Dynamic Influence of Sustained Small Rainfall Infiltration on Stability of Unsaturated Soil Slope

Taking the moisture content as main control parameter of shear strength of the soil, we analyze the variational properties of moisture content and shear strength with the change of rainfall time during the small sustained rainfall infiltration, and establish the relationships between total cohesion as well as effective angle of friction and the time of sustained small rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated slope. With the rainfall infiltration, the influence area of slope expands. Through the strength reduction method based on FLAC3D, the dynamic safety factor of slope in different time and the duration time before the failure of the slope are obtained. The results show that the slope critical sliding surface is yet unsaturated during a sustained small rainfall.     

Numerical Analysis of Seepage and Deformation in Unsaturated Soils

Based on one-dimensional seepage and deformation governing equations, PDE software is used to analyze the coupled governing equations. The method is available to arbitrary functions of SWCC (soil-water characteristic curve), and it considers that both the coefficient of permeability at saturation and the porosity change with soil strain. Compared with analytical solution, the numerical solution shows high precision and it can effectively solve coupling problems. It is found that coupling effect of seepage and deformation in unsaturated soils plays an important role in the pore-water pressure profiles, and that the coupling effect should be considered during rainfall infiltration. At early stage of rainfall infiltration, settlement obviously increases with time, and the pore-water pressure considering the coupling moves more slowly than that without considering coupling due to positive H. The settlement is related with initial pore-water pressure profiles and H value. The coefficient of permeability at saturation and the porosity have an effect on rainfall infiltration and steady-state seepage, but their change has a weak influence on deformation in unsaturated soils..     

降雨入渗对宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性的影响

为了研究降雨入渗对宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性的影响。采用ABAQUS软件建立降雨入渗下的宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性有限元模型,研究了水平梯田、隔坡梯田、原始边坡（对照）3种边坡类型,在降雨入渗强度(28~38 mm/h)和边坡坡度(15°—30°)下的破坏时间和安全系数的变化规律。结果表明:降雨入渗下,黄土梯田边坡的破坏时间随降雨入渗强度的增大而减小,且呈幂函数关系,水平梯田的破坏时间显著高于隔坡梯田和原始边坡;安全系数也随降雨入渗强度的增大而减小,但呈线性关系,水平梯田的安全系数与隔坡梯田和原始边坡并无显著差异。降雨条件下,修筑梯田能增加浅层梯田边坡的稳定性,而对于深层梯田边坡的稳定性影响不大。     

Horizontal Slice Method for the Stability Analysis of Reinforced Slopes

Relevant national codes usually require the transmitting coefficient method to be employed for the stability analysis of slope reinforcement, in which sliding mass is usually divided into a number of vertical slices.For some support technologies, such as rock bolting and anchor cable, the intersections between the slices and the anchor bar, and the forces mobilized in the reinforcements are different from the assumptions in this method.Thus the transmitting coefficient method confronts some difficulties during practical applications, which would influence the project quality of reinforcements.A new Horizontal Slice Method was proposed based on the overseas relevant literatures to overcome these difficulties in the stability analysis of rock bolting and anchor cable slopes.     

Matric Suction Effect on Shear Strength of Roadbed Unsaturated Soil

A study which focuses on the role of matric suction in the stress strength of roadbed unsaturated soil was presented. Two types of tests were described, namely, the suction controlled shear test and microstructure scanned test. For the former, four sub tests were conducted under different suction and net normal stress conditions. And two unsaturated soil samples that belong to the same type but with different water contents were scanned. In contrast with clay soil, the corresponding results show that the strength of silty sand soil does not always increase as matric suction increases or soil water content decreases; there exists a peak contributed by matric suction that acts on soil stress strength. The main reason for this kind of phenomenon is due to the typical microstructure of this type of soil and the various types of pore water retention. Additionally, the state of stress in which soil sample meets can also exerts important influence on soil strength.     

降雨条件下坡积土边坡暂态饱和区形成机理及分布规律

降雨是引起坡积土边坡失稳的最常见外部因素之一。雨水的入渗在引起土体抗剪强度参数降低的同时,还将导致土体重度的增加、基质吸力的降低,最终造成边坡的失稳。开展雨水在边坡内部的渗流过程研究已成为分析边坡在降雨条件下稳定性的前提。基于有限元数值模拟方法,进行了雨水在土体中渗流过程的模拟,着眼于降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成、分布及消散特征,描述了该过程中边坡内部含水率、基质吸力、水力梯度的变化规律。结果表明：暂态饱和区形成的主要原因是土体中向湿润锋下方渗出的雨水量小于降雨入渗补给量,从而使得土体中的含水率累积升高;暂态饱和区的形成与降雨强度、降雨时间具有十分密切的关系,暂态饱和区形成时间、雨水入渗深度、土体表面体积含水率大小分别与降雨强度存在函数关系;清晰描述了暂态饱和区形成发展消散地下水位升高的全过程,从该过程看,边坡排水措施的设计值得思考。     

