瓜类蔬菜子叶离体培养的研究进展

本文对瓜类蔬菜子叶离体培养的研究进行综述,包括再生途径、影响因素及应用等方面研究的进展,讨论了瓜类蔬菜子叶离体培养存在的问题和今后研究的重点。     

中国稻草还田技术研究进展

随着中国农业的发展,大量稻草被焚烧或者弃置,这不仅浪费了养分资源还造成环境污染。本文综述了稻草还田的方式方法,稻草还田对土壤性状及水稻产量的影响以及稻草还田对水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响,以期待稻草还田技术可以进一步推广应用。     

链轮丝菌属谷氨酰胺转氨酶的研究进展

谷氨酰胺转氨酶能催化酰基转移反应,使蛋白质分子间和分子内产生共价交联,从而改变蛋白质的功能与特性。与其他来源的谷氨酰胺转氨酶相比,微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶因其不需要钙离子激活、分子量小、易于纯化、应用成本低等特性,在食品、医药等领域显示出更广阔的应用前景。微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶主要来源于链轮丝菌属。 本文对链轮丝菌属产谷氨酰胺转氨酶菌株的选育、发酵条件的优化、MTG的分离纯化、MTG结构、MTG基因的克隆、转化和修饰、MTG的应用等方面进行了综述。     

兰花试管开花研究进展

对兰花试管开花方面的研究进行了综述,着重介绍了兰科植物试管开花的影响因素及其调控和分子机理等方面的研究情况,指出目前存在的若干问题并提出解决对策。     

中国牧草育种工作研究进展

在综述中国牧草育种工作进展的同时,分析了牧草育种工作中存在的问题,主要包括育成的牧草品种少,良种推广和覆盖面积较小以及牧草育种理论基础薄弱等,并针对性地提出应从改进牧草育种的方法和途径、培育具有地方特色的独特牧草品种、加强种质资源的保护与利用、加快良种向现实生产力的转化以及通过各部门协作攻关等方面解决这些问题。     

Variation in virulence and resistance in the bean-bean rust pathosystem in Ecuador

Twenty two Uromyces appendiculatus isolates were tested on 20 differential and 25 Ecuadorian Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars in the seedling stage. Based on the infection types 20 races could be discerned. The Ecuadorian cultivars differed greatly in their reaction to the isolates, from resistant to only one isolate (`Red Small Garden') to resistant to all isolates (’G2333‘). The isolates showed a wide range of virulence to the Ecuadorian cultivars, from virulent to only two cultivars (isolate 13) to virulent to 21 cultivars (isolates 5 and 23). Seven cultivars with a basically susceptible infection type appeared to differ greatly in quantitative resistance when tested in three consecutive crop cycles. The disease severities in percentage leaf area affected averaged over the three cycles ranged between 83.9% for ‘Red Small Garden’ and 13.1% for ‘INIAP-414’. Race-specific resistance does not seem an advisable breeding strategy, but the quantitative resistance offers a good alternative.     

MicroRNA在高等植物逆境响应中的作用机制研究进展

microRNA（miRNA）是一类20~24bp的内源性小分子非编码RNA,广泛存在于真核生物中。成熟的miRNA通过与靶基因较保守的互补位点配对结合,在转录后水平负调控靶基因的表达,参与植物的生长发育、信号转导和逆境响应等过程。本文综述了植物在生物胁迫和非生物胁迫（重金属、干旱、低温、盐、热）响应中miRNA的作用及其调节机理研究进展,指出存在问题并进行展望。     

植物响应低温胁迫转录组测序研究进展

低温胁迫是限制植物生长发育和地理分布最主要的环境因子之一,影响植物细胞膜系统、抗氧化系统、光合作用、次生代谢等诸多方面,对农业生产和发展有严重影响。因此,揭示作物在冷胁迫下的生理及分子机制是十分必要的,这有助于培育耐寒作物品种,从而减少生产损失,扩大作物种植面积,具有重要的生产价值和经济效益。目前,基于RNA-seq技术进行植物低温胁迫分子机制深度解析在拟南芥、水稻、油菜、茶树、小麦、烟草、高粱等重要作物上得到了发展应用。本研究综述了近年来植物在低温胁迫或低温适应过程中的转录组学研究现状,以期为高通量测序技术在植物抗性研究方面提供方法借鉴和理论基础。     

