基于响应面法的复合酶辅助提取金针菇多糖的工艺优化

为优化金针菇多糖的提取工艺,采用木瓜蛋白酶与纤维素酶复合处理,通过单因素试验研究了液料比、复合酶添加量、木瓜蛋白酶与纤维素酶质量比、酶解温度、pH值和提取时间对金针菇多糖得率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计获得了复合酶法提取金针菇多糖的最佳工艺,即木瓜蛋白酶与纤维素酶质量比1.1、酶解温度49.2℃和酶解pH值4.4,在此条件下金针菇多糖得率可达2.56%。     

龙眼多糖超声波-酶解辅助提取工艺优化

采用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计优化龙眼果肉多糖的超声波-酶解辅助提取工艺,建立了包括纤维素酶添加量、超声波功率、酶解温度、pH值和时间的五因素回归模型.经回归模型分析并结合验证试验,确定多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:以龙眼干果肉(含水率8.47%)为原料,选取纤维素酶(酶活大于等于200 U/mg)添加量2 000 U/g、超声波功率250 W、酶解温度55℃、pH值 5.0、时间60 min,在该条件下多糖提取率达38.71%,比传统热水法、酶法、超声波法和微波法分别高9.85%、6.41%、4.35%和3.99%,且差异达到显著水平(P<0.05).     

龙眼多糖超声波-酶解辅助提取工艺优化

采用Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计优化龙眼果肉多糖的超声波-酶解辅助提取工艺,建立了包括纤维素酶添加量、超声波功率、酶解温度、pH值和时间的五因素回归模型。经回归模型分析并结合验证试验,确定多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：以龙眼干果肉（含水率8.47%）为原料,选取纤维素酶（酶活大于等于200 U/mg）添加量2000 U/g、超声波功率250 W、酶解温度55℃、pH值 5.0、时间60 min,在该条件下多糖提取率达38.71%,比传统热水法、酶法、超声波法和微波法分别高9.85%、6.41%、4.35%和3.99%,且差异达到显著水平（     

牛蒡菊糖的提取工艺及其纯化的研究

本文以新鲜的牛蒡作为原料提取菊糖,采用酶法提取牛蒡菊糖,研究了纤维素酶、酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、果胶酶和木瓜蛋白酶对菊糖提取率的影响,再通过单因素和正交试验方法研究了加酶量、pH值、固液比、酶作用时间以及提取温度对牛蒡菊糖提取率的影响。结果表明:采用木瓜蛋白酶在加酶量10%、固液比1:15(m/V)、提取时间4h、提取温度为50℃和pH值8的条件下菊糖提取率最高,为64.45%。然后采用D202、966、D208、D205、D309和XDA-1阴离子交换树脂对牛蒡菊糖的脱色效果进行了探讨。结果表明:966大孔吸附树脂脱色效果最佳,脱色率为93.65%,菊糖保留率为57.72%。     

果胶酶提取南瓜淀粉的工艺研究

研究了南瓜淀粉的提取工艺。以淀粉提取率为指标,探讨果胶酶添加量、pH值、酶解时间和酶解温度对淀粉提取率的影响,并采用正交试验确定了南瓜淀粉提取的最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明:南瓜淀粉的最适宜制备工艺条件:果胶酶添加量为1200U/g、pH值为7.0、酶解温度为40℃和酶解时间为4h,在此条件下,淀粉的提取率为64.1%。     

纤维素酶协同超声波辅助提取苦瓜多糖工艺优化

为了得到纤维素酶协同超声波法提取苦瓜多糖的最佳工艺条件,利用Box-Behnken的中心组合设计及响应面法(RSM)探讨了超声波功率、酶量、料液比、时间、pH值和温度等因素的优化组合,通过建立二次回归模型,确定其最佳提取工艺条件为:超声波功率390 W、纤维素酶量3 500 U/g(酶活200 U/mg以上)、料液比1:38、时间40 min、pH值5、温度56℃.在此工艺条件下,苦瓜多糖的提取率为21.1%,比热水浸提法、超声波法、纤维素酶法分别提高了7.8%、13.5%、7.7%.结果表明纤维素酶协同超声波法是提高苦瓜多糖得率的有效途径之一.     

无色高果糖浓缩苹果汁生产工艺试验

采用蔗糖酶酶解法和脱色脱酸树脂进行了无色脱酸高果糖浓缩苹果汁的生产工艺试验.通过正交试验确定了苹果汁中蔗糖酶酶解条件、脱色条件及脱酸条件.结果表明:苹果汁中蔗糖的较佳酶解条件为:苹果汁浓度为120 g/L,酶质量比为7mg/kg,pH值为4.5,温度为5512;XDA-5脱色树脂的较佳脱色条件为:苹果汁浓度为200 g/L、pH值为3.5、温度为50℃、流速为150 mL/h;D380树脂在温度25℃、苹果汁浓度300 g/L、流速180mL/h时吸附分离果酸效果最佳.     

正交试验优化混合酶法提取蓝靛果色素的研究

采用混合酶法提取蓝靛果色素,考察了混合酶用量、pH值、酶解时间及酶解温度单因素的试验,利用正交试验优化了混合酶法提取蓝靛果色素的条件,确定最佳提取条件为:pH值4.0、酶解时间50min、酶解温度40℃、混合酶用量7mg/g,色素提取量为63.24mg/g。     

超声波协同纤维素酶法提取灵芝多糖的工艺研究

本研究以灵芝子实体为原料,采用超声波协同纤维素酶法提取灵芝多糖,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验研究了超声波功率、提取时间、提取温度、纤维素酶量、料液比和pH值等因素对多糖得率的影响,并将其与传统的水浴浸提法进行比较。结果表明:在试验条件范围内各因素对灵芝多糖得率影响的主次顺序为:时间>功率>纤维素酶量>温度;最佳提取条件为:料液比1:50、pH值为5、提取时间为60min、超声功率为225W、提取温度为50℃和纤维素酶量为2%,在此条件下,灵芝多糖的得率较传统的水浴浸提法提高了1.7倍。     

纤维素酶协同超声波辅助提取苦瓜多糖工艺优化

为了得到纤维素酶协同超声波法提取苦瓜多糖的最佳工艺条件,利用Box-Behnken的中心组合设计及响应面法（RSM）探讨了超声波功率、酶量、料液比、时间、pH值和温度等因素的优化组合,通过建立二次回归模型,确定其最佳提取工艺条件为: 超声波功率390W、纤维素酶量3500U/ g（酶活200U/mg以上）、料液比1∶38、时间40min、pH值5、温度56℃。在此工艺条件下,苦瓜多糖的提取率为211%,比热水浸提法、超声波法、纤维素酶法分别提高了7.8%、13.5%、7.7%。结果表明纤维素酶协同超声波法是提高苦瓜多糖得率的有效途径之一。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.