柔嫩艾美耳球虫对四种抗球虫药的交叉抗药性试验

为了测试柔嫩艾美耳球虫的４种抗药虫株（抗地克珠利、抗拉沙里菌素、抗盐霉素和抗克球粉虫株）对４种抗球虫药（地克珠利、拉沙里菌素、盐霉素和克球粉）的敏感性进行了本试验。结果表明：柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药虫株对拉沙里菌素、盐霉素和克球粉均表现敏感,拉沙里菌素抗药虫株、盐霉素抗药虫株和克球粉抗药虫株对地克珠利也表现为高度敏感,因此,柔嫩艾美耳球虫对地克珠利与拉沙里菌素、地克珠利与盐霉素、地克珠利与克球粉３组药物不存在交叉抗药性。     

地克珠利对鸽球虫治疗效果评估

鸽球虫病是一种严重危害鸽子健康的慢性消耗性寄生虫病。本研究通过对地克珠利拌料和饮水2种投药方式,检测观察用药前后鸽粪便中球虫卵囊数量,比较和分析球虫卵囊检出率。结果显示,地克珠利2种用药方式均有明显的抗鸽球虫效果,在停药后第7d,仍具有较好的作用。在一定剂量范围内,地克珠利抗球虫效果与使用药量、使用时间呈正相关。     

地克珠利防控湖羊自然感染球虫用药程序及效果研究

为探讨地克珠利防控湖羊自然感染球虫的用药技术和效果,90只经粪检确诊为自然感染球虫的50日龄湖羊随机分为8组,其中第1～7组为药物试验组,分别按设计用药程序给予地克珠利,第8组为不用药对照组;应用饱和盐水漂浮法检查用药前后供试羊粪样中球虫卵囊,麦克马斯特法计数每克粪便中的卵囊数,收集阳性样品中球虫卵囊进行培养和鉴定,依用药后不同时期的球虫卵囊减少率、转阴率、平均增重率等判定药物防控球虫效果和增重效益。结果显示:按1 mg·kg~(-1)剂量给予地克珠利,每天1次,连用2 d且间隔14 d再次用药对50日龄湖羊自然感染球虫的防控效果最好;用药后第56天,共4次给予地克珠利的试验羊比对照组羊平均每只多增重2.51 kg,经济效益显著;球虫种类鉴定表明,地克珠利抗小型艾美尔球虫(Eimeria parva)、类绵羊艾美尔球虫(E.ovinoidalis)、阿撒他艾美尔球虫(E.ahsata)、槌形艾美尔球虫(E.crandallis)、颗粒艾美尔球虫(E.granulose)、斑点艾美尔球虫(E.punctata)、苍白艾美尔球虫(E.pallida)、温布里吉艾美尔球虫(E.weybridgensis)的效果良好。本研究结果为羔羊和育肥肉羊球虫病防控提供了技术方法。     

地克珠利混悬液对鸡球虫病的疗效观察

对20 g/L地克珠利混悬液,以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡艾美耳球虫人工感染,并用地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg浓度饮水作对照.结果表明,20 g/L地克珠利混悬液以4、2、1 mg/kg 3种浓度饮水预防鸡球虫病,具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在180以上,效果优于地克珠利溶液以2 mg/kg饮水.田间试验有效率81.8%,治愈率71%,证实20 g/L地克珠利混悬液是地克珠利又一种高效预防鸡球虫病新剂型.     

两种三嗪类新化合物抗鸡球虫病的药效学研究

为确证两种新三嗪类化合物40967和40968对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的防治效果、有效剂量和与现有药物地克珠利的交叉耐药性,采用抗鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫笼养试验模型和抗球虫活性指数、病变记分减少率、最适抗球虫活性百分率等指标,评价两新化合物的药效。结果显示,新三嗪类化合物40967的添加剂量3 mg/kg以上,40968的添加剂量10 mg/kg以上时,对敏感株的抗球虫活性可以稳定在高效水平;40967和40968在1 mg/kg和3 mg/kg剂量水平时显示与地克珠利有不同程度的交叉耐药性,但当用药剂量提高到10 mg/kg时40967与地克珠利显示无交叉耐药。该结果为球虫病的防治和新三嗪类药物的开发提供依据。     

