6种除草剂对豫南稻区直播再生稻头季稻田中杂草的防效及安全性评价

通过田间试验,验证了6种除草剂对豫南稻区直播再生稻田的除草效果及水稻安全性。结果表明：药后14 d, 40%■草·丁草胺EC 1 875 mL/hm²、39%甲戊·■草酮SC 1 800 mL/hm²、12%二甲戊灵EC+48%丁草胺EC 1 500 mL/hm²对田中多数杂草均有较好的株防效。药后21 d, 40%■草·丁草胺EC 1 875 mL/hm²对稗、莎草科杂草以及部分阔叶杂草的株防效均达91.75%～100.00%;39%甲戊·■草酮SC1 800 mL/hm²对莎草科杂草的株防效为75.00%,对其他杂草的株防效均在80.24%～100.00%;12%二甲戊灵EC+48%丁草胺EC 1 500 mL/hm²对稗、阔叶杂草的株防效均达100.00%,对莎草科杂草的株防效在67.00%～83.25%之间。以上3个处理鲜重防效均高于其他处理,且三者间差异不显著;实际产量分别比对照提高13.21%、10.12%、14.52%;以上3个处理分别比对照...     

化学除草剂对保护性耕作燕麦田杂草的防除效果

为探究内蒙古保护性耕作燕麦田间杂草的发生规律,控制杂草生长过盛,增加燕麦产量,调查了呼和浩特市武川县上秃亥乡燕麦田间杂草种类并考察各类化学除草剂对其防除效果。结果表明:保护性耕作燕麦田分布的杂草种类分属6科13种,主要危害杂草为藜、猪毛菜和狗尾草,发生时间集中于5月中旬—6月中上旬。试验所选2,4-D丁酯、苯磺隆、草甘膦、二甲四氯、辛酰溴苯腈5种除草剂对保护性耕作燕麦田杂草均有防效,单一防除效果依次为:2,4-D丁酯10%苯磺隆75%苯磺隆草甘膦二甲四氯辛酰溴苯腈。综合防除效果以收获后900 ml·hm~(-2)草甘膦+苗期300 g·hm~(-2)二甲四氯+300 ml·hm~(-2)2,4-D丁酯处理最好,株防效和鲜重防效均在96.4%左右,且鲜重防效效果显著,燕麦增产幅度超100%,每公顷纯收益最高,为6 618.0元,在农业生产中优先推荐。     

糜子田除草剂药效筛选及对产量的影响

选用当前在大田作物上常用的9种除草剂在糜子田进行不同剂量处理,对杂草的株防效、鲜质量防效、药害及产量进行调查分析,确定不同处理除草效果及对糜子产量的影响。结果表明,防治禾本科杂草效果较好的除草剂有480 g/L氟乐灵乳油1 125、2 250 m L/hm~2,33%二甲戊灵乳油2 250、4 500 m L/hm~2;综合防治阔叶杂草效果较好的除草剂有40%扑草净可湿性粉剂2 250 g/hm~2,短期对阔叶杂草防治效果较好的除草剂为42%丁·异·莠去津乳油3 000 m L/hm~2、40%异丙草·莠乳油6 000 m L/hm~2。     

溴苯腈与精喹禾灵混用对亚麻的安全性及控草效果

为筛选防控亚麻田杂草的安全高效药剂,采用喷雾法,通过室内生物测定和田间试验测定了溴苯腈和精喹禾灵混用对亚麻的安全性和对亚麻田杂草的防效,并研究了除草剂混用对亚麻产量的影响。结果表明:在室内条件下,溴苯腈与精喹禾灵按有效成分含量375~450 g/hm2混用,施药后21 d,亚麻无药害症状,当用量增至675 g/hm2时,亚麻苗失绿症状明显,有烧叶现象,呈中度药害中毒症状;二者混用对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus的选择性系数均为1.42,高于对照药剂2甲4氯钠 (其对稗草和反枝苋的选择性系数分别为0.53和0.85),表明该混用药剂在亚麻田应用存在潜在的药害风险,在保证除草效果的前提下,须严格控制其用量;该混用药剂以有效成分371.25 g/hm2在田间应用时,药后35 d对亚麻田杂草的株防效和鲜重防效均达85%以上,亚麻株高平均增加42.33 cm,高于对照药剂溴苯腈 (株高增加40.93 cm)、精喹禾灵 (株高增加41.80 cm) 和空白对照 (株高增加39.07 cm),且平均鲜重比单用溴苯腈和精喹禾灵分别提高2.7%和4.6%,比空白对照提高8.3%。表明溴苯腈与精喹禾灵混用可以用于防治亚麻田禾本科和阔叶杂草,但为了防止药害的发生,应严格控制用量,并使用防护罩喷头进行定向喷雾。     

