共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Petros A. Tsioras 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(1):1-14
The aim of this study was to examine the perception of forestry experts and forest workers on the status of the forest workers
in Greece. A postal questionnaire was distributed to 115 experts on forest operations in Greece, and 106 forest workers were
interviewed in the context of this study. According to the majority of the study participants, there is lack of interest on
behalf of the State and the most pressing problems are income-related. The effectiveness of seminars organized during the
last years is under question, since they did not result in fewer or less severe accidents. Despite the mentioned problems,
the interviewed forest workers are reluctant to change their jobs, indicating a possible potential for maintaining or even
increasing employment in forestry, which would warrant further study. The organization of a forest workers’ training system
along with institutional changes can significantly improve the quality and the employment conditions of the Greek forest operations’
sector. 相似文献
2.
It has been estimated that Sweden’s non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners undertake a total of 12 M hours of self-employed
forest work per year. This paper reports an evaluation of self-employment in Swedish NIPF’s in terms of the people and equipment
involved. NIPF owners’ self-employment was determined by a nationwide survey. Complete equipment sales statistics were compiled
from interviews with manufacturers and importers. About 66% of NIPF owners are undertaking self-employed forestry work. Pre-commercial
thinning was the activity undertaken most frequently by them, followed by planting, cutting and extraction. In comparison
to other NIPF owners, self-employed NIPF owners tend to be younger, and are more likely to be male, single owners, resident
on holdings, farmers and members of forest owner associations. Sales of new equipment suitable for self-employed individuals
amounted to €67 M, or 83,000 items. Based on sales numbers and the profile of self-employed NIPF owners, no major changes
in the amount and nature of self-employment are expected in the near future. 相似文献
3.
International and national development programs in Nepal place high priority on management of forests for biodiversity. Communities
are expected to embrace and cooperate in this endeavour for biodiversity conservation, yet little research has been carried
out to understand community viewpoints on biodiversity conservation, or even to ascertain people’s understanding of the concept
of biodiversity. This paper explores perceptions and concepts related to biodiversity and its conservation held by people
involved in community forestry in Nepal. Data were obtained from in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions
carried out in two contrasting geographical districts. The results show that the Western term ‘biodiversity’, translated into
Nepalese as jaiwik bibidhata, is new and confusing to most forest people, who interpret the term in a variety of ways. People’s perceptions of biodiversity
vary widely and a considerable gap exists between policy-makers and forest users in the understanding and interpretation of
this Nepalese term and its related concepts. These findings have important implications for the design and implementation
of development programs and in formulation of forest policy in Nepal. 相似文献
4.
A forest property represents benefits to the owner, the nature of which varies between resident and non-resident owners. Forest
owners’ associations can be considered as an arrangement to increase the benefit from forest ownership by helping the forest
owner to increase profitability. Thus, it can be assumed that associated forest owners value forest property benefits differently
to non-associated owners. This study examines differences between members and non-members, and residents and non-residents,
with respect to how they value the various forest property benefits. Responses from a landholder survey reveal differences
concerning forestry income, maintaining contact with native locality, and keeping up a tradition in forestry. It is concluded
that a challenge for the associations is to develop the organisation in accordance with the forest owners’ dissimilar property
interests. 相似文献
5.
Choosing What to Believe About Forests: Differences Between Professional and Non-Professional Evaluative Criteria 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Roje S. Gootee Keith A. Blatner David M. Baumgartner Matthew S. Carroll Edward P. Weber 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(2):137-152
This study examined the process of information exchange between natural resource management professionals and forest owners
to determine whether and how professionals could improve their ability to persuade forest owners to adopt recommended stewardship
practices. Using the inductive ‘grounded theory’ method of qualitative research, 109 stakeholders throughout the State of
Washington, USA were interviewed and asked to discuss their information sources and preferences. The study findings reveal
that many natural resource management professionals may not correctly anticipate how forest owners evaluate new forest management
information. Professionals in the study typically chose and evaluated new information on the basis of established standards
of scientific credibility, including peer review or the professional reputation of the individuals and institutions conducting
the research or publishing the information. Most professionals expected forest owners would do the same. Forest owners with
non-professional backgrounds, however, were often unfamiliar with or unimpressed by such credentials, and often used a very
different evaluative screen. Willingness to adopt information was greatly influenced by their social impressions of the individuals
delivering it. When a professional pressed for an ‘expert to non-expert’ relationship or did not establish a mutually respectful
interpersonal learning atmosphere, non-professional forest owners frequently resisted not only that individual, but also the
information they provided. This paper links these findings to androgogy (adult learning theory), and demonstrates that the
natural resource professionals most effective with forest owners are those providing what the established literature describes
as classic elements of a good adult learning environment. These elements include empathy, mutual respect, non-hierarchical
information exchange, praxis, emphasis on experiential rather than passive learning, and evidence that tangible results may
be expected. An improved understanding of the fundamentals of the adult learning process can be expected to enhance the effectiveness
of natural resource professionals in information exchange with forest owners. 相似文献
6.