中国作物分子设计育种

分子设计育种通过多种技术的集成与整合,对育种程序中的诸多因素进行模拟、筛选和优化,提出最佳的符合育种目标的基因型以及实现目标基因型的亲本选配和后代选择策略,以提高作物育种中的预见性和育种效率,实现从传统的“经验育种”到定向、高效的“精确育种”的转化。分子设计育种主要包含以下3个步骤：(1)研究目标性状基因以及基因间的相互关系,即找基因(或生产品种的原材料),这一步骤包括构建遗传群体、筛选多态性标记、构建遗传连锁图谱、数量性状表型鉴定和遗传分析等内容;(2)根据不同生态环境条件下的育种目标设计目标基因型,即找目标(或设计品种原型),这一步骤利用已经鉴定出的各种重要育种性状的基因信息,包括基因在染色体上的位置、遗传效应、基因到性状的生化网络和表达途径、基因之间的互作、基因与遗传背景和环境之间的互作等,模拟预测各种可能基因型的表现型,从中选择符合特定育种目标的基因型;(3)选育目标基因型的途径分析,即找途径(或制定生产品种的育种方案)。本文评述近几年来我国在遗传研究材料创新、重要性状遗传分析、育种模拟工具开发和应用、设计育种实践、分子设计育种技术体系建设等方面取得的重要进展,结合国内外研究现状对分子设计育种的未来进行展望,最后指出我国近期应加强育种预测方法和工具、基因和环境互作、遗传交配设计、作物功能基因组学、生物信息学方法和工具、设计育种技术体系和决策支持平台等领域的研究,同时重视人才培养和团队建设。     

Advances in Japanese pear breeding in Japan

The Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) is one of the most widely grown fruit trees in Japan, and it has been used throughout Japan’s history. The commercial production of pears increased rapidly with the successive discoveries of the chance seedling cultivars ‘Chojuro’ and ‘Nijisseiki’ around 1890, and the development of new cultivars has continued since 1915. The late-maturing, leading cultivars ‘Niitaka’ and ‘Shinko’ were released during the initial breeding stage. Furthermore, systematic breeding by the Horticultural Research Station (currently, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NIFTS)) began in 1935, which mainly aimed to improve fruit quality by focusing on flesh texture and black spot disease resistance. To date, 22 cultivars have been released, including ‘Kosui’, ‘Hosui’, and ‘Akizuki’, which are current leading cultivars from the breeding program. Four induced mutant cultivars induced by gamma irradiation, which exhibit some resistance to black spot disease, were released from the Institute of Radiation Breeding. Among these cultivars, ‘Gold Nijisseiki’ has become a leading cultivar. Moreover, ‘Nansui’ from the Nagano prefectural institute breeding program was released, and it has also become a leading cultivar. Current breeding objectives at NIFTS mainly combine superior fruit quality with traits related to labor and cost reduction, multiple disease resistance, or self-compatibility. Regarding future breeding, marker-assisted selection for each trait, QTL analyses, genome-wide association studies, and genomic selection analyses are currently in progress.     

中国绿芦笋栽培研究进展

绿芦笋具有极高的营养和医疗保健价值,在国际市场十分畅销。近年来,中国绿芦笋栽培发展很快,但栽培技术尚有待提高。从品种、育苗技术、田间管理、设施栽培、病虫害防治、无公害标准化栽培等方面综述了中国绿芦笋的栽培现状和最新研究进展。通过无公害标准化栽培,实现高产、优质和高效益,是中国绿芦笋生产的发展方向。     

小麦杂种优势利用研究进展

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象,利用杂种优势大幅度提高作物产量是现代农业科学技术的一项重大成就。小麦是重要的粮食作物,也是唯一尚未实现大面积利用杂种优势的粮食作物,推进小麦杂种优势利用技术研究对保障国家粮食安全具有重大意义。本文综述了小麦杂种优势的表现、论述了小麦杂种优势利用途径、研究进展和取得的成就,并对杂交小麦研究应用中存在的问题与对策进行了探讨。     

