trifolii flies

The effect of low doses of gamma radiation applied toLiriomyza trifolii Burgess eggs or 1st-instar larvae, on the ensuing flies was studied. Doses of 50 or 40 Gy resulted in very few individuals reaching the adult stage; the life span of these flies was very short and they did not breed. A 25-Gy dose applied at the 1st instar allowed the development of many individuals into adults which emerged successfully, fed, and oviposited viable eggs which completed their development to adults. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 3024-E, 1990 series.     

Effects of a neem-based insecticide on different immature life stages of the leafminerLiriomyza sativae on tomato

The effects of the commercially available neem insecticide NeemAzal-T/S® (neem) (1% azadirachtin) onLiriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) were studied on tomato in Bangkok, Thailand. Neem emulsions were sprayed on the aerial plant parts at five concentrations (from 0.001% to 0.010% a.i.); different aged residues (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days) were tested, in both controlled environment rooms and in greenhouses. Irrespective of the residual age of the application, no significant effects on oviposition or egg hatch were detected. However, neem drastically increased larval mortality at the higher concentrations tested. The L1 and L2 larvae were most susceptible. Irrespective of concentration, larval mortality or inhibition of adult eclosion decreased much faster in greenhouses than in controlled environments with artificial light. Nevertheless, our results suggest that neem has potential to controlL. sativae in netted greenhouses.     

Introduction of exotic parasitic wasps for the control of Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt., Agromyzidae) in Senegal

Abstract

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess had first been reported from Senegal in 1980. Field surveys in 1982 revealed its presence in all vegetable growing areas of the country, heaviest damage being registered in the Cap Vert. Five indigenous eulophids (larval parasitoids) plus five other rare parasitoids, frequently parasitized over 90% of the flies. These rates were higher in insecticide free fields, and very much above the 30–40% reported for 1981. The most important parasitoids were Hemiptarsensus semialbiclava (Girault), which dominated in the second half of the dry season, and two Chrysonotomyia spp., which were more abundant in the rainy season. Surveys for exotic parasitoids indicated Diaulinopsis callichroma Crawford from Trinidad to be a promising species for introduction in the New World. This parasitoid, together with eight other chalcidoids (mostly larval parasitoids) and two braconids (larval‐pupal parasitoids), were collected in the field or received from established insectary cultures. They were studied and shipped for rearing and release in Senegal. Nine species were released at the end of 1982 and in 1983. Many were recovered shortly after release, but only Opius dissitus Muesebeck was recovered in later samples and became relatively abundant.     

江苏省三叶斑潜蝇发生调查及分子检测

2009年对江苏省斑潜蝇的发生分布进行了调查,并利用形态和分子生物学技术对采集标本进行鉴定,结果表明:三叶斑潜蝇在江苏除徐州和淮安外的11个市均有发生,尤其在江苏的苏中和苏南地区发生更为严重。江苏三叶斑潜蝇与国内测序并登录在GenBank中的序列具有99%甚至100%的相似性;与国外三叶斑潜蝇序列也具有99%以上的相似性,但其覆盖率都未达到100%。同时,多序列比对结果显示江苏省三叶斑潜蝇在测定的800 bp范围内仅存在一个明显的变异位点。此外,在本次调查中发现,除三叶斑潜蝇外,在江苏为害蔬菜的斑潜蝇还有美洲斑潜蝇和番茄斑潜蝇。     

三叶草斑潜蝇对6种寄主植物的选择适应性及其与寄主化学物质含量的关系

研究了6种寄主植物(茄子、芹菜、菜豆、青菜、番茄、辣椒)对三叶草斑潜蝇生长发育、存活的影响和三叶草斑潜蝇对这些寄主的偏好性及其选择性机制。结果表明:三叶草斑潜蝇在6种寄主植物上的生长发育历期从短到长依次是茄子芹菜菜豆番茄辣椒青菜,其中芹菜、茄子和菜豆是其嗜好性寄主;在茄子上存活率最高,辣椒上存活率最低;三叶草斑潜蝇在寄主植物单位面积上的产卵量与植物叶片中可溶性糖含量呈负相关,在单位面积上的取食斑数与植物叶片中叶绿素含量呈正相关。     

