植酸酶与非植酸磷对蛋鸡料蛋比的影响

随机选取60周龄高产海兰褐商品蛋鸡108只,研究在不同非植酸磷日粮中添加植酸酶对蛋鸡料蛋比的影响.结果表明:添加300 FTU/kg水平植酸酶与添加150 FTU/kg水平组和未添加组相比,料蛋比明显降低(P＜0.01),当日粮中非植酸磷水平为0.15%时,料蛋比低于添加0.10%和0.20%(P＜0.05);非植酸磷与植酸酶同时添加时有明显的交互作用,以添加非植酸磷水平为0.10%,植酸酶为300 FTU/kg时,料蛋比最低.     

高植酸酶添加量对肉鸡生长性能的影响

在肉鸡生产中,植酸的负面作用除了植酸磷不被动物利用,还具有抗营养作用,如降低蛋白质和矿物质吸收,增加内源损失从而降低肉鸡生长性能。本研究在并不严重缺乏有效磷的日粮中添加高水平植酸酶,来揭示植酸的抗营养作用。结果发现,与肉鸡饲喂磷水平充足日粮相比,磷水平轻度不足组添加500、1000和1500FTU/kg植酸酶,可以改善肉鸡生长性能。     

饲粮中植酸酶、钙、磷不同水平组合对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能的影响

利用正交实验[L(934)]把270只艾维茵肉仔鸡随机分为9组,研究植酸酶、非植酸磷和钙水平的不同组合对艾维茵肉仔鸡生长性能、死淘率、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。结果表明,添加非植酸磷0.18%+钙0.8%组肉仔鸡生长最差,全部发生腿病,并于试验中期死亡或被淘汰;在非植酸磷0.18%+钙0.65%组的饲粮中添加植酸酶600FTU/kg,一定程度上改善了肉仔鸡的生长发育,但日增重仍较差,且死淘率较高;而添加植酸酶1200FTU/kg+非植酸酶0.18%+钙1.00%的组合显著降低了肉仔鸡的食欲与生长发育速度,腿病发生率和死淘率仍较高。饲粮中添加非植酸磷0.28%+不添加植酸酶+钙1.00%组仔鸡生长很差、死淘率较高;添加植酸酶600FTU/kg+非植酸磷0.28%+钙0.80%的组生长效果良好,而非植酸磷0.28%+钙0.65%+植酸酶1200FTU/kg组并未进一步提高生长效果。饲粮非植酸磷为0.38%时的3个组合都表现出较佳的日增重,说明非植酸磷0.38%能满足仔鸡需要。试验处理对仔鸡屠宰性能与肉品质未产生明显影响。饲粮中添加非植酸磷0.28%+钙0.80%+植酸酶600FTU/kg时,肉仔鸡的综合效益较佳。     

肉仔鸡日粮中植酸酶、钙、磷浓度对植酸磷水解的影响

以饲喂玉米-豆粕基础日粮的21日龄肉仔鸡为研究对象,通过3个连续5 d的试验,研究微生物植酸酶对表观植酸磷(PP)水解的影响。试验1:在玉米-豆粕基础日粮(Ca 0.7%,TP 0.4%,NPP 0.12%)中分别添加0、250、500,750、1000、1500、2000和5000 FTU/kg的植酸酶,植酸磷水解率分别达到43.12%、68.12%、74.7%、85.02%、85.25%、92.77%、96.91%和99.45%。试验2:在肉仔鸡玉米-豆粕基础日粮(Ca 0.5%,PP 0.17%)中不添加植酸酶,分别添加0.08%、0.13%、0.18%、0.23%、0.28%、0.33%、0.38%和0.45%NPP,植酸磷水解率分别为8.5%、27.6%、26.4%、28.9%、26.3%、17.1%、21.0%和27.7%。肉仔鸡饲喂相同日粮(Ca 0.5%,分别添加不同剂量的NPP),并添加1000 FTU/kg的植酸酶,可以使植酸磷水解率显著增加(P<0.05)到80.9%、75.9%、73.5%、72.2%、68.4%、71.6%、58.3%和62.5%。试验3:除将Ca提高到0.9%外,其他和试验2的方式相同。不添加植酸酶的条件下,添加0.08%、0.13%、0.18%、0.23%、0.28%、0.33%、0.38%和0.45%NPP时植酸磷水解率分别为49.2%、19.6%、16.0%、8.0%、9.4%、2.1%、4.0%和4.2%。添加植酸酶使植酸磷的水解率显著提高(P<0.05)到85.3%、76.1%、70.0%、76.1%、62.6%、68.6%、67.4%和63.7%。这些研究结果表明,当日粮补充高浓度植酸酶(5000 FTU/kg)时,可以水解几乎所有的植酸磷(99.45%),但补充1000 FTU/kg植酸酶可获得最高的总磷存留量。补充1000 FTU/kg植酸酶时,日粮NPP的浓度越低(0.08%),植酸磷的水解率越高。这些数据也表明,与不添加植酸酶的低Ca(0.5%)日粮相比,饲喂高Ca(0.9%)日粮的肉仔鸡体内P的生理阈值较高。     