Populations of most developed countries have been ageing, and the populations of Japanese mountain villages are estimated
to have reached into a super-ageing society. In particular, because forestry is unprofitable and due to the economic recession
in Japan, many small-scale forest owners face the problems of ageing. For policy-makers, it is important to assess the socioeconomic
impacts of forest owners’ ageing in order to ensure the sustainable management of forests. A survey was conducted of forest
owners in Yamaguchi Prefecture, which is famous for overall depopulation and ageing of the rural population. It was found
that 83% of 687 plantation forest owners who responded in the survey were 60 years or older and 76% did not have forestry
income over the past three years, but 81% had kept up ownership of their forest as the traditional family property. In terms
of forest management intentions, the respondents were found to consist of four types, namely ‘family management’, ‘commissioned
management’, ‘de-accession’ and ‘possession without proper management’. Differences in evaluations of hypothetical policies
were found among the four types. 相似文献
7.
现代林业评价指标体系研究初探 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
笔者从现代林业的建设内容与目标出发,以现代林业的生态、产业和文化三大体系为基础,构建了以林业生态体系、林业产业体系、生态文化体系为Ⅰ级指标,资源状况、生态状况、经济效益、产业管理、生态文化意识、生态文化建设为Ⅱ级指标,包含37个Ⅲ级评价指标的现代林业评价指标体系,为科学地评价和衡量区域现代林业发展水平提供了依据。 相似文献
8.
Dragan Nonic John C. Bliss Vojislav Milijic Nenad Petrovic Mersudin Avdibegovic Milan Mataruga 《Small-Scale Forestry》2011,10(4):435-455
Small-scale forestry in Serbia is characterized by high fragmentation of properties, a large number of parcels and forest
owners. Numerous activities for private forest owners in Serbia supported by the State, FAO and CEPF have resulted in an increased
interest of owners in forming private forest owners’ associations (PFOA). The goal of this paper is to explore preconditions
that are necessary for organizing private forest owners in Serbia into effective associations. In order to reach this goal,
results of PRIFORT project were used. The over-arching research questions of this paper are: “What is the level of interest
among forest owners in forming owners’ associations?”; “Why has forest owner interest in organizing developed so slowly?”
and “What are the necessary preconditions for the development of private forest owners’ organizations in the country?” In
order to answer these questions, quantitative survey with 42 close, open and Likert scale questions was conducted. Sample
size was determined following Malhotra’s proportion method and, in total, 350 private forest owners, from nine municipalities
were interviewed. Results of this paper show that majority of respondents are very little or not at all aware of existing
legislation. Almost half of respondents consider that their interests are not represented well. Although about 50% of interviewed
forest owners miss interest organization, only 0,3% are members of PFOA. More than 70% are ready to join association, if it
would provide some economic advantages. 相似文献
9.
Mikko Kurttila Eero Muinonen Pekka Leskinen Harri Kilpeläinen Jouni Pykäläinen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(1):37-50
A proper forest planning process includes the assessment of the decision-makers’ preferences concerning the future forest
use. For some owners, it may be a difficult task to express their preferences exactly and in the form that is required for
planning calculations. This study presents a new kind of approach for analyzing the effects of preferential uncertainty. The
approach consists of examination of the differences in the actual decision variables in forest planning, i.e. selected treatments
for stands between holding-level forest plans. In example calculations, the preferential uncertainty was examined from three
different viewpoints: the uncertainty in the weights of the objective variables; the uncertainty in the partial utility function;
and the combination of these two uncertainty sources. One thousand preference realizations were generated for each of these
uncertainty sources. More than one treatment schedules are proposed for stands that are affected by preferential uncertainty.
