安徽省松材线虫抗性育种研究概述

1982年，中国首次发现松材线虫病危害，当时从南京市中山陵地区的枯死黑松(Pinus thunberugii)中分离到松材线虫。现在该病害已扩散到安徽、浙江等省，并且由原来的黑松转移危害马尾松(Pinus massoniana)，这种危害形势对中国有相同树种分布的南方各省，形成了极大的威胁。     

松材线虫与拟松材线虫迁移能力的比较

松材线虫病,又称松树萎蔫病、松树枯萎病,是由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)引起的一种毁灭性森林病害。松材线虫原来广泛分布于北美地区,但在原产地并未造成严重危害。1905     

广东省黑松感染松材线虫病

针对汕头市濠江区松林中出现黑松枯死的现象进行调查取样,对样品进行线虫分离、培养、镜检、计测,同时对全省黑松分布区域进行调查,结果表明,濠江区黑松(Pinus thunbergii)发生了松材线虫病,省内其它地区的黑松尚未受该病侵染.这是松材线虫病首次侵染广东省黑松.     

松材线虫和拟松材线虫雄虫交合伞形状的比较

松材线虫和拟松材线虫雄虫交合伞形状的比较刘伟，杨宝君关键词松材线虫，拟松材线虫，雄虫交合伞松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。病原松材线虫ＢｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓＮｉｃｋｌｅ（简作Ｂｘ）的形态与非病原拟松材线虫Ｂ．ｍｕｃｒｏｎ...     

松材线虫病知识简介

我市濠江区自去年以来陆续发生松树枯死现象，经省权威机构鉴定确认为松材线虫病。松材线虫病是松材线虫寄生在松树体内所引起的一种毁灭性病害，主要危害马尾松、黑松、黄松、赤松、海岸松和黄山松等松属植物，在国际国内被列为重要的检疫对象。现将松材线虫病有关知识介绍如下：     

抓好源头管理是防止松材线虫病传播蔓延的关键

随着我国市场经济的发展和加入WTO，国际间、省（市、区）际间的人员来往和商品交易活动日益频繁，松材线虫病随人为活动作长距离传播的可能性大为增加，给森林植物检疫工作带来了巨大的压力，抓好疫区或疫情发生区针叶类植物及其产品的检疫，防止松材线虫随森林植物及其产品传出疫区或疫情发生区，是防止松材线虫病人为传播的关键。１．提高认识，思想上要高度重视。松材线虫病是松树的毁灭性传染病，不但给林业生产带来直接损失，而且影响到国土生态安全，同时，给许多世界著名的旅游风景区（如黄山风景区、张家界风景区等）带来严重威…     

从适生性分析松材线虫对云南松树树种的威胁

松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。本文从松材线虫的为害状况,病原线虫的形态特征,云南松树树种的感病性以及环境等因素分析得到,此病对云南的松树树种特别是云南松具有潜在的威胁,进而提出了5条预防措施。     

日本松材线虫病研究的最新动向

该文重点对近2a日本松材线虫病的研究文献进行整理分析。目前松材线虫病的研究仍是日本国森林病虫害的主要研究课题。在松树的抗（感）病机理、线虫在树体内的活动与增殖规律、线虫与天牛的关系、生物防治以及新技术在研究中的应用等方面取得较大进展。     

松材线虫致病性最佳接种量的研究

松材线虫是引起松树死亡的一种毁灭性病害的病原。为了研究松材线虫的致病性,该文对松材线虫的接种量进行研究,对3年生黑松苗接种松材线虫后的发病程度进行了等级划分以及发病等级的描述。3年生黑松苗,接种松材线虫LN001后,每株接种量为10000条时,发病率、感病指数、死亡率3个指标均达到最大值。接种松材线虫LN002后,每株接种量为8000条的松苗,在接种第47d时,感病指数达到100。3年生黑松苗接种松材线虫8000~10000条,为适合进行松材线虫接种试验的接种量。     