肉鸡玉米型日粮添加高剂量植酸酶对其养分利用的影响

文章旨在研究肉鸡饲粮中植酸酶水平从1000 FTU/kg(行业推荐水平)提高到2500 FTU/kg(超剂量水平)对肉鸡养分回肠表观消化率系数和氮平衡校正表观代谢能值的影响。试验选择360只1日龄雄性肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只肉鸡。试验1~14 d饲喂基础日粮(前期料),在15~21 d期间饲喂3种日粮,即正对照日粮(不含植酸酶)、负对照日粮(1000 FTU/kg植酸酶),植酸酶组日粮(2500 FTU/kg植酸酶)。负对照组日粮除钙和非植酸磷含量降低1.80 g/kg和1.50 g/kg外,其余营养指标均与正对照组日粮相同。结果显示,正对照组日粮的总能和粗蛋白质回肠表观消化系数显著高于负对照组(P <0.05)。正对照组日粮中淀粉、钙、磷的回肠表观消化系数与负对照组日粮无显著差异(P> 0.05)。正对照组日粮的氮校正表观代谢能显著低于负对照组日粮(13.34 MJ/kg和14.46 MJ/kg,P <0.05)。负对照组日粮中植酸酶水平从1000 FTU/kg升高至2500 FTU/kg,导致总能和粗蛋白质回肠表观消化系数分别升高2.5%和7.1%(P <0.05),且磷有显著升高的趋势(10.4%,P=0.08)。此外,负对照组日粮中植酸酶水平从1000 FTU/kg升高至2500 FTU/kg时对淀粉回肠表观消化系数和日粮的氮校正表观代谢能值无显著影响(P> 0.05)。综上所述,日粮超剂量植酸酶水平(≥2500 FTU/kg)在改善玉米能量、蛋白质和磷在回肠消化率的效率要优于肉鸡行业推荐水平。     

在双低菜籽饼型日粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸡钙磷利用率的影响

在含10%双低菜籽饼的肉鸡日粮中添加600u/kg和700u/kg的植酸酶并取代一半的磷酸氢钙,观察植酸酶对肉鸡钙、磷利用率的影响。结果表明:添加600u/kg和700u/kg植酸酶的试2、3组较未添加植酸酶的试1组其钙和磷利用率分别提高7.08个百分点、9.85个百分点和10.97个百分点、12.13个百分点,植酸磷的利用率提高13.35个百分点、14.01个百分点,磷的排泄量下降10.90个百分点、13.30个百分点,差异显著(P<0.05)。证明在双低菜籽饼型日粮中添加植酸酶改进了钙、磷的利用率,而且还可取代一半的磷酸氢钙。     