Advances in table grape breeding in Japan

In Japan, few grape cultivars related to Vitis vinifera existed 200 years ago, on account of Japan’s high rainfall. Many V. labruscana and vinifera cultivars were introduced to Japan in the 19th century. Labruscana was grown instead of vinifera, mainly because of severe disease problems and a high incidence of berry cracking. Grape breeding for table use started in the 20th century, with the goal of combining the berry quality of vinifera with the ease of cultivation of labruscana. By 1945, three strategies were used: 1) crossing among introduced diploid vinifera and vinifera-related cultivars of Japanese origin, 2) interspecific crossing in tetraploid cultivars, and 3) interspecific crossing in diploid cultivars, resulting in ‘Neo Muscat’, ‘Kyoho’, and ‘Muscat Bailey A’. Later, tetraploid interspecific crossing over generations developed many ‘Kyoho’-related cultivars, including ‘Pione’, many of which have large berries, intermediate flesh texture between the two species, a labruscan or neutral flavor, and moderate disease resistance. Interspecific diploid crossing over generations developed ‘Shine Muscat’ in 2006, with large berries, crispy flesh, a muscat flavor, no cracking, seedless fruit by gibberellin application, and moderate resistance to downy mildew and ripe rot.     

Advances in Peanut Breeding in Foreign Countries

近些年来,传统花生育种方法已经不能满足人们日益增长的要求,飞速发展的生物技术越来越广泛地应用在选育花生优质新品种中。总结了近些年来国际上应用分子标记、种间杂交、转基因技术等方法在选育花生抗病虫、抗旱等多抗性及优质、早熟、高产新品种等方面取得的最新进展。     

Experience in Town Planning in Mountainous Regions

According to the practice of urban planning in mountainous regions, based on the experience in decision on small town's development, traffic planning and downtown designing etc, some proposals on general program and concrete rules in town planning were given, hightlighting the distinctive characteristics of town planning in mountainous regions, different from those of city planning.     

植物细胞质雄性不育研究进展

植物细胞质雄性不育在生产运用及理论研究上价值巨大。首先简述了植物雄性不育系的概念、形态、细胞学表现及雄性不育类型,继而从细胞学研究（败育时期和方式、绒毡层发育及超微结构变化等方面）、生理生化研究（能量代谢、物质代谢及植物激素等方面）和分子生物学研究（线粒体DNA、RNA编辑及叶绿体DNA等方面）3个不同层次重点综述了植物细胞质雄性不育形成机理的研究进展。既能为相关理论研究奠定基础,更便于运用其研究成果指导农业生产服务。提出现有研究成果若融合大规模高通量数据分析,植物细胞质雄性不育研究将得到进一步完善。     

2010年我国大蒜价格与出口情况及2011年形势展望

回顾了2010年我国大蒜的销售与出口情况,分析了2010年影响大蒜价格走高的因素及2011年大蒜的行情走势,阐述了应对大蒜产业发展挑战的措施与途径.     

Flower-Colour Polymorphism in Lupinus pilosus in Israel

Four rare flower-colour mutants were detected in natural populations of Lupinus pilosus in Israel. The breeding systems and genetic bases of three oif them were examined. Mutants were tagged in wild populations and seed obtained upon open pollination was collected and grown in a, net house which was insect-proof. Mutant progenies were used in crosses with each other and with wild-type plants. Our results indicate the possibility that all three mutants are simple Mendelian recessives to the wild-type deep-violet colour and that in L. pilosus this colour is not monogenic but determined by at least two loci. All these mutants show a high degree of selling when open-pollinated in nature.     

葫芦科植物单倍体离体诱导研究进展

重点对葫芦科植物离体诱导单倍体的研究进行综述,包括花药培养、离体雌核培养、辐射花粉诱导单倍体培养等在育种中的应用,以及供体基因型、培养基、预处理方式、胚囊发育时期等因素对离体诱导再生频率的影响。关于离体培养发育机制的生理生化研究主要集中在离体雌核发育的形态及细胞学过程以及培养早期生理、生化的变化研究。同时总结了葫芦科植物DH育种研究进展,指出葫芦科植物离体诱导单倍体研究中存在的问题并提出思路和建议     

宁夏不同基因型春小麦磷营养的差异

在不同施磷土壤条件下,研究了宁夏春小麦100个基因型的磷营养性状的差异。结果表明,在低磷条件下,小麦籽粒产量和生物学产量在基因型间存在极显著差异（P＜0.01),而在高磷条件下存在显著差异（P＜0.05)。不论施磷与否,茎叶和籽粒中含磷量以及磷吸收累积量、磷利用效率、磷肥利用率和施磷增产率等在基因型间均存在极显著