三种抗球虫药对兔球虫病的治疗效果

32头断奶兔，随机分成四组，每组8头。试验兔分别用添加氯苯胍、地克珠利或盐霉素的颗粒饲料饲喂。抗球虫药的添加量分别是氯苯脱，每公斤颗粒饲料合66mg；地克珠利，每公斤颗粒饲料含ling；盐霉素，每公斤颗粒饲料含20mg；对照组颗粒饲料不含任何抗球虫药。对各组试验兔的粪便检测球虫卵囊，试验组各兔的球虫发病率均低于对照组。在试验结束时，试验组每组均发现有一只免感染球虫病。上述王种抗球虫药的防制球虫病治疗效果，以盐霉素最佳，这个组的试验兔比其他两组增重多，而每公斤体重耗料少；地克珠利试验组与对照组和添加氯苯孤试验组…     

亚麻油日粮对地克珠利抗球虫效力的影响

研究采取单因子试验设计法。人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫6×104/鸡,分别在4%亚麻油日粮中添加0mg/kg、0.6mg/kg和0.8mg/kg抗球虫新药地克珠利,以抗球虫新药地克珠利的推荐量1mg/kg为对照。结果获得:在日粮中添加4%亚麻油后,可减少地克珠利的使用量。抗球虫指数对照组为190,4%亚麻油+0.6mg/kg组为199,4%亚麻油+0.8mg/kg为197。亚麻油对地克珠利抗球虫效力有增效作用。     

地克珠利与中药联合应用对鸡球虫病的疗效试验

对中药与西药联合应用防治鸡球虫病的效果进行了试验研究，结果，地克珠利0.5mg/kg 中药5.0g/kg和地克珠利1.0mg/kg 中药5.0g/kg2个联合用药组的抗球虫数（ACI）分别为202．4和202．8，比单独使用地克珠利或中药分别提高了11．89％，12．11％和23．34％，23．58％，表明联合用药防治鸡球虫病是增强药物疗效，减少西药用量，延长药物效用期的有效方法。     

安徽3个地区柔嫩艾美耳球虫对6种药物的抗药性

目的检测三株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对六种药物的耐药性,为防治球虫病制定临床用药方案提供依据。方法鸡体实验法检测巢湖、六安、肥东三株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对马杜拉霉素、盐霉素、莫能菌素、磺胺喹嗯啉钠、地克珠利、妥曲珠利的耐药性,以抗球虫指数（ACI）、病变记分减少率（RLS）、相对盲肠卵囊产量（ROP）和最适抗球虫活性百分率（POAA）四项指标综合判定。结果巢湖株对地克珠利,盐霉素与莫能菌素轻度耐药,对马杜拉霉素中度耐药,对托曲株利和磺胺喹嗯啉钠重度耐药,六安株对地克株利与托曲株利重度耐药,对磺胺喹嗯啉钠中度耐药,对盐霉素轻度耐药,对马杜霉素敏感,肥东株对磺胺喹嗯啉钠完全耐药,对莫能菌素重度耐药,对马杜霉素与盐霉素轻度耐药,对地克珠利与托曲珠利中度耐药。结论3个地区的柔嫩艾美耳球虫对供试药物已产生不同程度的耐药性。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫沈阳分离株的抗药性诱导试验

为了获得柔嫩艾美耳球虫抗地克珠利虫株,试验采用连续递增药物浓度的方法对柔嫩艾美耳球虫沈阳分离株进行实验室诱导。结果表明:地克珠利从0.05 mg/kg的起始药物浓度开始经18次传代,获得了对浓度为1.4 mg/kg地克珠利的抗药性;经抗球虫指数(ACI)、病变记分减少率(RLS)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)、最适抗球虫活性百分率(POAA)检测,沈阳新民分离株对地克珠利失去了敏感性。说明短时间应用地克珠利,球虫也能够产生抗药性。     

Efficacy of some anticoccidial drugs for treating coccidial enteritis of the common carp caused by Goussia carpelli (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae)