植酸酶对仔猪生长性能及磷利用率的影响

植酸酶添加到仔猪饲粮中可提高仔猪生长性能及磷消化利用率,同时减少猪粪尿中磷的排出,减轻对环境的污染。试验选用60日龄杜长大仔猪,研究不同水平的植酸酶替代磷酸氢钙对仔猪生长性能及磷消化利用率的影响。结果表明:仔猪饲粮中添加750FTU/kg和1000 FTU/kg植酸酶替代80%磷酸氢钙日增重分别比对照组提高了4.72%和5.24%,差异显著(P<0.05),饲料利用率分别比对照组提高了3.33%和3.67%(P<0.05)。仔猪饲粮中添加植酸酶可提高磷的表观消化率和利用率,同时磷的排泄量减少。试验结果证实了在仔猪日粮中添加植酸酶,可大部分替代磷酸氢钙,减少无机磷的添加量,从而减少猪粪尿中磷的排出,减轻对环境的污染。从增重效果及饲料成本来看,植酸酶添加量为750 FTU/kg(与对照组相比)较为适宜,可显著减少粪尿中磷的排泄量23.75%(P<0.01)。     

低钙磷饲粮添加高剂量植酸酶对1～21日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、胫骨性能、血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究低钙磷饲粮中添加高剂量植酸酶对1～21日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、胫骨性能、血清生化指标和钙磷代谢关键基因表达量的影响。试验选用1 080只1日龄岭南黄羽肉公雏,根据体重一致原则,分为6个组(每组6个重复,每个重复30只肉鸡):对照(PC)组(正常的磷酸氢钙添加水平,非植酸磷水平达到标准要求)、中非植酸磷(MP)组(PC组降低50%磷酸氢钙添加水平,非植酸磷水平减少1/3)、MP+2 000组(MP组+2 000 FTU/kg植酸酶)、MP+4 000组(M P组+4 000 FTU/kg植酸酶)、低非植酸磷(LP)+2 000组[PC组不添加磷酸氢钙,非植酸磷水平减少2/3+2 000 FTU/kg植酸酶)、LP+4 000组(PC组不添加磷酸氢钙,非植酸磷水平减少2/3+4 000 FTU/kg植酸酶),各组饲粮钙磷比保持在1.4∶1.0左右。试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与PC组相比,MP+4 000、LP+4 000组肉鸡终末体重、平均日增重显著提高(P0.05);各植酸酶添加组肉鸡平均日采食量显著提高(P0.05)。与MP组相比,各植酸酶添加组肉鸡终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量均显著提高(P0.05),料重比有降低的趋势(P=0.088)。2)与PC组相比,M P+4 000、LP+4 000组胫骨折断力显著提高(P0.05); M P组胫骨脱水脱脂重、灰分和磷含量显著降低(P0.05)。与MP组相比,各植酸酶添加组胫骨折断力显著提高(P0.05); MP+4 000组胫骨脱水脱脂重显著提高(P0.05); MP+4 000、LP+4 000组胫骨灰分、磷含量显著提高(P0.05);植酸酶的添加有升高胫骨钙含量的趋势(P=0.055)。3)与PC组相比,MP组血清磷含量显著降低(P0.05)。与MP组相比,MP+2000、MP+4 000、LP+4 000组血清磷含量显著升高(P0.05);各植酸酶添加组血清钙含量有升高的趋势(P=0.054),血清碱性磷酸酶活性有降低的趋势(P=0.089)。4)与PC组相比,MP组肾脏克洛索蛋白、成纤维生长因子受体1(Fgfr1)基因表达量显著下调(P0.05)。与MP组相比,MP+4 000组肾脏克洛索蛋白、Fgfr1基因表达量显著上调(P0.05);添加植酸酶对肾脏1α-羟化酶基因表达量影响不显著(P0.05)。综上,低钙磷饲粮添加高剂量植酸酶可提高1～21日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能,促进矿物元素在胫骨的沉积,改善胫骨性能,调节血液和肾脏钙磷代谢,维持机体钙磷平衡。     

玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加高剂量植酸酶对 肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验研究了玉米—豆粕型日粮中添加高剂量不同水平的植酸酶对0~3和3~6周肉鸡生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选用1日龄AA肉公雏576只,随机分为6组,每组8个重复,每个重复12只。试验日粮分0~3和3~6周两个阶段,6个处理组分别为:正对照组(前期总磷0.69%,0.45% NPP;后期总磷0.59%,0.35% NPP);负对照组(前期总磷0.60%,0.35% NPP;后期总磷0.49%,0.25% NPP);4个试验组在负对照日粮中分别添加500、2000、8000和32000 FTU/kg 4种水平的植酸酶。结果显示,①日粮添加植酸酶水平显著影响前期(1~21日龄)平均日增重(P＜0.05),对采食量和饲料转化效率(F∶G)影响差异不显著(P＞0.05)。②日粮添加植酸酶水平对后期(22~42日龄)平均日增重和饲料转化效率(F∶G)影响差异显著(P＜0.05),添加植酸酶水平对采食量影响差异不显著(P＞0.05)。③在低磷日粮中添加高水平植酸酶8000 FTU/kg时,饲料转化效率最高。④随着植酸酶水平增加,21日龄肉鸡血清钙水平有降低趋势,血清磷水平显著增加(P＜0.05),血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05),对总蛋白影响差异不显著(P＞0.05)。植酸酶添加水平影响42日龄肉鸡血清钙水平、总蛋白水平和血清碱性磷酸酶活性,对血清磷水平影响显著(P＜0.05)。因此,在低磷日粮中添加高剂量不同水平的植酸酶肉鸡的生长性显著增加,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著降低,添加8000 FTU/kg效果优于500、2000和32000 FTU/kg。     

植酸酶和纤维素酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响及蛋鸡非植酸磷需要量研究

选用18周龄海赛克192只 ,研究了玉米—豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶和纤维素酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响以及蛋鸡对非植酸磷的需要量。采用2×2×2因子正交试验设计(L827) ,基础日粮为玉米—豆粕型 ,含玉米60 % ,豆粕27 % ,两个水平非植酸磷(0.38 %、0.16 %) ,两个水平植酸酶(300IU/kg,0) ,两个水平纤维素酶(0.1 % ,0)。试鸡随机分为8组 ,每组4个重复 ,每个重复6只鸡。试验饲养期共7个月。试验结果表明 ,玉米—豆粕型日粮添加0.1 %纤维素酶有降低试鸡日采食量的趋势。添加300IU/kg 植酸酶和0.1 %纤维素酶及其他各因素处理对蛋鸡全试验期平均产蛋率…     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒传播途径特性的比较及其表面基因序列分析

选择中国大陆最早分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)(缩写为SS株)和1998年大流行时期分离的H9N2亚型AIVA/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)(缩写为F株)为研究对象,对其在SPF鸡体内的复制能力和传播途径特性比较后发现,F株在4周龄SPF鸡气管中的复制能力高于SS株,F株可以经气溶胶传播途径传播,SS株不能经气溶胶传播途径传播;利用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法获取F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的cDNA,序列分析得知,F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的同源性分别是96.6%和98.1%;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸序列都是PARSSR↓GL,但有5个氨基酸的差异,即166位N(F)→D(SS)、198位A(F)→V(SS)、217位V(F)→I(SS)、335位G(F)→R(SS)、504位L(F)→S(SS);2株病毒的NA基因在63~65位都存在氨基酸缺失,但在NA基因红细胞吸附位点的氨基酸序列不同,分别是IKKDSRSG(F)和IKEDLRSG(SS)。F株和SS株的传播特性差异是否与其表面基因序列有关,有待进一步研究。     

禽类的起源、演化及我国主要家禽品种类型与分布

家禽是重要经济价值动物.本文从禽类种群进化学说出发,简介了禽类的起源、演化、动物学分类和家禽的驯化(养)与品种的形成,并对我国主要家禽(鸡、鸭、鹅)地方品种和培育品种(配套系)的分布与类型作了描述,以期为研究我国家禽起源系统,保护与利用我国家禽品种,促进家禽生产可持续发展提供参考.     