坡度对云南红壤径流中磷素浓度的影响研究

水体富营养化的发生与农田土壤中磷的淋失有密切的关系。采用模拟降雨试验研究了土壤坡度对地表径流和亚地表径流中磷素浓度的影响。结果表明：在0°—10°范围内,地表径流中总磷、水溶性磷和颗粒态磷浓度和亚地表径流中水溶性磷浓度都随土壤坡度的增加而增加。亚地表径流中总磷和颗粒态磷在坡度为15°时均有一定程度的下降,其下降机理将做下一步分析研究。     

Types of Bank Slope and Its Stability form Yibin to Baihetan on Jinsha Rive

By researching the locale and studying geologic background and rock-mechanics surroundings on hyroeijectric zone of Jinsha river(Yibing-Baihetan),the authors divide bank slopes into 9 types according to structure of rock and soil and terrain,and expatiate the distributing character and stability of each bank slope types,which serves as scientific geo-accordings in forecasting and controlling of bank slope's unsteady on hyroeijectric zone of Jinsha river.     

Research on Evaluation of the Slope Stability Based on the Extension Theory

The stability of rock-mass slopes is a very complicated system which is controlled by lots of factors. It is always a very important research subject to evaluate the slope stability reasonably through some evaluation methods. Based on matter-element theory and dependent function,the extension theory is applied to evaluate the stability of rock mass slope,and the extension method for the stability of rock mass slopes is proposed. Taking a real slope project for example,based on the reasonable selection of evaluation factors of slope stability,an extension model for evaluation of slope stability is built,whose result is contrasted with the fuzzy evaluating one. As a result, it is practical and feasible to apply the extension method to estimate the rock slope stability.     

Tests with Controlled Net Mean Stress Equaling Constant of an Remolded Unsaturated Loess

The disruption, yield and water content change of a remolded unsaturated loess is studied during the course of shear tests with controlled net mean stress equaling constant. Two types of density's triaxial drained shear tests with controlled net mean stress and suction equaling constants are conducted. The test results show that the disruption stress increases with suction. A new method to identify the field stress under triaxial drained shear tests with controlled net mean stress equaling constants is suggested, and the shape of loading-collapse yield curve are similar in q-s plane and in p-s plane. The soil-water characteristic curve is dependent on deviatoric stress, and the soil-water characteristic curve including water content, suction, net mean stress and deviatoric stress is proposed.     

不同耗水强度下节水灌溉稻田土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度关系研究

为了探索基于土壤非饱和层厚度指导水稻节水灌溉的可能性,研究节水灌溉稻田土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度的关系非常必要。本文通过设计盆栽试验,针对不同耗水强度开展连续观测,根据实时观测的土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度,建立起两者之间的定量关系。结果表明：稻田日耗水强度越大,其非饱和土层厚度随时间增加的速率越大,达到最大值所需的时间越短。非饱和土层随时间增加时对应的土壤含水率则随时间下降,两者之间成负相关关系。通过建立土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度的二次抛物线关系,结果显示将非饱和土层厚度作为水分控制指标指导灌溉精度高、切实可行。最后,将土壤含水率与非饱和土层厚度关系曲线运用到水稻控制灌溉的实践中,推算出土壤含水量下限对应的非饱和土层厚度值,确定以非饱和土层厚度为指标的控制灌溉方法,为黑龙江地区水稻节水灌溉管理技术提供参考,为下一步的水分运动模型率定及模拟更多土质和更多耗水情形下的土壤水分提供依据。     

砂田降雨入渗过程的模拟实验研究

砂田是一种具有综合效能的旱作技术,在干旱半干旱地区得到了不同程度的应用。为了研究砂石覆盖下降雨入渗的规律,笔者进行了室内模拟实验,对土壤水分的动态变化过程进行了研究。结果表明：在模拟降雨过程中,砂石覆盖下土壤的累计产流量一直低于裸土,说明砂石覆盖有利于减少土表降雨产流。砂石覆盖的土壤的各个深度土壤含水率均比裸土对照组要高,表明砂石覆盖有降雨入渗到土壤中。在经过一定时间的降雨后,砂石覆盖土柱中不同深度的土壤含水率变化会趋于稳定,且数值接近,表明砂石覆盖的土壤比裸土更快地进入稳渗阶段。     

黄土坡面结皮对土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性和可蚀性的影响

为了探析微地形下土壤受雨滴打击后产生的结皮类型及团聚体组成差异。通过人工模拟降雨,研究坡面不同位置的结皮土壤水稳性团聚体分布特征、稳定性以及土壤可蚀性的变化情况。结果表明：（1）土壤水稳性团聚体以大团聚体（粒径>0.25 mm）含量为指标,原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮>0.25 mm粒级的水稳性团聚体分别占37.28%、43.58%、36.69%、40.34%;（2）以降雨历时5 min为例,原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮的水稳性团聚体的破坏率分别为：51.49%、46.00%、62.76%、51.02%;（3）原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮的水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径分别为：0.15、0.20、0.14、0.17 mm;（4）原状土、结构结皮、沉积结皮、过渡带结皮土壤可蚀性K值的大小分别为：0.223、0.200、0.229、0.205。微地形下产生结皮差异使得水稳性团聚体分布有所区别,因此土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性和可蚀性存在差异。     