重大外来入侵害虫三叶斑潜蝇在中国的风险性分析

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险性分析(PRA)程序,利用相关风险性分析模型,从国内外分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害栽培寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面对三叶斑潜蝇在我国的风险性进行定性、定量分析,其综合风险值R为2.15,符合检疫性有害生物的条件,据此提出了2条相关风险管理备选对策,并进行效率和影响分析,以期使风险减少到可接受的水平。     

旋幽夜蛾各虫态的过冷却点测定

［目的］ 探明旋幽夜蛾（Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg）各虫态的耐寒性。［方法］利用过冷却点测定仪对旋幽夜蛾1~5龄幼虫、蛹（滞育、非滞育）和雌雄成虫分别进行过冷却点和结冰点测定。［结果］各龄幼虫过冷却点随龄期的增加逐渐升高,1龄幼虫（-13.63 ℃）<2龄幼虫（-12.50 ℃）<3龄幼虫（-11.08 ℃）<4龄幼虫（-11.05 ℃）<5龄幼虫（-10.04 ℃）。相邻龄期幼虫的过冷却点均未呈现出显著性差异,但低龄幼虫和高龄幼虫间存在显著性差异。其余虫态过冷却点滞育蛹（-24.94 ℃）显著低于非滞育蛹（-21.91 ℃）,雌蛹（-23.84 ℃）<雄蛹（-23.52 ℃）,雌成虫（-15.75 ℃）<雄成虫（-15.44 ℃）,但雌雄蛹和雌雄成虫之间均未呈现显著性差异。［结论］ 旋幽夜蛾各虫态过冷却点变化为蛹（-23.67 ℃）<成虫（-15.60 ℃）<幼虫（-11.48 ℃）,三者之间有显著性差异。研究结果为旋幽夜蛾的越冬区划提供了科学依据。     

三叶斑潜蝇在中国的适生区预测

利用CLIMEX生态气候模型提供的中国87个位点的气候资料和中国气象台649个台站的气候资料,对三叶斑潜蝇在中国的适生区进行了预测,结果表明三叶斑潜蝇能广泛分布于华东、华南、华中和西南等绝大部分地区,特别是以长江以南的广大地区,以及华北的山东、河北、天津和北京、东北的辽宁、西北的陕西等部分地区,其潜在的分布区可达北部纬度较高的地区(内蒙古、黑龙江)以及西部的新疆、西藏个别地区。     

三叶斑潜蝇发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

不同恒温条件下测定了三叶斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii(Burgess)各虫态的发育历期,并用直线回归法计算出各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,三叶斑潜蝇的历期、发育速率与温度间相关性明显,其卵、幼虫、蛹及全世代发育起点温度分别为9.20℃、10.80℃、6.43℃、8.40℃,有效积温分别为68.4日度、66.7日度、161.3日度、315.0日度。     

A decade of leafminer invasion in China: lessons learned

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) is a highly invasive species that has become established in agricultural and ornamental crops throughout the world. L. trifolii was first recorded in China in 2005 in Guangdong Province. Subsequently, its known distribution in China has rapidly expanded to another 11 provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangxi, Shandong, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei and Anhui), where it is currently causing considerable damage and economic losses. Experimental research and field surveys have contributed to our understanding of the ecology of L. trifolii and particularly the process of invasion and its interactions with other established, exotic Liriomyza leafminer species. A number of factors have contributed to the successful establishment of L. trifolii and displacement of interspecific competitors. In China, L. trifolii has become a particularly devastating pest in areas with intensive farming with extensive monocultures and a reliance on insecticide use. Integrated pest management incorporating judicious applications of insecticide combined with biological and cultural controls is likely to provide the best long‐term management strategy for L. trifolii. We provide information regarding 10 years of L. trifolii invasion in China and discuss areas of future research to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of L. trifolii and to improve management programmes for this widespread invasive insect pest. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

辐照处理纵坑切梢小蠹的初步研究

应用不同剂量的^60Coγ-射线处理纵坑切梢小蠹（Tomicus piniperda Linn）成虫，结果表明，处理剂量为500Gy时，当天死亡率达100％，处理剂量为350Gy时，成虫3d后全部死亡，而以300Gy剂量处理后7d，试虫死亡率亦为100％。处理后30d，200—300Gy剂量的处理未出现卵或幼虫。纵坑切梢小蠹存活和繁殖能力与辐照剂量之间符合剂量效应关系，7d理论致死剂量LD99.99为228．7Gy。     