In this study, nine anticoccidial drugs commonly used in poultry were tested for efficacy for the prevention and treatment of Goussia carpelli (Apicomplexa) infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). To establish experimental infection with G. carpelli, paratenic host oligochaetes of the genera Tubifex and Limnodrilus were infected with oocysts, and laboratory-cultured parasite-free common carp fingerlings were infected by feeding to them oligochaetes containing sporozoites. The anticoccidial drugs (amprolium, narasin, maduramicin, salinomycin Na, lasalocid Na, diclazuril, robenidine HCl, monensin Na and toltrazuril), mixed in the food of the fish in a dose of 200 mg/kg, were fed for 12 days. Common carp fingerlings fed diclazuril, lasalocid, robenidine HCl or maduramicin and killed on day 14 after exposure were free from infection, while other groups treated with amprolium, toltrazuril, monensin Na, narasin or salinomycin Na harboured oocysts in the mucus and epithelium of the gut.     

Pathologic changes associated with experimental lasalocid and monensin toxicosis in cattle

The acute toxicity of lasalocid and monensin was studied in 36 Holstein steers. The cattle were given (orally) a single dosage of lasalocid (1, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of body weight) or monensin (25 mg/kg of body weight) or rice hulls. Animals were observed once a day until they died or were euthanatized at 32 days after the dose was given. All cattle were necropsied. Heart, kidney, adrenal gland, liver, spleen, pancreas, lungs, brain, sciatic nerve, skeletal muscle, small intestine, large intestine, and rumen tissue sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, were studied microscopically. Lasalocid was lethal at dosages of 50 and 100 mg/kg, and monensin was lethal at the dosage given (25 mg/kg). Cattle dying of lasalocid and monensin toxicoses had gross and microscopic lesions consistent with cardiomyopathy. Dilated heart or petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages were observed with both drugs. Microscopically, multifocal areas of myocyte necrosis were observed. Those cattle that died within 3 days of dosing with either drug had a marked degranulation of pancreatic acinar cells. Changes were not observed in any other tissues.     

Milk residues and performance of lactating dairy cows administered high doses of monensin

Milk residues and performance were evaluated in lactating cows that were fed up to 10 times the recommended dose of monensin. Following an acclimatization period of 14 d, during which cows were fed a standard lactating cow total mixed ration containing 24 ppm monensin, 18 lactating Holstein dairy cows were grouped according to the level of feed intake and then randomly assigned within each group to 1 of 3 challenge rations delivering 72, 144, and 240 ppm monensin. Outcome measurements included individual cow daily feed intakes, daily milk production, body weights, and monensin residues in composite milk samples from each cow. There were no detectable monensin residues (< 0.005 microg/mL) in any of the milk samples collected. Lactating cows receiving a dose of 72 ppm monensin exhibited up to a 20% reduction in dry matter intake, and a 5% to 15% drop in milk production from the pre-challenge period. Cows receiving doses of 144 and 240 ppm monensin exhibited rapid decreases in feed intake of up to 50% by the 2nd d and milk production losses of up to 20% and 30%, respectively, within 4 d. Lactating cows receiving up to 4865 mg monensin per day had no detectable monensin residues (< 0.005 microg/mL) in any of the milk samples collected. Results of this study confirm that food products derived from lactating dairy cattle receiving monensin at recommended levels are safe for human consumption.     

Serum,milk, and tissue monensin concentrations in cattle with adequate and potentially toxic dietary levels of monensin: pharmacokinetics and diagnostic interpretation

Used in both beef cattle and dairy cows, monensin can provide many health benefits but can, when unintended overexposures occur, result in adverse effects. Information on serum and tissue concentrations following overexposure and/or overt toxicosis which may aid in diagnostics and clinical outcome is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of monensin in biological specimens following oral exposure for 10 days to an approved dose (1 mg/kg) and a higher dose (5 mg/kg) of monensin given daily on a body weight basis to 10 dairy cows. No deaths were reported; cows receiving 5 mg/kg showed early signs of toxicosis including depression, decreased feed intake, and diarrhea after 4 days of exposure. Histopathological findings were minimal in most cows. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the detected serum concentrations for the 1 and 5 mg/kg dose groups determined the C_max, T_max, and t_1/2λ to be 0.87 and 1.68 ng/mL, 2.0 and 1.0 h, and 1.76 and 2.32 days, respectively. Mixed regression models showed that the dose level and days since last dose were significantly associated with monensin concentrations in all four tissues, and with cardiac troponin levels. The high dose resulted in a significant elevation of monensin in tissues at approximately 4.7 times compared to the monensin concentrations in the tissues of animals from the low‐dose group. The cTnI concentrations in the high‐dose group were 2.1 times that of cTnI in the low‐dose group. Thus, the ability to diagnose monensin overexposure and/or toxicosis will improve from knowledge of biological monensin concentrations from this study.     