复种马铃薯田间除草剂的优选及安全性评价

为解决复种马铃薯田间次生油菜、次生小麦及杂草对马铃薯的危害,筛选高效安全的除草剂及施药模式。除草剂在播种后第3天喷施,茎叶除草剂在马铃薯植株8～10 cm后喷施,采用随机区组设计进行田间药效试验。除草剂施用70%嗪草酮WP 30 g/667 m²+10.8%精喹禾灵EC 30 mL/667 m²+33%二甲戊灵EC 35 mL/667 m²,施药后25 d对次生油菜等阔叶杂草的防效达84.61%,对次生小麦等禾本科杂草的防效达69.69%;茎叶除草剂施用3%砜嘧磺隆WP 33 g/667 m²+12%烯草酮EC 30 mL/667 m²效果最佳,施药后15 d对次生油菜等阔叶杂草的防效达84.36%,对次生小麦等禾本科杂草的防效达86.86%;2种处理在规范使用剂量下对马铃薯安全。复种马铃薯土壤封闭除草剂推荐选用70%嗪草酮WP+10.8%精喹禾灵EC+33%二甲戊灵EC,在马铃薯播种后3～5 d于地表面喷施;茎叶除草剂推荐选用3%砜嘧磺隆WP+12%烯草酮EC,在马铃薯苗后8...     

几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确几种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草的防除效果及其安全性, 采用土壤处理和茎叶喷雾处理的方法, 开展了5种土壤处理除草剂和13种茎叶喷雾处理除草剂在推荐剂量下防治百合田杂草的田间药效试验和对兰州百合的安全性评价。土壤处理试验结果表明:药后60 d, 5种除草剂对兰州百合田杂草具有较好的防除效果, 且对兰州百合安全。对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达83.23%和89.15%以上, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为87.28%和89.58%以上。其中, 50%异丙隆WP 1 350 g/hm2(有效成分用量, 下同)和240 g/L乙氧氟草醚EC 180 g/hm2的防效最好, 表现出很好的除草活性。茎叶喷雾试验结果表明:15%硝磺草酮OD 150 g/hm2、30%苯唑草酮SE 27 g/hm2、15%噻吩磺隆WP 33.75 g/hm2、56%2甲4氯钠SPX 840 g/hm2、24%氨氯吡啶酸AS 108 g/hm2、30%二氯吡啶酸AS 180 g/hm2和30%氨氯·二氯吡啶酸AS 150 g/hm2喷雾处理, 药后45 d, 这7种除草剂对兰州百合田阔叶杂草具较好的防除效果且对兰州百合安全, 株防效在77.99%～93.48%, 鲜重防效在81.62%～95.05%, 但对禾本科杂草基本无效。70%嗪草酮WP 735 g/hm2能有效防除兰州百合田杂草且对兰州百合安全性高, 对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为96.95%和99.52%, 对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.81%和95.21%。研究结果可为兰州百合田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

