Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Formenmannigfaltigkeit der Kulturtomaten (L. esculentum Mill.) Mittelamerikas

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Zusammensetzung einer Sammlung von Land- bzw. Primitivsorten der Kulturtomaten aus Mittelamerika beschrieben. Diese wurden von F. Schwanitz im Jahre 1958 in den Staaten El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras und Costa Rica gesammelt. Die Früchte stammen hauptsächlich von den Märkten der Ortschaften.Es werden die Merkmale des Sprosses und der Fiederblätter sowie der Blüten und Früchte beschrieben, die die Formenmannigfaltigkeit dieser Tomatenkollektion charakterisieren. Die in dem Material vorkommenden Fruchtformen lassen sich in vierzehn Gruppen zusammenfassen. Darunter fallen besonders auf: die extrem langen, bleistiftförmigen Früchte, die länglich-breiten, beutelförmigen Früchte sowie die Früchte mit isoliert stehenden Carpellen. Sehr zahlreich sind bei fast allen Fruchtformen die violettroten Früchte mit durchsichtiger Fruchthaut.Während der Bearbeitung konnte eine starke Heterozygotie des Materials beobachtet werden, aus der man auf eine weit verbreitete Fremdbefruchtung bei den kultivierten Tomaten dieser Gebiete schließen kann.Zum Schluß werden die Eigentümlichkeiten der Formenmannigfaltigkeit der Tomaten dieser Länder erörtert. Daraus ergibt sich, daß das Zentrum der Formenmannigfaltigkeit der kultivierten Tomaten von dem Süden Mexikos (Gebiet von Veracruz und Puebla) bis nach El Salvador und Honduras reicht.

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Summary The varietal diversity of a collection of tomatoes (landraces or primitive strains) from Central-America is described. The tomatoes were collected in 1958 by F. Schwanitz in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica, mainly in native markets (fig. 1, table 1).The progenies of the collected fruits were separately cultiveted at Gatersleben from 1960 to 1964. Characters of shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruits are described as far as necessary for characterizing this collection (figs. 2-19). The fruit-forms are grouped into 14 types (figs. 20-41). Among these are extrem long-fruited, so-called lead pencil-shaped (fig. 24), wide oblong-fruited, so-called baggy-shaped (fig. 30) fruits and other ones with so-called isolated carpels (figs. 38 and 40). Nearly all the types include tomatoes with colourless skin, which imparts to the ripe fruit a pinkish cast.There was observed a high degree of heterozygosity which can be attributed to a considerable frequency of natural cross-pollination in these countries.The results of this inquiry are discussed with regard to the peculiarity of this great range of tomato types in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Hence it follows that the Southern Mexico center of varietal diversity of cultivated tomatoes, the Veracruz — Puebla area in particular (cf. Jenkins 1948), extends to El Salvador and Honduras.

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Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gaterslebener Mutanten der SojabohneGlycine max (L.) Merr.

Zusammenfassung In einer ersten Mitteilung werden aus dem Sortiment röntgeninduzierter Mutanten der Sojabohnensorte Heimkraft I 19 Mutanten nach ihren Hauptmerkmalen benannt und in das morphologische System der Sojabohne,Glycine max (L.) Merr. eingeordnet. Die Mutanten haben die taxonomische Rangstufe einer Linie (der gleiche Rang wie Sorte bzw. Cultivar). Sie können 8 verschiedenen Varietäten der Art zugeordnet werden.

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Summary Within a first report 19 X-ray induced mutants of the soybean variety Heimkraft I are named according to her main characters and integrated into he morphological system of the soybean,Glycine max (L.) Merr. The mutant lines are of the same level as cultivar (variety). They are placed in 8 different varieties (varietates).

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A phenotypic diversity analysis of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) landraces of Chinese origin

A total of 23 381 foxtail millet landraces of Chinese origin were analysed for seven qualitative traits and four quantitative traits. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index was used to estimate the phenotypic diversity of each characteristic on the basis of administrative provinces and ecogeographical regions. Hierarchical analysis of variance indicated that most of the variation was due to differences among characteristics. Only the diversity indices for leaf color of seedlings, starch composition and 1000-grain weight showed significant differences among regions. In relative terms, a greater genetic divergence was found in some provinces of southern China, where foxtail millet is not a major crop.     

Geographic distribution of Waxy gene SNPs and indels in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

To elucidate diversity and evolution of the Waxy gene in foxtail millet, Setaria italica, we analyzed sequence polymorphism of Waxy gene in 83 foxtail millet landraces collected from various regions covering the entire geographical distribution of this millet in Europe and Asia. We found a unique geographic distribution pattern at the sequence level of gene haplotypes and also found a large diversity in East Asian landraces. We also found a higher degree of genetic polymorphism in a non-waxy phenotype than in other low amylose types, supporting the hypothesis that low amylose types recently originated from non-waxy type.     

Geographical variation of nuclear genome RFLPs and genetic differentiation in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Sixteen RFLP loci in 62 landraces were assayed to study geneticdifferentiation in foxtail millet, Setariaitalica (L.) P. Beauv. Among 52 bands, 47 werepolymorphic among foxtail millet landraces. A dendrogram constructedbased on RFLPs was divided into five major clusters (clusterI–V). Clusters I and II contained strains mainly from EastAsia. Cluster III consisted of strains from subtropical and tropicalregions in Asia such as Nansei Islands of Japan, Taiwan and thePhilippines and India and cluster IV consisted of some strains fromEast Asia, a strain from Nepal and a strain from Myanmar. Cluster Vcontained strains from central and western regions of Eurasia such asAfghanstan, Central Asia and Europe. Chinese landraces wereclassified into four clusters. These results indicate that foxtailmillet landraces have differentiated genetically between differentregions and that Chinese landraces were highly variable.     