These stands were detected from among the resulting set of 1,000 forest plans. With this done, two potential decision-making
strategies, an adaptive behavior strategy and a threshold proportion strategy, were applied as guides in decision-making for
stands, which have more than one treatment alternative selected in the produced optimal forest plans. The adaptive behavior
technique required that the forest owner select one treatment alternative for at least one stand that has more than one proposed
treatment alternative. The treatment alternatives having frequencies exceeding the given threshold frequency were all accepted
simultaneously in the threshold strategy. The main benefit of the approach is to present the effects of uncertainties in a
way that can be easily understood by the actual decision-makers. It is a promising tool for practical decision-making situations
because at least Finnish non-industrial private forest owners quite often focus on making stand-level forest management decisions.
It is also suitable for examinations of other uncertainty sources such as timber prices or inventory data. 相似文献
10.
The shamba system involves farmers tending tree saplings on state-owned forest land in return for being permitted to intercrop
perennial food crops until canopy closure. At one time the system was used throughout all state-owned forest lands in Kenya,
accounting for a large proportion of some 160,000 ha. The system should theoretically be mutually beneficial to both local
people and the government. However the system has had a chequered past in Kenya due to widespread malpractice and associated
environmental degradation. It was last banned in 2003 but in early 2008 field trials were initiated for its reintroduction.
This study aimed to: assess the benefits and limitations of the shamba system in Kenya; assess the main influences on the
extent to which the limitations and benefits are realised and; consider the management and policy requirements for the system’s
successful and sustainable operation. Information was obtained from 133 questionnaires using mainly open ended questions and
six participatory workshops carried out in forest-adjacent communities on the western slopes of Mount Kenya in Nyeri district.
In addition interviews were conducted with key informants from communities and organisations. There was strong desire amongst
local people for the system’s reintroduction given that it had provided significant food, income and employment. Local perceptions
of the failings of the system included firstly mismanagement by government or forest authorities and secondly abuse of the
system by shamba farmers and outsiders. Improvements local people considered necessary for the shamba system to work included
more accountability and transparency in administration and better rules with respect to plot allocation and stewardship. Ninety-seven
percent of respondents said they would like to be more involved in management of the forest and 80% that they were willing
to pay for the use of a plot. The study concludes that the structural framework laid down by the 2005 Forests Act, which includes
provision for the reimplementation of the shamba system under the new plantation establishment and livelihood improvement
scheme (PELIS) [It should be noted that whilst the shamba system was re-branded in 2008 under the acronym PELIS, for the sake
of simplicity the authors continue to refer to the ‘shamba system’ and ‘shamba farmers’ throughout this paper.], is weakened
because insufficient power is likely to be devolved to local people, casting them merely as ‘forest users’ and the shamba
system as a ‘forest user right’. In so doing the system’s potential to both facilitate and embody the participation of local
people in forest management is limited and the long-term sustainability of the new system is questionable. Suggested instruments
to address this include some degree of sharing of profits from forest timber, performance related guarantees for farmers to
gain a new plot and use of joint committees consisting of local people and the forest authorities for long term management
of forests.
相似文献
Peter DorwardEmail: |
11.
Shin-Ichi Yamamoto 《Journal of Forest Research》2000,5(4):223-229
When one or a few canopy trees die (or are injured) in a forest, small openings, which are called ‘gaps,’ are formed in the
forest canopy and are then filled with other trees. This sort of forest dynamics is termed gap dynamics; a large number of
papers and data on gap dynamics have been accumulated since the 1970’s, and gap dynamics has been described in many forest
types. In this review, I introduce the basic concepts of gap dynamics and summarize major issues on gap dynamics relating
to tree regeneration, with many references. Although enormous studies on gap dynamics of natural forests have been conducted,
applications of gap dynamics to forest practice are limited. However, accumulated knowledge on gap dynamics should be useful
for sustainable forest ecosystem management, as much of the literature suggests.
Recipient of the Japanese Forestry Society Award 2000. 相似文献
12.
Based on the fire statistics, the Daxing’anling forest area were classified into three fire cycle regions: northern coniferous
virgin forest region with a fire cycle ofl 10–120 years, middle conifer-broad-leaved mixed forest region with a fire cycle
of 30–40 years, and southern broad-leaved secondary forest region with a fire cycle of 15–20. The percentage of conifers and
broad-leaved trees, forest age and natural mature period of main tree species in different fire cycle regions were discussed
in concern with fire occurrence. The characteristics of fire adaptation and fire resistance of main tree species, such as
sexual and asexual reproduction, were discussed and evaluation of the synthetical fire adaptation was made. 相似文献
13.