Effects of dietary rice bran, lasalocid, and sex of calf on postpartum reproduction in Brahman cows.

To determine the effects of dietary lasalocid and increased dietary fat on reproduction, multiparous Brahman cows (n = 68), body condition score (BCS) of 6.2 +/- 0.7 and BW of 500.9 +/- 42.6 kg, were randomly assigned within sex of calf to receive one of four rations. All treatment groups grazed Coastal bermudagrass overseeded with rye-ryegrass and were given ad libitum access to hay and water. The control (n = 17) group received 4.17 kg x d(-1) x cow(-1) of 4:1 corn:soybean meal. The rice bran (n = 17) group received 4.35 kg x d(-1) x cow(-1) of 3:1:1 corn:soybean meal:rice bran (5.2% dietary fat). The lasalocid (n = 17) group received the Control diet with the addition of 200 mg of lasalocid x d(-1) x cow(-1). The rice bran-lasalocid (n = 17) group received the rice bran diet with the addition of 200 mg of lasalocid x d(-1) x cow(-1). Diets were fed once daily from d 1 after parturition through the detection of first estrus. Weight and BCS of cows and BW of calves were recorded at 14-d intervals from d 1 after parturition through detection of first estrus and at weaning. Cows were bled on d 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 and at weekly intervals until estrus and on d 7 and d 10 after estrus. Ovarian follicular populations were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography weekly from d 14 after parturition through detection of first estrus. Plasma 13-14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin-F2alpha (PGFM) and progesterone (P4) concentrations were quantified using RIA. Concentrations of PGFM from d 1 to 7 and P4 concentrations on d 7 and 10 after estrus were not influenced (P > 0.10) by diet or sex of calf. Changes in BW and BCS were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. The number of medium-sized follicles tended to be greater (P < 0.06) in Controls than in cows on lasalocid or rice bran + lasalocid treatments on d 21. Cumulative return to estrus with a functional corpus luteum by d 60 postpartum was greater (P < 0.02) in the rice bran (70.6%) and lasalocid groups (76.5%) than in Controls (52.9%) or the group given rice bran + lasalocid (25.0%). Normal first estrous cycles were less likely (P < 0.07) to be exhibited in cows given rice bran + lasalocid than in other groups. Intervals from calving to corpus luteum formation, functional corpus luteum, and first P4 > or = 1 ng/mL were longer (P < 0.02) in cows given rice bran + lasalocid than in other cows. Combining increased dietary fat (5.2%) with lasalocid lengthened the time to reproductively important events.     

Lasalocid toxicity in cattle: acute clinicopathological changes

Thirty-six steers (148 to 500 kg) divided into six equal groups were used in a toxic syndrome study of lasalocid and monensin given as a single oral dose. One group was given a placebo, a second group received monensin (25 mg/kg body weight) and the other four groups received lasalocid at 1, 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight (bw). No toxic signs developed in cattle given placebo or lasalocid at 1 or 10 mg/kg bw dose. The earliest toxic signs were muscle tremors, tachycardia and rumen atony. After 24 h, the cattle were dehydrated, anorectic and had diarrhea. Deaths occurred between d 1 and 22.5 in the groups receiving lasalocid at 50 and 100 mg/kg bw and monensin. Altered values in blood leucocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, calcium, chloride and inorganic phosphate occurred 1 d after dosing: urine pH and specific gravity also changed 1 d after dosing. Maximum changes occurred at d 3. Most of the changes were indicative of dehydration rather than specific organ damage.     

