盐度突降对褶皱臂尾轮虫存活及休眠卵形成的影响

以单体培养、群体累积试验2种方法,研究了盐度突降对褶皱臂尾轮虫存活及休眠卵形成的影响,旨在为褶皱臂尾轮虫及其休眠卵的规模化生产提供理论指导.结果表明褶皱臂尾轮虫在盐度2以下难以存活;生活在盐度20以上海水中的褶皱臂尾轮虫,盐度突降到4以上不会造成大量死亡;大幅度降低盐度可促进休眠卵的形成,最佳降盐幅度为从正常培养时的20以上降至6.     

由休眠卵孵化的褶皱臂尾轮虫的成长

褶皱臂尾轮虫Brachionus plicatilis0．F．Muller虽被广泛用作海产鱼种苗生产的初期饵料，但培育仔鱼体较小的鱼种，在刚开始摄饵时需选择小型轮虫(以仔轮虫为主)。为此，了解培养槽中轮虫的孵化、成长过程中，不必测定其被甲长而推知小型轮虫的出现时间，即亟待开发的有效的小型轮虫生产技术。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫不同时期休眠卵的超微结构

分别用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionusplicatilis)新产的和隔年的休眠卵形态结构进行观察。结果表明,两个时期的休眠卵外壳结构有区别,隔年卵外壳较薄,壳纹不明显;新卵外壳厚,壳纹明显。进行轮虫休眠卵分类时应以后者为准。新产休眠卵无气室,而隔年休眠卵有气室。进一步观察表明,休眠卵气室中的气体由休眠期间的代谢活动而产生。扫描电镜下,新产休眠卵有2层卵膜,隔年休眠卵有3层卵膜;透射电镜下,二者均为3层卵膜,不同时期休眠卵的每层卵膜厚度及细微结构有所差别。这两个时期的休眠卵胚胎结构上均有2层,但内含物有所不同。     

温度、盐度、pH值对褶皱臂尾轮虫休眠卵孵化率的影响

通过单因素和正交设计的试验方法研究了温度、盐度、pH对褶皱臂尾轮虫休眠卵孵化率的影响.试验结果表明,适宜休眠卵孵化的温度为29℃,盐度为20、pH为9.0; 各因素中影响孵化率的顺序依次是:盐度>温度>pH,温度与盐度之问存在较为显著的交互作用,最佳的孵化条件组合是:温度34℃.盐度10,pH 8.0.     

两种消毒剂处理对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵萌发的影响

在特定条件下形成的轮虫休眠卵,经过一定时间的储藏保存,其萌发率均有不同程度的降低[1,2]1)。已有研究表明,大量的细菌污染是导致褶皱臂尾轮虫(Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓｐｌｉｃａｔｉｌｉｓ)休眠卵萌发率降低的主要因素之一;使用适宜种类和浓度的消毒剂处理可显著地提高其萌发率[3]。有关淡水轮虫休眠卵的报道较少,为此我们使用扫描电子显微镜对萼花臂尾轮虫(Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ)休眠卵进行观察,并用不同种类和浓度的消毒剂对其进行消毒实验,旨在为轮虫休眠卵的有效保存和使用提供依据。1　材料和方法1.1　轮虫休…     

去壳时间和盐度对卤虫去壳卵孵化的影响

卤虫又称丰年虫,利用卤虫去壳卵作为水产幼体培育饵料,好处多多:①去壳所用的次氯酸钠可以清洁卤虫卵,防止黏附在卤虫卵壳上的外源病原有机体或污染物带入养殖池。②通常孵化卤虫的方法是卵在     

褶皱臂尾轮虫的高密度培养

本文针对冬季育苗生物饵料缺乏,褶皱臂尾轮虫幼体成活低的问题,采用室内高密度培育轮虫的方法,提高产量.赣榆县广星育苗场,25#～35#池用于轮虫培养,38 m2/池,1#、2#、3#池饵料培育.     