Climate change is affecting the world’s ecosystems and threatening the economic system, livelihoods and availability of natural
resources. Forest ecosystems can be carbon sources or sinks and are therefore integrated in international climate policy.
Forest-related carbon mitigation projects are threatened by climate change through altered environmental conditions and forest
processes, as well as through synergistic effects of climate change impacts with already existing socioeconomic and environmental
stressors. Data on risk management and adaptation strategies were collected by a survey of 28 current forest projects targeting
climate change mitigation. Ten of these represent the officially implemented afforestation (A) and reforestation (R) activities
under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto protocol. Additionally, the official methodologies for AR activities under the CDM (Scope 14)
were examined for potential climate change adaptation requirements. As a result, the adaptation of forest mitigation projects
to climate change is found to be insufficient. A systematic approach for the inclusion of climate change risk management and
adaptation is developed and guidelines for the design of “climate-change-proof” afforestation, reforestation and deforestation
avoidance projects are proposed. A broader mainstreaming of the issue is required and clear policy regulations are necessary,
especially for the post-Kyoto process. 相似文献
14.
India is the world’s tenth most forested nation with 76.87 M ha of forest and tree cover occupying 23.4% of its geographical
area. Forests—with their intrinsic of carbon sequestration and storage values—are in the front line of India’s climate change
mitigation strategies. This paper provides estimates of sequestered carbon in India’s forest and tree cover for the years
1995 and 2005 as per the IPCC good practice guidelines method. It is based on the primary data for the soil carbon pool through
collecting soil samples by laying out quadrats across the country and secondary data for the growing stock of all forest and
tree cover in the country. The estimates are compared with current and future projected emissions. It is found that conservation
policies have resulted in increase of the country’s forest carbon stocks from 6244.8 to 6621.6 Mt with an annual increment
of 37.7 Mt of the carbon from 1995 to 2005. Annual CO2 removal by the forests is enough to neutralise 9.3% of the country’s 2000 level emissions. Continued removals by the forest
and tree cover would offset 6.5 and 4.9% of India’s projected annual emissions in 2010 and 2020 respectively. Economically,
the annual value of this forest carbon in the international market is about US $188 million. The result is of use in the REDD
and REDD+ context for India. 相似文献
15.
Anne Sourdril Gaëtan du Bus de Warnaffe Marc Deconchat Gérard Balent Eric de Garine 《Small-Scale Forestry》2006,5(1):127-144
The importance of the ecological functions of farm forests in France calls for a better understanding of the social systems
influencing forest management. The traditional ‘house-centred system’ involved a sharing of activities in farm forestry between
fathers and their sons. Retired farmers were traditionally managers of the forests while their sons dealt with farming activities.
The evolution of this relationship since World War 2 has been investigated with an ethnologic approach in two villages in
south-western France where the traditional ‘house-centred system’ constrains the social rules. This system has led to a lifetime
status for fathers as head of the farm and of the household. Before WW2, sons played a secondary role in relation to their
fathers who took strategic decisions. After WW2, sons became more involved in the forest work and decisions which led to a
more frequent use of agricultural methods in forests. This created differences of opinion between fathers and sons, with the
fathers considering their sons’ management too intensive. The social consequence was that the fathers felt that their role
as forest managers and as head of the farm was reduced. In future, farm forest management might become more dependent on agricultural
activities, with the traditional social systems losing importance. 相似文献
16.
Ewald Rametsteiner 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):143-158
In recent decades the concept of ‘governance’ as interdependent coordination of actors as well as the normative concept of
‘good governance’ have increasingly influenced international forest policy, to varying degrees. Using the three dimensions
of multi-actor, multi-sector and multi-level governance to analyse key aspects of governance in the follow-up of global policy
after the UNCED conference in 1992, this paper shows that ‘multi-actor governance’ has received considerable attention in
international forest policy, mainly through promoting national forest programs. Global forest policy initiatives were less
able to develop concepts to address and improve ‘multi-sector governance’ and ‘multi-level governance’, although these two
dimensions of governance are particularly relevant for local levels. A number of major international forest policy initiatives,
both public and private, have also focused on improving various dimensions of ‘good governance’. A review of the degree to
which these international governmental initiatives have been transposed and applied at the local or regional level reveals
a major gap between concepts and forest policy initiatives developed and promoted at international and national levels and
their application at the regional and local levels. This calls for better concepts addressing in particular the ‘multi-level’
dimension of governance in order to improve connectivity between these levels. A range of governance change approaches can
be applied, including adjusting modes of interaction, instruments and institutions.