γ射线辐照对3种杂草种子发芽率的影响初报

本文利用60Co-γ射线对芜菁、猪殃殃和反枝苋3种杂草种子进行了50~1000Gy的辐照处理,研究了不同剂量对3种杂草种子萌发的影响,结果表明,发芽7d后,1kGy以下剂量的辐照对3种杂草种子的发芽具有一定的抑制作用,抑制效果因杂草种类的不同而有差异。     

Comparison of different positions and heights of yellow sticky traps for sampling populations of the leafminerLiriomyza trifolii

A study was carried out to determine the optimal height, position (angle) and direction of yellow sticky traps for maximum attraction ofLiriomyza trifolii flies above gerbera plants. Catches at 30 cm above the plant tops were greater than at 70 cm above the tops. Horizontal and 45° angle traps caught larger numbers on the upper side, whereas with vertical traps there was no effect of side. Catches on vertical traps were greater than those on horizontal and 45° angle traps. Free-hanging vertical traps caught more flies than fixed traps facing north and south. Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2437-E, 1988 series.     

Effects of radiation on the fitness,sterility and arbovirus susceptibility of a Wolbachia-free Aedes albopictus strain for use in the sterile insect technique

BACKGROUND

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a green and species-specific insect pest control technique that suppresses target populations by releasing factory-reared, radiosterilized males into the wild. Once released, it is important to be able to distinguish the released males from the wild males for monitoring purposes. Several methods to mark the sterile males exist. However, most have limitations due to monetary, process efficiency, or insect quality. Aedes albopictus is naturally infected with Wolbachia at a high prevalence, therefore the elimination of Wolbachia can serve as a biomarker to distinguish factory-reared male mosquitoes from wild conspecifics.

RESULTS

In this study, a Wolbachia-free Ae. albopictus GT strain was developed and its fitness evaluated, which was found to be comparable to the wild GUA strain. In addition, GT male mosquitoes were irradiated at the adult stage and a dose of 20 Gy or more induced over 99% sterility. Moreover, a dose of 30 Gy (almost completely sterilizing male and female mosquitoes) had limited effects on the mating competitiveness of GT males and the vector competence of GT females, respectively. However, radiation reduced mosquito longevity, regardless of sex.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that the Ae. albopictus GT strain can be distinguished from wild mosquitoes based on Wolbachia status and shows similar fitness, radio-sensitivity and arbovirus susceptibility to the GUA strain, indicating that it is feasible to use the GT strain to suppress Ae. albopictus populations for SIT programmes. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Effect of Temperature on the Seasonal Incidence of Shootfly,Atherigona naqvii in Wheat at Jaipur,India

Abstract

Seasonal incidence of shootfly, Atherigona naqvii Steyskal was studied in wheat sown on nine dates at approximately fortnightly intervals from 1 October to end of January during the 1973–74 to 1976–77 seasons at Jaipur, India. During the season the pest remained more active from the second fortnight of October to mid-December and again during February and March. These fluctuations appear to have a positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperatures while relative humidity and rainfall did not have any influence. The winter low temperatures during mid-December to mid-February arrested the flies' activity. The crop sown between mid-November and mid-December was found to be almost free from shootfly and no control measures are needed. However, early and late sown crops remained prone to attack.     

温度对美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇种间竞争的影响

为明确温度对美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇种间竞争的影响,在试验玻璃筒中同时接入两种斑潜蝇各1♀1♂,置于不同温度(18、25、30℃)下培养,观察两种斑潜蝇子代的化蛹数、成虫数及羽化率.结果显示,18℃下,美洲斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数仅为(0.4±0.3)头,显著低于南美斑潜蝇的(2.5土0.7)头;25℃下,美洲斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数(7.6±3.0)头,稍高于南美斑潜蝇的(4.3±2.0)头,但不存在显著差异;30℃下,美洲斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数为(18.0±2.9)头,而F1代中无南美斑潜蝇成虫.说明温度对两种斑潜蝇的种间竞争具有重要影响.     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

利用浸叶法测定了美洲斑潜蝇幼虫对１１种不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性。实验结果表明,齐墩螨素对美洲斑潜蝇具有较高的毒力,其ＬＣ_５０仅为０.０８１８ｍｇ／Ｌ,其次是菊酯类杀虫剂溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯。美洲斑潜蝇对有机磷杀虫剂马拉硫磷、敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂灭多威和丁硫克百威具有较强的耐药性。