松材线虫病病原与致病机理研究进展

松树是我国重要的造林树种,而松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害。近年试验表明,松材线虫病病原是松材线虫与伴生细菌。组织病理学研究看出,树脂道泌脂细胞最先受到线虫侵袭,薄壁细胞的死亡是寄主最初的组织病理学反应。松苗皮层薄壁细胞发生程序性死亡,表现出核染色质浓缩,核变形,降解,解体等细胞凋亡。纤维素酶作为松材线虫的致病物质参与早期寄主发病过程.线虫伴生细菌产生活性毒素。管胞空穴化造成输水堵塞致使受害松树死亡。松材线虫携带的细菌在致病过程中起到至关重要作用。可以认为,松材线虫病是由松材线虫和伴生细菌共同侵染引起的复合侵染病害。     

椴树红松林腐殖质与土壤表层真菌群落结构研究

采用＂之＂字形路线在小兴安岭丰林自然保护区椴树红松林的腐殖质层和土壤表层真菌进行取样调查。采用稀释平板法,选用马铃薯琼脂和孟加拉红培养基分别进行真菌的分离,并用马铃薯琼脂培养基进行纯化培养,共得到428个真菌菌落,进一步分离、纯化后获得67个真菌菌株。分别采用麦芽汁琼脂、查氏琼脂、马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基进行不同属真菌的培养和鉴定,共鉴定出27属58种。结果表明：青霉属、木霉属为小兴安岭森林腐殖质层真菌的优势种群,不同月份之间腐殖质中可培养的真菌种类和数量具有一定差异,7月份真菌属和种的数量最多。     

Conifer seedling root fungi and root dieback in Finnish nurseries

Fungi were isolated from the roots and growth substrate of bare‐rooted and containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies nursery seedlings displaying a root dieback. Isolations were also made from visually healthy seedlings. The potential pathogenicity of all isolated species was determined in laboratory trials.

Cylindrocarpon spp., Fusarium spp. and Trichoderma viride were frequently isolated. The isolation frequency of a uninucleate Rhizoctonia‐like fungus, Pythium spp. and Phytophthora imdulatum from diseased containerized seedlings and their pathogenicity in tests suggest that these fungi are likely involved in the root dieback disease in containers. The pathogenic Rhizoctonia‐like fungus in addition to Pythium spp. was also isolated from bare‐rooted seedlings. In greenhouse tests Pythium spp. were more pathogenic to 4‐week‐old Scots pine seedlings grown before transplantation in unsterile substrate than to those seedlings grown axenically in agar. External factors are considered to have some role in the expression of disease.     

木麻黄人工林AM菌资源调查与苗木接种试验

通过对我国华南地区木麻黄主要种植区人工林野外调查 ,收集了我国木麻黄人工林下AM菌资源 15种 ,分别隶属 3个科共 5个属 ,其中有 4种分别为有关土样中的优势种。球囊霉属 9种 ,占已知种类的 6 0 % ,其余无梗囊霉层、巨囊霉层、盾巨囊霉属及硬囊霉属分别仅有 1　 2种。木麻黄幼苗的温室接种效果表明 ,AM菌可显著改善木麻黄苗高和地径的生长 ,菌种或菌株间有明显差异 ,其中V95 0 8,V90 0 4 ,V95 0 2、V95 0 7和V95 0 3菌株的接种效果较好 ,苗高比对照增加 4 3 4 8%　 84 78% ,地径比对照增加 4 0 0 0 %　 73 0 0 %。     

A new Leptographium species from the roots of declining Pinus sylvestris in Switzerland

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees have been declining in the Rhône valley, Switzerland, for almost three decades. In an assessment of the role of fungi in this syndrome, the dominant fungus isolated from stained roots was a Leptographium species, morphologically similar to the asexual state of Grosmannia serpens. We examined isolates of this fungus based on DNA sequences of four protein‐coding genes including actin, β‐tubulin, calmodulin and translation elongation factor‐1 alpha. The results showed that they were of a distinct, undescribed taxon related to species in the Grosmannia serpens and G. wageneri complexes. The fungus, described here as Leptographium rhodanense sp. nov., resembles other species in the two species complexes morphologically, and most probably ecologically, as is suggested by the fact that it was isolated from stained pine roots.     

