植物基因资源异境保存遗传抽样策略

遗传资源抽样是指在一定的置信度标准下，抽取的样本能覆盖要研究的目标种或特定地域内群体现有的遗传变异．它是植物基因资源保护研究过程中首先必须要解决的问题，具有十分重要地位．对于一个有效的遗传抽样，必须要同时考虑群体间及群体内的抽样．从样本容量、群体数及实际应用等方面进行较全面的综述．     

Population size does not influence mitochondrial genetic diversity in animals

Within-species genetic diversity is thought to reflect population size, history, ecology, and ability to adapt. Using a comprehensive collection of polymorphism data sets covering approximately 3000 animal species, we show that the widely used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker does not reflect species abundance or ecology: mtDNA diversity is not higher in invertebrates than in vertebrates, in marine than in terrestrial species, or in small than in large organisms. Nuclear loci, in contrast, fit these intuitive expectations. The unexpected mitochondrial diversity distribution is explained by recurrent adaptive evolution, challenging the neutral theory of molecular evolution and questioning the relevance of mtDNA in biodiversity and conservation studies.     

Global mammal conservation: what must we manage?

We present a global conservation analysis for an entire "flagship" taxon, land mammals. A combination of rarity, anthropogenic impacts, and political endemism has put about a quarter of terrestrial mammal species, and a larger fraction of their populations, at risk of extinction. A new global database and complementarity analysis for selecting priority areas for conservation shows that approximately 11% of Earth's land surface should be managed for conservation to preserve at least 10% of terrestrial mammal geographic ranges. Different approaches, from protection (or establishment) of reserves to countryside biogeographic enhancement of human-dominated landscapes, will be required to approach this minimal goal.     

菏泽市城市植物多样性保护规划研究

从城市植物多样保护规划意义与研究现状出发,本研究指出城市植物多样性保护规划存在的问题。通过对菏泽市域范围内植物多样性现状进行分析,提出菏泽市城市植物多样性保护规划的总体目标与指标、规划途径与总体布局,通过对物种、遗传、生态系统、景观4 个层次的保护与规划,强调植物多样性保护的措施与生态管理对策。研究结果以期为城市植物多样性的保护规划提供参考和依据。     

茂名市植物多样性保护与树种规划研究

根据植物物种多样性保护和规划的有关要求,对茂名市的植物物种多样性进行调查、分析和初步统计,剖析了植物多样性保护工作的现状和存在的问题,提出了多样性保护原则及发展方向。明确了城市园林绿化树种规划的选择原则,各类绿地树种的品种要求。     

晋西黄土高原植物区系及植物资源保护与利用研究

晋西黄土高原在植物区系区划中属于泛北极植物区、中国——日本森林植物亚区、华北地区、黄土高原亚地区。全区共有维管束植物664种,分属于96科、348属。科、属、种分别为山西植物区系的56.8%、39.0%、27.9%。菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科、豆科为该区的优势科,共含236种,占总种数的35.5%。而区域性的单种科与少种科多达63科,占到全部科数的65.6%,反映了该区分类群成分的复杂性,具有强烈的北方半干旱区的特点。植物区系的分布区类型分析显示,该区系是以北温带分布为主,与热带分布和东亚分布有紧密联系。在该区系已记录的植物中,有两个新分类群,有12种珍稀濒危植物,有7种、4变种为《山西植物志》未记载的植物。该区可供开发利用的植物资源达70%之多,合理开发、利用、保护这些植物资源,对实现经济与社会的可持续发展十分必要。     

Phylogenetic shadowing of primate sequences to find functional regions of the human genome

Nonhuman primates represent the most relevant model organisms to understand the biology of Homo sapiens. The recent divergence and associated overall sequence conservation between individual members of this taxon have nonetheless largely precluded the use of primates in comparative sequence studies. We used sequence comparisons of an extensive set of Old World and New World monkeys and hominoids to identify functional regions in the human genome. Analysis of these data enabled the discovery of primate-specific gene regulatory elements and the demarcation of the exons of multiple genes. Much of the information content of the comprehensive primate sequence comparisons could be captured with a small subset of phylogenetically close primates. These results demonstrate the utility of intraprimate sequence comparisons to discover common mammalian as well as primate-specific functional elements in the human genome, which are unattainable through the evaluation of more evolutionarily distant species.     