褶皱臂尾轮虫规模化培养新模式

褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)(下文简称轮虫)隶属于轮虫纲、单巢目、臂尾轮虫科;是广盐性种类,广泛分布于温带到热带半咸水和海水水域。它是目前唯一能集约化培养的一种海水轮虫。作为海产苗种良好的开口饵料,随着近年来海产鱼类养殖和人工育苗工作的深入开展,其规模化培养技术愈发显示出重要作用。     

冷冻对轮虫休眠卵萌发率的影响

对在不同冷冻时间和冷冻强度下臂尾轮虫休眠卵的萌发率进行了测试,结果显示,褶皱臂尾轮虫（ Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｐｌｉｃａｔｉｌｉｓ） 休眠卵在－ １８ ℃冷冻２０ ｄ ,萌发率提高１３ ．９ ％ ;－ ３０ ℃冷冻６０ ｄ ,萌发率提高１４ ．４ ％ ;室外经整个冬季冻后,萼花臂尾轮虫（ Ｂ．ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ） 、壶状臂尾轮虫（ Ｂ．ｕｒｃｅｕｓ） 休眠卵的萌发率平均提高了１ ～３ 倍,而角突臂尾轮虫（ Ｂ．ａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ） 的萌发率却降低了近１ 倍。－ ８０ ℃强冷冻２ ｄ,褶皱臂尾轮虫休眠卵萌发率从３９ ．５ ％ 降至１ ．６ ％ 。同时,本文探讨了冷冻影响轮虫休眠卵萌发的机理以及冷冻处理在北方轮虫土池生产中的实际意义。     

盐度、pH及孵化时间对卤虫孵化率的影响

<正> 卤虫早期幼体营养丰富,作为鱼、虾、蟹幼体的饵料,在水产育苗中已被广泛采用,但对其孵化所需盐度、pH及孵化时间意见不一。本文就这几个因子对卤虫孵化率的影响进行了试验总结。 试验用卤虫卵系采自河北省海兴的冬卵。卵取回后经漂洗、沉淀去杂质,在-28～—30℃速冻,存放于-18℃冷库中。用前取     

Effect of disinfectants on the hatching of marine rotifer resting eggs Brachionus plicatilis Müller

Scanning electron microscopy indicated that stored resting eggs of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller were colonized by numerous bacterial cells that affect the hatchability of resting eggs. The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants on the hatching of the resting eggs was studied using selected chemicals and antibacterial drags. The hatching success rate of the fresh and stored eggs was 26 ± 5.8% and 0%, respectively. Sodium hypochlorite (1.0 p.p.m.) increased the hatching rate to 48 ± 1.3% in freshly-collected and 28 ± 1.8% in stored eggs. Physical disintegration of the bacterial mat occurred after 1 h of treatment with sodium hypochlorite. Among antibacterial drugs, sodium nifurstyrenate (Erubaju) enhanced the hatching success rate to 40 ± 1.2% and 20 ± 1.1% for the freshly-collected eggs and stored resting eggs, respectively. However, tetracycline and oxytetracycline did not significantly influence the hatching of the stored eggs. These observations are discussed in relation to the development of an improved method for the processing and hatching of rotifer resting eggs.     

Effects of incubation water hardness and salinity on egg hatch and fry survival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus)

This study examined the effects of water hardness and salinity on yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Chitralada strain), eggs during artificial incubation. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of hardness, salinity and the sources of saline incubation water. High water hardness treatments (500–4200 mg L^?1 as CaCO₃) resulted in higher yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival than low water hardness treatments (50.0 and 132 mg L^?1 as CaCO₃); although yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival did not differ among the high or low hardness treatments. Salinity of 4.0 g L^?1 using seawater, and 4.0 and 8.0 g L^?1 using unprocessed common salt resulted in the higher survival rate of yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry than other salinity treatments. Yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival was found to decrease with the increase in salinity and increase with the increase in water hardness. The present study demonstrated the positive effects of increased water hardness level (>132 mg L^?1) on yolk sac larvae and swim‐up fry survival. The study also showed that seawater salinity of 4 g L^?1 was the most appropriate salinity level for incubating Nile tilapia eggs.     

盐度对赤点石斑鱼受精卵发育的影响及仔鱼活力的判断

观察比较了10个盐度梯度（44.0,41.0,38.0,35.0，自然海水盐度30.5-32.5,27.0,24.0,21.0,18.0,15.0)下赤点石斑鱼受精卵的孵化率和畸形率，对12批初孵仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验。并测定其不投饵存活系数SAI值。结果表明，赤点石斑鱼受精卵孵化的适宜盐度为38.0-24.0，最适盐度为35.0-27.0。盐度高于35.0，孵化率随盐度的升高而降低，仔鱼畸形率则随之升高。盐度低于24.0，孵化率随盐度的降低而降低，仔鱼畸形率则随之升高，从盐度38.0到41.0以及24.0到21.0是2个对受精卵孵化率和仔鱼畸形率影响很大的盐度梯度，高于或低于这2个盐度梯度，孵化率即明显大幅度降低，畸形率则大幅度升高，赤点石斑鱼仔鱼的SAI值为3.19-12.42，低于长吻Sheng和黄条Shi的SAI值，仔鱼的SAI值与卵的受精率，孵化率呈正相关关系。只有SAI值大于5的仔鱼才有可能被进一步培育成苗，低于5的将在数天内死亡。     