落叶松外生菌根根际真菌种群结构研究

采用稀释平板法分别对落叶松外生菌根根际和非根际土壤共36个样品的真菌进行了分离和鉴定。研究结果表明,从落叶松菌根根际分离到101株真菌,共鉴定出真菌18个属;菌根根际真菌的优势类群为拟青霉、木霉、青霉;亚优势种群为毛霉及茎点霉。木霉在菌根根际土壤中分离频率最高为100%,在数量上菌根根际真菌高出对照1.7～4倍。     

松叶蜂病原真菌的分离鉴定及真菌寄生率的调查

对宁夏、陕西、甘肃的落叶松叶蜂Pristiphora erichsonii、河北的落叶松锉叶蜂P.laricis和落叶松腮扁叶蜂Cephalcia lariciphila、山西靖远松叶蜂Diprion jingyuanensis、陕西松阿扁叶蜂Acantholydaposticalis、云南的祥云新松叶蜂Neodiprion xiangyunicus和南华松叶蜂D.nanhuaensis的幼虫及茧期病原真菌调查统计,并从以上虫茧中分离出真菌13株,初步鉴定球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana8株、布氏白僵菌B.brongniatii 4株、青霉属Penicillium sp.1株。选取5株白僵菌以3龄月季叶蜂为试虫进行毒力测试,结果显示1.0×108孢子/mL菌液对试虫有致死作用,校正死亡率69.5%～91%。     

湖北省湿地松猝倒病病原的分离及鉴定

从湖北沙洋、松滋、红安三地常年培育湿地松的苗圃中取土于室内种植湿地松,待其发病后按照柯赫氏法则对其进行病原物的分离、纯化、致病性测定及菌株鉴定。结果表明：发病部位分离到的菌株以镰孢菌（Fusarium spp．）占优势,分离到的68个菌株中65个为镰孢菌;立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani Kühn．）致病性最强,7天后发病率达到92％;链格孢（Alternaria alternate（Fr．）Keissl．）致病性最弱。研究证明,湖北省湿地松猝倒病是以镰刀菌为主要病原,立枯丝核菌和链格孢菌为次要病原的土壤习居真菌侵染引起的一种苗期病害。     

Biodiversity of endophytic fungi from seven herbaceous medicinal plants of Malnad region,Western Ghats,southern India

A total of 3611 fungal isolates were recovered from 4200 leaf segments incubated from 7 medicinal herbs during monsoon, winter and summer seasons. These fungal isolates belonged to teleomorphic Asco-mycota （23.5%）, anamorphic Ascomycota producing conidiomata （17.4%）, anamorphic Ascomycota without conidiomata （46.9%）, Zygo-mycota （1.42%） and sterile forms （10.6%）. Chaetomium globosum, As-pergillus niger, Aureobasidium pullulans, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Pestalotiopsis spp., Trichoderma viridae, Cladosporium cladosporioides, were frequently isolated from more than one host plant. The number of endophytic isolates was higher in winter than in monsoon and summer seasons.     

Comparative analyses of fungal biota carried by the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda L.) in northern and southern Finland

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, is a secondary colonizer of pines and other conifers. Although it is necessary to understand interactions of this insect with other organisms, few studies have focused on its fungal associates. This study focused on the effect of geographical distance on the occurrence of fungi carried by the beetle. Adult beetles were collected from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in North (Rovaniemi) and South (Hyytiälä) Finland. The mycota was isolated and identified using a combination of morphological and molecular data. The results revealed a great diversity of fungal taxa isolated from T. piniperda, with a total of 3073 isolates representing 20 taxonomic units. The most frequently isolated fungi in the bark beetles from North Finland were Beauveria bassiana, Kuraishia sp., whereas Penicillium velutinum was mostly observed in the insects from South Finland. Ophiostoma canum and Ophiostoma minus were also isolated from the beetles from both North and South Finland. The number of fungi isolates per insect was 2.58 in the North and 3.74 in the South, respectively. Significant differences were found between South and North Finland in fungal taxa isolated from the beetles. The highest richness and diversity of the fungal taxa was observed in the South. However, the overall fungal diversity index analysis revealed that the mycobiota was under-sampled which suggests that a proportion of the fungal species may have remained undetected.