赤河上游森林植物群落物种多样性研究

赤水河流域上游国酒特殊水源保护区是水源涵养林工程重点地区之一.根据样地调查资料,运用4种常用的物种多样性指数对调查林分乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性进行研究,分析了该地区森林植物群落物种多样性的特征.结果表明:随着灌草群落阶段Ⅰ、灌丛群落阶段Ⅱ、灌木群落阶段Ⅲ、乔林群落阶段Ⅳ和次顶极群落阶段V的演替进展,群落高度逐渐增加,同时结构趋于复杂;各阶段灌木层较乔木层和草本层物种组成丰富、多样性高.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数的排序与物种数量的排序一致,Simpson指数则相反.乔林群落阶段Ⅳ的物种组成最复杂,适宜灌木和草本生长,为森林群落结构调整提供依据.总体而言,该区植物多样性指数不高,应采取合理森林经营及适度人为干扰措施,提高森林群落植物多样性,促进水源涵养和水土保持等功能的恢复.     

试论城市生物多样性保育规划的规范

生物多样性保育规划在生物多样性保护方面具有重要作用,通过它可以协调人与自然及生物资源利用的关系,是实现可持续发展的一个重要途径.未来的城市规划既要满足自然生态功能需要,还要满足人类和自然的和谐共处.从城市生物多样性保育的范围、指导思想和原则等问题论述了城市生物多样性保育规划的规范,并探讨了生物多样性保育规划与城市绿地系统规划的关系,旨在为今后的城市生物多样性保育规划提供借鉴.参7     

白龙江流域木本植物区系研究

白龙江流域木本植物种类丰富,共有木本植物907种(含种下等级),分别隶属于103科,281属.其中中国植物特有属20属,白龙江土著特有种25个.本文较为详细的分析了本区系属的主要地理成分,并通过不同种的地理分布和化石资料,进一步阐明了本区系的基本特征.     

Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs

Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse of shallow water marine ecosystems but are being degraded worldwide by human activities and climate warming. Analyses of the geographic ranges of 3235 species of reef fish, corals, snails, and lobsters revealed that between 7.2% and 53.6% of each taxon have highly restricted ranges, rendering them vulnerable to extinction. Restricted-range species are clustered into centers of endemism, like those described for terrestrial taxa. The 10 richest centers of endemism cover 15.8% of the world's coral reefs (0.012% of the oceans) but include between 44.8 and 54.2% of the restricted-range species. Many occur in regions where reefs are being severely affected by people, potentially leading to numerous extinctions. Threatened centers of endemism are major biodiversity hotspots, and conservation efforts targeted toward them could help avert the loss of tropical reef biodiversity.     

海南省3座城市的植物多样性水平对比研究

目的通过对海南省3座城市的植物组成进行分析,探讨了各城市植物多样性形成差异的驱动因素,为今后城市植物多样性保护和布局等研究工作提供参考。方法以海南省的海口、文昌和三亚为研究对象,在城市规划区域内进行随机抽样的调查方法,调查内容包括样方内的物种、胸径、冠幅、株高、数量、植被覆盖面积等信息,应用β相异性指数研究群落和物种的组成差异,对各城市植物多样性在物种、功能和谱系层面进行显著性差异分析,通过对比探讨影响城市植物多样性差异的因素。结果（1）海口市规划区共统计了227种植物,归属于71科184属;三亚市规划区共统计了244种植物,归属于76科204属;文昌市规划区共统计了230种植物,归属于72科181属。（2）3座城市的乡土物种β相异性均高于外来物种,乔木层的物种β相异性比灌木层和草本层低。（3）3座城市的乔木层物种多样性指数无显著差异;文昌的灌木层物种多样性指数显著低于海口和三亚2个城市（P < 0.05）;三亚和文昌草本层的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均呈现显著差异（P < 0.05）,且文昌的各多样性指数值较高。（4）文昌和另外2座城市之间灌木层的功能均匀度指数（FEve）和功能离散度指数（FDis）均呈现了显著差异,文昌的灌木层功能多样性指数显著低于海口和三亚（分别为P < 0.01和P < 0.001）,与灌木层的物种多样性结果一致。（5）文昌乔木层的谱系多样性指数（PD）值显著高于海口,三亚灌木层的PD指数值显著高于文昌,文昌草本层的PD指数值显著高于海口和三亚（P < 0.01）。灌木层和草本层的谱系均匀度指数（PSE）结果与PD指数一致（分别为P < 0.001和P < 0.01）,但在乔木层没有呈现显著差异（P = 0.690）。结论海南省3座城市的乡土物种组成差异性比外来物种更为明显,但整体植被种类未呈现出明显的同质性的特征。3座城市物种多样性、功能多样性和谱系多样性水平的高低趋势基本保持一致。未来研究中,分析城市中多个层面的植物多样性差异,可以更全面地对多样性格局的保护和控制提供决策依据。      

关于生物多样性保护及其法制建设的思考

生物多样性是人类社会可持续发展的自然物质基础.中国是名列濒危物种最多的国家之一,其生物多样性的保护和可持续利用问题非常突出.我国先后制定了一系列法律法规来保护日益恶化的生态环境,但仍然存在着诸如立法体系庞杂、立法效力低下、行政管理色彩浓厚,立法目的滞后,执法不力、司法不严等问题.建议采取定期开展生物多样性调查,建立保护地建设体系和野生动植物种及生态环境监测体系,制定国家生物多样性保护综合发展规划等措施推动我国生物多样性保护事业的全面发展.     