一起猪链球菌病和伪狂犬病的混合感染的诊治

近年以来,由于市场因素的刺激,生猪的存养量大幅上升,再加上由于流通环节较多,流通非常频繁,流通距离越来越远。这对繁荣经济,增加养殖效益起了重要的推动作用,但也同时给疾病的感染和传播创造了有利条件,给猪病的防治带来了困难。有的猪场感染了传染病后,由于治疗不及时不得法,而造成了惨重的经济损失。2008年7月中旬,我街道一养猪户因盲目从外地购进中猪,发生猪病疫情,引起猪只连续死亡,造成一定的经济损失。根据流行病学、临床症状、剖检变化和实验室诊断,诊断该病为猪链球菌病和猪伪狂犬病混合感染,现报告如下。     

秋冬季预防和治疗虫媒性传染病鸡白冠病和鸡痘

１前言１．１鸡白冠病鸡白冠病是由卡氏住白细胞原虫寄生于鸡的红细胞和单核细胞而引起的鸡的贫血性疾病。吸血昆虫蚋和库蠓叮咬鸡引起传播，是主要的传播媒介，一般在夏末和秋季多发，由于夏季降雨量较大，部分沟渠积水，库蠓和蚋多孳生，因此在多雨水涝的年份发病率明显增高。１９９８年中国从南到北发生洪涝灾害，吸血昆虫的孳生格外严重，出现了一个白冠病多发年，而后两年发病稍轻，并有地区性，今年８月中旬以来白冠病的发病呈抬头趋势，有一定的死亡率，对蛋鸡产蛋率也会引起一定程度的降低，应引起养鸡户的重视。１．２鸡痘鸡痘也是…     

种鹅矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染的诊治

2005年9月份,大庆市红岗区个体养鹅专业户送检6只病死的5月龄左右隆昌鹅和长白鹅,经过实验室诊断确诊为矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染。矛形剑带绦虫属膜壳科     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Shape and size of teeth of dogs and cats-relevance to studies of plaque and calculus accumulation

Crown width, height and buccal surface areas were measured on heads or skulls of four dogs and four cats, and were compared with similar measurements on models of human dentition. Buccal surface area variability was greater in dogs and cats than in humans, and teeth of cats were smaller. Horizontal (gingival and occlusal halves) and vertical (mesial, middle, and distal thirds) buccal surface area variability was also greater in canine and feline teeth compared with human teeth. This increased variability suggests the need for testing of reliability and repeatability of scoring when using plaque and calculus indices based on horizontal or vertical segmentation. Buccal surface area variability between teeth also prompts questioning the validity of equal weighting of smaller, irregularly-shaped teeth when calculating a mean mouth score. Whether equal or more reliable results would be obtained from scores of whole teeth in comparison with segmentation indices used currently has yet to be determined.     

Description and classification of abnormal cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei and a method of concentration and collection

Over a period of about 12 years, 30 abnormal Schistosoma mattheei cercariae were found among a total of approximately 2.8 million examined. Initially seven were recovered from about 1.02 million (0.0007%), which were examined individually while being counted with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Subsequently, on the strength of relatively high percentages of abnormal individuals recovered when counting cercariae that failed to penetrate into oxen, it appeared that the morphologically abnormal cercariae were unable to swim and would mostly sediment out of a suspension while most of the normal cercariae would remain swimming. This surmise is supported by recovery of 23 morphologically abnormal cercariae (0.001%) from about 1.8 million, by examining the sediment after the cercarial suspension had been left standing undisturbed in glass measuring cylinders. The abnormalities ranged from aberrant tails only (e.g. an underdeveloped tail, or different degrees of schism) or aberrant heads only, to abnormalities of both the heads and tails. A suggested schematic classification of abnormal cercariae is presented. A young, adult hamster was exposed to eight S. mattheei cercariae with complete schism of the shaft of the tail, by pipetting the cercariae onto the shaved abdominal skin of the anaesthetised animal. Two underdeveloped females were subsequently encountered in squash preparations of the liver when the hamster was killed for worm recovery 10 weeks after infection, thus showing that some of the abnormal cercariae were viable. A method is also described for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining some of the shining brilliance of live cercariae, without them becoming shrivelled, granular and semi-opaque, as occurs when cercariae die spontaneously or are killed with heat. This is apparently the first report of abnormal cercariae of S. mattheei. In addition, a method of concentrating abnormal cercariae after emergence from a snail, a schematic classification of abnormal cercariae and a method for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining much of the shiny brilliance of live cercariae are also reported for the first time as far as is known.