左旋咪唑防治奶牛隐性乳房炎的使用方法

选择患隐性乳房炎的中国荷斯坦奶牛95头（条件相当），随机将其分为19个组，即左旋咪唑口服刺型，7．5mg／kg1次组、7．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次组、7．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔20d重复1次组、10．0mg／kg1次组、10．0mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次组、10．0mg／kg1次剂量并间隔20d重复1次组、12．5mg／kg1次组、12．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次组、12．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔20d重复1次组；左旋咪唑注射剂型。5．0mg／kg1次组、5．0mg／kg1次刺量并间隔10d重复1次组、5．0mg／kg1次剂量并间隔20d重复1次组、7．5mg／kg1次组、7．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次组、7．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔20d重复1次组、10．0mg／kg1次组、10．0mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次组、10．0mg／kg1次剂量并间隔20d重复1次组，1个对照组不用药。试验前和用药后每间隔10d用BMT法检测各头奶牛的隐性乳房炎情况，对其检测结果打分，每组以其加权平均值考核，试验结果表明，口服剂型以7．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次组和注射剂型以5．0mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次组的效果较好，这2种应用方法比较以7．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次的方法最佳。然后田间试验，选择条件相当的2群奶牛。一群（55头）应用左旋咪唑7．5mg／kg1次剂量并间隔10d重复1次的方法防治隐性乳房炎，另一群（53头）为不用药对照，结果隐性乳房炎恢复率、转化成临床型乳房炎奶牛数量和产奶牛量，用药牛群均好于不用药牛群。     

乳黄消散对靶动物奶牛的安全性试验

为了确定乳黄消散在奶牛临床上使用的安全剂量,筛选出20头健康奶牛随机分为4组,每组5头,即0倍剂量组(对照组)、1倍推荐剂量组、3倍推荐剂量组和5倍推荐剂量组,每天1次,经口灌服给药连用5d。试验期间,观察受试奶牛的精神状态,采食饮水,眼角、肛门有无污秽物等临床症状,并检测给药后0、3、5d的体温、血常规和生化指标。结果显示,给药后每组奶牛的精神状态良好,采食饮水正常,眼角、肛门无污秽物,且与对照组相比,不同剂量的乳黄消散对受试奶牛的体温、血液生理学指标差异均不显著(P>0.05);给药后第3天,Ⅲ组的ALB、AST、ALT、ALP、LDH、CK和CRE水平显著升高(P<0.05);给药后第5天,ALB、AST、ALT、ALP、LDH、CK、UREA和CRE水平显著升高(P<0.05)。说明乳黄消散至少3倍推荐剂量口服给药对靶动物奶牛是安全的,但5倍推荐剂量对靶动物奶牛的肝、肾有损伤。     

Higher incidence of Eimeria spp. field isolates sensitive for diclazuril and monensin associated with the use of live coccidiosis vaccination with paracox-5 in broiler farms

Twenty European Eimeria spp. field isolates were subjected to an anticoccidial sensitivity test (AST). The anticoccidial drugs tested were diclazuril (Clinacox) and monensin (Elancoban). The assay was performed in a battery cage trial. Infected medicated birds were compared with an unmedicated control group. Coccidial lesion scores and oocyst shedding were used as parameters. The results of the AST show that resistance is common amongst coccidiosis field isolates, especially Eimeria acervulina (68% and 53% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively). Resistance is less frequent amongst Eimeria maxima (38% and 50% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively) and Eimeria tenella isolates (23% and 38% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively). A highly significant influence of the coccidiosis prevention program (live coccidiosis vaccination with Paracox-5 vs. anticoccidial drugs in feed) on the sensitivity patterns of Eimeria spp. field isolates for both diclazuril (P= 0.000) and monensin (P= 0.001) was found. Further, when looking at the single species and each anticoccidial drug level, significantly more sensitivity of E. acervulina for monensin (P= 0.018), E. maxima for diclazuril (P = 0.009), and E. tenella for diclazuril (P = 0.007) was found in isolates originating from vaccinated flocks. Moreover, for E. acervulina and diclazuril, E. maxima and monensin, and E. tenella and monensin a trend toward higher sensitivity of isolates for these products was found when live coccidiosis vaccination was applied. The present study shows that sensitivity for the anticoccidial drugs diclazuril and monensin is more frequent in Eimeria spp. field isolates originating from broiler farms where a coccidiosis vaccination policy is followed.