不同除草剂对遍地黄金草坪杂草的控制效果及安全性

为了筛选出可用于防除遍地黄金草坪杂草的除草剂配方,经室内盆栽法测定不同除草剂茎叶处理对马唐、香附子、红花酢浆草的抑制效果及对遍地黄金的安全性后,进行药剂的田间试验,结果表明：25%啶嘧磺隆WG对总草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达到78.1%和80.5%,显著高于其他单剂处理的防效;56%2甲4氯钠盐SP对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为85.4%和85.7%,高于其他单剂处理的防效;108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效可达92.2%和92.6%,显著高于其他各处理的防效;108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC+56%2甲4氯钠盐SP混剂对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为88.2%和91.1%,对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为75.3%和78.2%,但对莎草科杂草的防效低;108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC+75%氯吡嘧磺隆WG混剂对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效较好,分别可达到85.4%和87.4%,对莎草科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为71.9%和77.6%,但对阔叶杂草防效较低;56%2甲4氯钠盐SP+75%氯吡嘧磺隆WG混剂对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别可达到85....     

10种除草剂及组合对芨芨草的防效评价

为筛选出对芨芨草具有高效防除作用的除草剂品种及组合,本研究采用茎叶喷雾法分别在芨芨草开花期和平茬(成株芨芨草离地面15 cm刈割)后第3天施药,测定了10种常用除草剂品种和6个除草剂组合对芨芨草的防除效果,获得了"花期茎叶喷施除草剂"和"平茬+喷施除草剂方式"清除芨芨草技术。1)开花期:18%草铵膦AS在有效剂量(下同)405 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达100%;41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS剂量为922.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达87.18%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为216 g/hm~2时,药后15 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达77.03%;18%草铵膦AS 180 g/hm~2+10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 37.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达91.30%。2)平茬后:18%草铵膦AS、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS均药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效均大于87%;30%苯唑草酮SC剂量为22.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.97%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为144 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达88.21%;15.8%精喹禾灵EC剂量135 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.26%;12.5%烯禾啶EC 112.5 g/hm~2+15.8%精喹禾灵EC 15.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达97.97%。     

四川省玉米田杂草化学防除技术研究

翻耕地玉米进行土壤封闭处理,33%二甲戊灵EC、999 g/L乙草胺EC对马唐等禾本科杂草防效优良。38%莠去津SC对马唐防效差,对其他杂草防效优良。40%甲草.莠SC对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良;苗期除草,80%烟嘧磺隆WP对铁苋菜防效差,对其他杂草防效优良。38%莠去津SC对除马唐以外的禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良。25%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津SC对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良。42.5%氯氟比氧乙酸.2甲4氯EC对辣子草、凹头苋、荠菜防效优良。玉米植株较大(7叶期以上)时,用灭生性除草剂41%草甘膦AS具有传导作用,持效性好。20%百草枯AS除草具触杀性,速效性好。     

几种除草剂对恶性杂草野艾蒿的防除效果及对胡麻生长发育的影响

采用田间试验的方法,测定了几种除草剂单剂和混用配方对胡麻田恶性杂草野艾蒿的防除效果及对胡麻生长发育的影响。结果显示,75%二氯吡啶酸SG+56%2甲4氯钠盐SP、75%二氯吡啶酸SG+90%莠去津WG混配、75%二氯吡啶酸SG单剂对野艾蒿的株防效、地上部鲜重防效、地下部鲜重防效分别达到93.24%～97.46%、94.69%～96.77%和90.13%～96.40%,对靶标杂草野艾蒿防除效果明显且对胡麻无药害,胡麻产量较空白对照分别增加36.59%、4.14%和20.86%。48%灭草松AS虽对野艾蒿的综合防效较低,但其对胡麻无药害且胡麻蒴果数、千粒重较大,胡麻产量较空白对照增长61.27%。90%2甲·草甘膦SP、82%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC、70.5%2甲·唑草酮WG、20%敌草快AS 5种除草剂对胡麻安全性低,不宜应用于胡麻田野艾蒿的防治。结合各除草剂处理后胡麻的药害、经济性状、生物产量、籽粒产量以及对野艾蒿的防除效果进行综合分析,胡麻田野艾蒿防除除草剂选择适宜度依次为:75%二氯吡啶酸SG+56%2甲4氯钠盐SP混配75%二氯吡啶酸SG48%灭草松AS75%二氯吡啶酸SG+90%莠去津WG混配。本文为胡麻田恶性杂草野艾蒿的化学防除提供了理论依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.