Volatile Profiles of 13 Foxtail Millet Commercial Cultivars (Setaria italica Beauv.) from China

The volatile components from 13 commercially valuable foxtail millets from China were investigated by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with simultaneous distillation extraction. A total of 52 volatile compounds were identified in all of the samples: 19 aldehydes, 5 alcohols, 10 ketones, 9 hydrocarbons, 6 benzene derivatives, and 3 others. Here, 23 common constituents were found in all samples. Aldehydes were the predominant volatile components in various cultivars. The importance of each volatile was assessed on the basis of odor thresholds and odor activity values (OAVs). Here, 35 volatile compounds were described using aroma character, and 24 volatile compounds were found to be odor‐active compounds. Another 11 common constituents were found in all samples. The components with the highest OAVs in most cultivars were (E )‐2‐nonenal and (E,E )‐2,4‐decadienal. Most of the other aldehydes also had high OAVs. Some of the ketones, alcohols, benzene derivatives, and other compounds were found to contain an odor‐active compound in several cultivars of foxtail millet. Principal component analysis was employed to evaluate the differences among cultivars. The results demonstrated that the volatile profile based on the OAVs of aroma compounds enabled good differentiation of most cultivars.     

Zur Morphologie der Chromosomen vonVicia sativa L.

Zusammenfassung Wegen einander widersprechender Literaturangaben wurde die Morphologie der mitotischen Chromosomen vonVicia sativa L. (2n=12) überprüft und die Symbolisierung der Chromosomen den Vorschlägen für eine internationale Regelung von Nomenklaturfragen angepaßt.Danach besteht der haploide Chromosomensatz aus einem Chromosom mit submedianer (III) und fünf Chromosomen mit subterminaler Insertion des Centromers. I und IV sind SAT-Chromosomen.     

Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der Chloroplasten von Tomatenmutanten

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Phycomyceten III

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Patterns of morpho-phenological and genetic variation of Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P.Beauv. complex in Tunisia

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - The genus Brachypodium is generally considered taxonomically difficult because of the high levels of phenotypic variation and frequent...     

Structure-activity relationship studies of benzoxazinones and related compounds. Phytotoxicity on Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv

Echinochloa crus-galli (E. crus-galli; barnyardgrass) is a weed widely distributed. It constitutes a serious weed problem in 42 countries and has been found in at least 27 more. It is the world's main weed of rice affecting up to 36 crops worldwide. Several biotypes of this plant, with resistance to herbicides with different modes of action have evolved. In our ongoing studies regarding the potential application of benzoxazinones and their soil degradation products for weed control, a complete structure-activity relationships (SARs) study was made by using barnyardgrass as the target plant. Compounds used in this study were previously tested on a wide variety of standard target species (STS), and they include natural allelochemicals 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA-Glc), 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA), and 2,4-dihydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIBOA), together with some degradation derivatives found in wheat crop soil and some synthetic analogues. Their phytotoxicity on E. crus-galli is discussed and compared with the results obtained from previous screening. This work constitutes the next step in the search for natural herbicide models based on benzoxazinones and their degradation products. The most active compounds were the degradation product 2-aminophenol (APH) and the synthetic analogue 4-hydroxy-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (D-DIBOA). Their activities confirm the direction proposed in our previous SAR study, which establishes D-DIBOA to be the best lead for natural herbicide model development with benzoxazinone structure.     

Simultaneous determination of kaempferol and quercetin in Heteropogon Contortus (L.) Beauv. by validated high-performance thin layer chromatography

Presently, the fingerprint analysis of kaempferol and quercetin has been developed simultaneously via High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) from leaves, stem, and inflorescence of Heteropogon contortus. The HPTLC method for kaempferol and quercetin was optimized with the elution of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:3:0.5 v/v) as a mobile phase. The fingerprint analysis of kaempferol and quercetin was developed at R_f values of 0.39 and 0.24, respectively, and densitometric evaluation was done at 254 nm. The linear regression data for the calibration curve of both the compounds show a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 2–12 nanogram spot^?1. The suggested method has been validated in terms of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Present results show that maximum amount of kaempferol and quercetin is found in leaf extracts (35.80 and 17.01 milligram/gram of dry weight, respectively) of H. contortus.     

Beitrag zur frage der indikatorfunktion der Bodenmikroorganismen am beispiel von drei verschiedenen Nutzungsstufen eines sandbodens

Contribution to the function of soil microorganisms as indicators of soil fertility.Some chemical and microbiological properties of a sandy soil, used as garden, tillage, and fallow respectively were studied in order to characterize the different types microbiologically and to examine the various criteria as indicators of soil fertility.The studies have demonstrated that as many as possible criteria should be applied in the microbiological of characterization different soil types. Criteria which show a different tendency should be included. Azotobacter, anaerobes and nitrification were characters which particularly indicate differences in soil quality. The decomposition of soil organic matter was closely related to number of bacteria, respiration and some soil enzymes.