稻草编织物覆盖对坡耕地水土流失及玉米产量的影响

为了研究稻草编织物覆盖在坡耕地水土流失控制上的作用,笔者于2008-2010年在雨季对不同覆盖方式下径流小区径流量、侵蚀量进行监测,以及对玉米整个生长期内各种生物性状及产量进行测定。结果表明：雨强越大,径流量越大,侵蚀量也越大;稻草编织物覆盖能有效地减少水土流失,稻草编织物覆盖的小区年均径流量为295.98 m3/hm2,侵蚀量为3.95 t/hm2,分别比无覆盖小区减少64.11%、94.01%;在中强度降雨下,稻草编织物覆盖对坡耕地蓄水保土的作用更为显著;稻草编织物覆盖对玉米生长有增产效应,2010年覆盖种植玉米理论产量为11.14 t/hm2,实际产量为10.42 t/hm2,比无覆盖种植分别增产47.5%、45.7%。说明坡耕地玉米稻草编织物覆盖能有效减轻水土流失、促进玉米生长发育,增加玉米产量的有效措施。     

坡度对油茶林土壤氮磷钾含量与剖面分布特征的影响

为阐明坡度和土壤深度对油茶林土壤氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和有效NPK的影响及其分布特征,采集不同坡度(0°、18°、43°)和剖面深度(0～60 cm)土壤,分析土壤养分含量差异及其分布特征。结果表明,3个坡度土壤NPK全量分别为0.60～1.13、0.62～0.65、27.53～32.27 g/kg,速效NPK分别为89.81～145.00、3.05～8.52、104.06～196.30 mg/kg。多重比较分析表明,不同坡度的油茶林地土壤NPK全量和速效量差异显著(P<0.05),除全钾外,不同坡度0～60 cm的土层NPK全量和速效量剖面分布趋势类似。随着坡度的增大和土壤深度的加深,NPK肥力逐渐减弱,分布具有表聚性。土壤肥力状况表现为坡度越高,NPK养分普遍偏低;随着剖面深度加深,土壤肥力逐渐降低,30 cm以下剖面土壤肥力低。相关性分析表明,NPK全量和有效量呈显著正相关。0°—18°坡面适宜种植油茶树,43°坡及以上坡度的土壤肥力低,不适宜种植油茶树。该研究结果对贵州山区油茶选育栽培具有一定的应用价值。     

Analytical Solution for One Dimensional Contaminant DiffusionThrough Unsaturated Soils Beneath Landfills

A one-dimensional diffusion model was developed to investigate contaminant distributions in unsaturated soils beneath a landfill. On the basis of the assumption that the volume water content is a linear function of depth, the analytical solution of the model was obtained by using the method of separation of variables combined with generalized orthogonal theory. The results obtained by the proposed analytical solution agree well with those obtained by the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2. The proposed analytical solution can be degraded to the steady-state solution. When the maximum volume water content of 0.6 and minimum volume water content of 0.3 is assumed for an unsaturated soil, the 100-year contaminant flux at the bottom of unsaturated soil was 91 g/ha/a, which is 1.4 times greater than that of the case assuming porosity of 0.3 for the saturated and 0.7 times less than that with a saturated volume water content of 0.6. When the sum of the top and bottom volume water content of the unsaturated soil remains constant, the relative concentration at the bottom of the soil will decrease with increase of the volume water content at the top of the soil. The bottom contaminant flux was not greatly affected by the variation of the distribution of volume water content when the sum of the top and bottom volume water content remains constant. The proposed analytical solution is relatively simple, and can be used for verification of complicated numerical models, experimental data fitting, and preliminary design of landfill liner systems.     

Analysis on Effect of Traffic Loads on Landslide Stability

In the design of landslide control engineering,the effect of traffic loads has not been taken into account.The authors simplified the traffic loads as mobile dead loads and traffic dynamic load.The mobile dead load ranges from 2.34 to 6.41 kPa.The impact coefficient was chosen to denote the traffic dynamic load and ranges from 0.1 to 0.4.Using several stability analysis methods widely accepted by engineers,combining two analysis samples,by the contrast of stability tests with and without consideration of the mobile dead load or the traffic dynamic load,the authors found that when the traffic load is not taken into account,the stability coefficient of shallow layer landslide(<8m) is overrated by 4.3-11 percent or 5.8-12.1 percent in comparison with the case when the mobile dead load or traffic dynamic is taken into account respectively,that is,the influence of mobile dead loads and traffic dynamic load is cannot be neglected.In case of medium deep layer landslide or the road is passing through the anti sliding section,the influence of the traffic load is a little and can be neglected.     

贮存温度对罗汉果浓缩汁稳定性的影响

将罗汉果浓缩汁在室温、冷藏、冷冻3个温区贮存180d,定期测定其生化成分的变化。结果表明,3个处理对罗汉果浓缩汁的pH值、吸光值、罗汉果甙V等指标均无明显变化。但在室温贮存条件下,从第60天开始,浓缩汁的微生物(细菌)开始生长,后期大量繁殖,导致可溶性蛋白增多,影响感官品质的变化,对产品贮存不利,而冷藏和冷冻贮存对产品品质的影响较小。