Effect of temperature on resting egg formation of the tropical SS-type rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff

ABSTRACT:   Tropical minute rotifer strains (SS-type) induce mixis at 30–35°C but sexual reproduction and resting egg formation do not proceed well due to rapid environmental change. The present study examined the effect of temperature regulation on rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (Langkawi strain, SS-type) resting egg formation in small (500 mL in culture volume)- and large-scale (500 L in culture volume) experiments. Rotifers were cultured at 30°C in 15–17 p.p.t. seawater with an initial density of 1 individual (ind.)/mL. After 4 days, when cultures were in exponential growth stage with active mixis induction, the culture temperature of the experimental rotifers was changed to 25°C. Control rotifers were cultured at 30°C throughout the experiment. Fresh or frozen Nannochloropsis oculata and condensed freshwater Chlorella vulgaris were used as the rotifer diets in the small- and large-scale experiments, respectively. Significantly higher resting egg production was observed with the experimental rotifers (30→ 25°C) versus the control rotifers. In the large-scale trial, experimental rotifers produced 2.6 × 10⁶ resting eggs during a 9-day experiment, which was 1.6-fold more than the control rotifers. Moreover, the efficiency of resting egg formation was found to increase by a factor of 1.8. The present study indicates that decreasing culture temperature from 30 to 25°C after active mixis increased resting egg formation in B. rotundiformis (SS-type).     

Effects of salinity and temperature during incubation on hatching and development of lingcod Ophiodon elongatus Girard, embryos

The interactive effects of salinity and temperature on development and hatching success of lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus Girard, were studied by incubating eggs at four temperatures (6, 9, 12 and 15°C) and five salinities (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L^?1). Hatch did not occur in any of the 15°C treatments. Degree days (°C days) to first hatch was not influenced by temperature or salinity, however, calendar days to first hatch differed significantly for temperature (P<0.0001, 61±1, 44±1 and 35±1 days for 6, 9 and 12°C respectively). Degree days to 50% (427.1±4.2) hatch was not significantly influenced by temperature but was by salinity (P=0.0324). Viable hatch (live with no deformities, 74.1±4.0%) was greatest at 9°C and 25 g L^?1 but not significantly different in the range of 20–30 g L^?1. Larval length (9.4±0.13 mm) was greatest at 9°C and 20–30 g L^?1. Temperature and salinity significantly influenced all categories of deformities with treatments at the upper (12°C and 35 g L^?1) and lower limits (6°C and 15 g L^?1) producing the greatest deformities. The optimal temperature and salinity for incubating Puget Sound lingcod eggs was found to be 9°C and 20–30 g L^?1.     

Effect of recovery salinity on survival of acutely stressed halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L) larvae

First‐feeding halibut larvae (245‐day degrees; 40 days post hatch), reared at 34 g L^?1 salinity and 7°C, were subjected to handling and allowed to recover in a range of salinities (0–34 g L^?1) and at 10°C. Survival of the unfed larvae was determined daily for 18 days. Mortality rates approached 0 after 4 days in all treatments and presumed starvation‐induced mortality started at about 11 days post handling. By 20 days post treatments, all larvae had died. Salinities in the range of 10–20 g L^?1 produced significantly (anova , P<0.01) higher initial survival (71–95%) than salinities above 20 g L^?1 (24–48%) or below 10 g L^?1 (0–19%) and this survival pattern changed little in unfed larvae for the first 10 days following the stressor. For example, 24 hour post handling, survival of halibut was improved from 28.7±16.5% (mean±standard error, n=3) at 34.0 g L^?1 to 95.2±4.8% at 13 g L^?1. A second‐order polynomial regression of 4‐day post‐handling survival data (y=?0.002x ²+0.0603x+0.0699, r²=0.3936) predicted a maximum survival at 15.1 g L^?1 salinity. These results have important implications for halibut aquaculture and research when handling of larvae is unavoidable. For practical applications, we recommend reducing salinity of receiving waters to 15–20 g L^?1 with a slow (3–4 days) reacclimation to ambient conditions.