衢州市城市绿地系统植物多样性保护与建设规划研究

近年来建设部对城市环境建设中生物多样性保护与建设提出了明确的要求,但城市绿地系统生物多样性研究是仍一个相对新的课题,缺乏一定的标准和较全面的历史记录.通过对衢州市植物多样性水平与保护现状的分析和评价,提出了衢州市城市植物多样性以珍稀植物园、乡土植物引种区、古树名木保护、经济林种质资源圃、城市(郊)植物群落等保护点的建设规划,并对城市绿地的基调树种、骨干树种、一般绿化植物、经济林树种、植物群落类型进行了编目,在此基础上总结了城市绿地物种多样性、遗传多样性、生态系统多样性和景观多样性等四个层次保护与建设规划的方法与途径.     

周至国家级自然保护区重点保护野生植物的研究

采用鱼骨式线路调查方法,对周至国家级自然保护区的重点保护植物进行调查.结果表明,该区分布有10种国家级重点保护植物,其中稀有植物5种,濒危植物2种,渐危植物3种,并发现了大面积的独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)及巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)群落.分析了其生存现状、保护价值及生物学生态学特性,并在此基础上提出了具体保护措施和建议.     

北京妙峰山风景区自然保护小区规划研究

该文运用标准地调查法对北京妙峰山风景区森林植被进行调查和分类研究 ,主要目的是为风景名胜区中生物多样性保护规划提供依据 .根据森林资源的数量、分布特征以及生态环境的相似性和分异性规律 ,提出了在风景名胜区中通过建立自然保护小区保护生物多样性的有效途径 ,并制定了妙峰山风景区保护小区的规划方案 .功能区划分为严格自然保护小区、资源管理自然保护小区、景观自然保护小区和珍稀植物繁殖自然保护小区 ,并且提出了相应的保护和管理措施 .     

Anthropoid origins in Asia? New discovery of amphipithecus from the eocene of burma

A new fossil of the primate Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert from the late Eocene of Burma shows that this species has a mandibular and molar morphology very similar to Oligocene and post-Oligocene higher primates. It has an exceptionally deep jaw. Its brachybunodont first and second molars have smooth enamel but lack hypoconulids. The shape of its second molar is nearly square-an advanced higher primate feature. Amphipithecus mogaungensis and related taxon Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim are the earliest known higher primates. They suggest that Southeast Asia was an early theater of higher primate diversification.     

A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi,Georgia

Another hominid skull has been recovered at Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) from the same strata in which hominid remains have been reported previously. The Dmanisi site dated to approximately 1.75 million years ago has now produced craniofacial portions of several hominid individuals, along with many well-preserved animal fossils and quantities of stone artifacts. Although there are certain anatomical differences among the Dmanisi specimens, the hominids do not clearly represent more than one taxon. We assign the new skull provisionally to Homo erectus (=ergaster). The Dmanisi specimens are the most primitive and small-brained fossils to be grouped with this species or any taxon linked unequivocally with genus Homo and also the ones most similar to the presumed habilis-like stem. We suggest that the ancestors of the Dmanisi population dispersed from Africa before the emergence of humans identified broadly with the H. erectus grade.     

Dispersal,environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests

The distribution of plant species, the species compositions of different sites, and the factors that affect them in tropical rain forests are not well understood. The main hypotheses are that species composition is either (i) uniform over large areas, (ii) random but spatially autocorrelated because of dispersal limitation, or (iii) patchy and environmentally determined. Here we test these hypotheses, using a large data set from western Amazonia. The uniformity hypothesis gains no support, but the other hypotheses do. Environmental determinism explains a larger proportion of the variation in floristic differences between sites than does dispersal limitation; together, these processes explain 70 to 75% of the variation. Consequently, it is important that management planning for conservation and resource use take into account both habitat heterogeneity and biogeographic differences.     

无人机遥感技术在水土保持中的应用进展

水土保持是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,传统水土保持工作方法已不能满足新时代水土保持的需求。无人机遥感技术解决了传统水土保持工作中“看不了、看不全、效率低、精度差”等问题。总结了无人机遥感技术在水土保持方案编制、动态监测、监管、规划、验收评估等方面的具体应用。论述了该项技术目前在水土保持工作中面临的问题。