相似文献
Ewald RametsteinerEmail: |
17.
Axel Albrecht Marc Hanewinkel Jürgen Bauhus Ulrich Kohnle 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(1):229-247
Storms represent the most important disturbance factor in forests of Central Europe. Using data from long-term growth and
yield experiments in Baden-Wuerttemberg (south-western Germany), which permit separation of storm damage from other causes
of mortality for individual trees, we investigated the influence of soil, site, forest stand, and tree parameters on storm
damage, especially focusing on the influence of silvicultural interventions. For this purpose, a four-step modeling approach
was applied in order to extract the main risk factors for (1) the general stand-level occurrence of storm damage, (2) the
occurrence of total stand damage, and (3) partial storm damage within stands. The estimated stand-level probability of storm
damage obtained in step 3 was then offset in order to describe the damage potential for the individual trees within each partially
damaged stand (4). Generalized linear mixed models were applied. Our results indicate that tree species and stand height are
the most important storm risk factors, also for characterizing the long-term storm risk. Additionally, data on past timber
removals and selective thinnings appear more important for explaining storm damage predisposition than for example stand density,
soil and site conditions or topographic variables. When quantified with a weighting method (summarizing the relative weight
of single predictors or groups of predictors), removals could explain up to 20% of storm risk. The stepwise modeling approach
proved an important methodological feature of the analysis, since it enabled consideration of the large number of observations
without damage (“zero inflation”) in a statistically correct way. These results form a reliable basis for quantifying forest
management’s direct impact on the risk of storm damage. 相似文献
18.
A Small-Scale Forestry Perspective on Constraints to Including REDD in International Carbon Markets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this article the authors contend that the constraints to including reduced emissions from avoided tropical forest deforestation
and degradation in international carbon markets stem from problems associated with: (1) correctly measuring emissions savings
from avoided tropical forest deforestation and degradation; (2) the permanence and ‘leakage’ of tropical forest conservation
regimes; (3) ensuring economic incentives for the avoidance of tropical forest deforestation and degradation are sufficiently
effective; (4) the exclusion of reduced emissions from avoided tropical forest deforestation and degradation from critical
international climate change policy agreements; and (5) the behaviour of investors in carbon markets. Case analysis of the
‘Emissions Biodiversity Exchange Project for the 21st Century’ (EBEX21) program of Landcare Research New Zealand is used to
examine how a government-supported market-based forest conservation initiative can be used to address these constraints, particularly
in the context of small-scale forestry conservation. 相似文献
19.
This paper examines the historical phases of Finnish forest planning from the 1960s to the present day in support of the rational
future development of forest planning for family-owned forest holdings. The ‘historical types’ of work—craft work, mass production,
process enhancement, and mass customization have been recognized in the Finnish planning discourse to date. Indications of
mass customization are typical in the present developmental discussion of forest planning. There are some signals in the current
planning debate that are calling for the next activity principle, co-configuration. A forthcoming type of forestry extension
activity, labelled adaptive planning, is described in this paper to explicate the demands imposed by a future planning system.
The present analysis informs also other contexts outside of Finland, where public and private institutions that support family
forest owners face post-industrial challenges. 相似文献
20.
Voluntary biodiversity protection tools have been adopted for practical use in many countries where non-industrial private
forest ownership includes invaluable biodiversity resources. This has created a new kind of decision problem for individual
forest owners: they should be able to define their conditions for entering into a biodiversity protection contract including
sometimes a predetermined subsidy. This study presents a holding-level method for examining this decision problem. The method
is based on utilization of interactive optimization where the possible subsidy has been included in the protection (no treatment)
alternative of the examined stand. Generally, interactive optimization means that the landowner pinpoints the best plan by
interactively studying and learning the production possibilities of his/her forest holding. Following changes made to the
objective function by the forest owner, new solutions are presented for forest owners’ evaluation. If the “No treatments”
option is selected in optimization for these areas, the forest owner would benefit more—in the current location of the production
frontier and with the current subsidy—from entering into the protection contract than from cutting the specific forest area.
In the case study, we demonstrate that the values of the holding-level goals, production possibilities of the planning area
and the levels of the subsidy have a significant effect on the optimal decisions relating to biodiversity protection on the
stand level. 相似文献