小肽营养素对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验将40头21d断奶的三元杂交猪随机分为4组,用4组不同日粮组成及营养水平的饲料（Ⅰ：基础日粮＋2%喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉（SDPP）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加1%,2%和3%小肽营养素）饲养21d后称重、测定血液生化指标并进行统计分析。结果表明：添加小肽营养素对断奶仔猪的生产性能无显著影响;各处理组的血清总蛋白、血糖和血清尿素差异不显著,2%小肽组的球蛋白、免疫球蛋白含量显著高于其它组;小肽产品可以部分等蛋白取代断奶仔猪日粮中的血浆蛋白粉。通过了解小肽营养素替代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对21d断奶仔猪的生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,为肽类产品在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用提供了依据。     

黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究日粮中添加黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响,选用28日龄、公母各半、体重接近的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪72头,随机平均分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头。试验1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;试验2组饲喂基础日粮+1 000 mg/kg黄芪多糖,试验期为37 d。试验结束后,计算出日增重、日采食量、料重比以及腹泻率等生产性能指标;测定血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,黄芪多糖能改善断奶仔猪生产性能以及抗氧化能力。     

中药复方对早期断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸含量的影响

选用21日龄断奶的杜×长×大仔猪60头,随机分为基础日粮组、添加0.2%中药复方日粮组和添加0.02%粘杆菌素日粮组,试验期为28 d,分别于试验开始后第7、14和28天每组随机取5头试猪,前腔静脉采血,分离血清,测定游离氨基酸含量。结果表明,中药复方日粮组的血清总氨基酸含量在第14天和第28天显著高于基础日粮组(P<0.05),必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸值在第14天和第28天显著高于基础日粮组和粘杆菌素日粮组(P<0.05),赖氨酸、苏氨酸和蛋氨酸含量在第14天和第28天显著高于基础日粮组(P<0.05)。提示在日粮中添加0.2%中药复方能显著提高早期断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸(尤其是必需氨基酸)的含量,有利于机体蛋白质的快速沉积及生长性能的提高。     

乳酸杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

试验选用32头品种、胎次、饲养水平相同、健康的断奶仔猪随机分为4组,对照组饲喂剔除抗生素和抗菌素的仔猪基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组分别在仔猪基础日粮的上添加12、15、18mL／kg乳酸杆菌,通过30天的试验期后,测定4组的生长性能指标。结果表明:对照组的腹泻率明显高于试验组,腹泻率最低的是试验Ⅲ组;头平均日增重试验Ⅲ组与其它3组差异显著(P＜0．05),对照组和试验Ⅱ组差异显著(P＜0．05),其中试验Ⅲ组头平均日增重最高,为358g,对照组最低,为303g;试验Ⅲ组与其它3组料重比差异显著(P＜0．05),试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P＞0．05),和对照组差异显著(P＜0．05),料重比较为理想的是试验Ⅲ组,其次是试验Ⅱ组。     

乳酸杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

试验选用32头品种、胎次、饲养水平相同、健康的断奶仔猪随机分为4组,对照组饲喂剔除抗生素和抗菌素的仔猪基础日粮,试验I组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组分别在仔猪基础日粮的上添加12、15、18mL／kg乳酸杆菌，通过30天的试验期后，测定4组的生长性能指标。结果表明：对照组的腹泻率明显高于试验组，腹泻率最低的是试验Ⅲ组；头平均日增重试验Ⅲ组与其它3组差异显著（P<0.05），对照组和试验Ⅱ组差异显著（P<0.05），其中试验Ⅲ组头平均日增重最高，为358g，对照组最低,为303g；试验Ⅲ组与其它3组料重比差异显著（P<0.05），试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著（P>0.05），和对照组差异显著（P<0.05）,料重比较为理想的是试验Ⅲ组，其次是试验Ⅱ组。     

无抗发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生产性能、血液生化指标、肉品质的影响

为了提高生长育肥猪的生产性能,提高猪肉品质,选择18 kg左右的断奶保育仔猪60头,进行为期154 d的生长育期饲料实验,并随机分成2个处理组,设有3个重复,每重复有10头猪。其中,2个处理组日粮为无抗发酵日粮实验、含抗生素基础日粮对照组,以期对大猪在生长肥育中的生产性能、免疫指标、血液指标、肉品质进行研究。实验表明:与对照组相比,在基础日粮中添加无抗发酵饲料20%的效果要好,血清谷草转氨酶、白蛋白、尿素、白球比例都明显低于对照组;并且平均日增重提高了10.89%、日采食量提高了5.86%、料重比降低了4.83%;而血清碱性磷酸酶、球蛋白、葡萄糖和Ig则高于对照组;屠宰猪肉的滴水损失、剪切力低于对照组;屠宰猪肉的45 min p H、2 h p H、红度质、肌内脂肪高于对照组。     

Effect of Mannan-oligosaccharide on Bacterial Community of Piglet after Weaning

来自6窝健康、体重相近的杜长大哺乳仔猪34头随机地分为两组，分别于断奶后饲喂基础日粮或基础日粮＋甘露寡糖(MOS)，收集仔猪断奶当天（实验前）及断奶后7、14、21和28 d粪样，利用PCR/DGGE技术对粪样细菌16S rDNA的V6～V8可变区进行了分析，以研究日粮中添加MOS对断奶仔猪粪样菌群稳定性及多样性的影响。结果表明，断奶前同窝仔猪带谱相似性较高(81%~88%)，但存在个体差异；断奶后同窝仔猪的相似性下降(61%～70%)；断奶后7、14、21和28 d相邻时间段之间，基础日粮组仔猪菌群相似性维持在61%左右，MOS组菌群相似性在断奶第一周下降后，逐渐增加至70%，说明断奶可引起菌群发生变化，而MOS具有使菌群快速稳定的作用。多样性结果显示，断奶7 d后MOS组菌群多样性增加，基础日粮组下降，14 d后两组的差异增加，28 d时基础日粮组多样性为1.52，MOS组为1.38，差异由断奶当天的0.09上升至28 d的1.14，但差异不显著（P >0.05）；条带数分析获得类似结果，即断奶7 d时两组条带数均减少，14 d后MOS组条带数增加，对照组的条带数却减少，实验期内MOS组条带数均高于对照组。 结果提示，断奶导致了菌群的变化，日粮中添加MOS可加速菌群多样和稳定。     

糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物饲喂生长肥育猪的效果研究

选择平均体重约3 0 kg的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪70头,随机分成对照组和试验 、 、 、 组,进行为期86d (生长期3 3 d,肥育期5 3 d)的饲养试验。试验处理为:对照组全期饲粮不用糖蜜酒精废液蔗渣吸附发酵产物( MABFP) ,试验 、 、 、 组生长期饲粮分别使用2 %、4%、6%和8%的MABFP;肥育期饲粮分别使用4%、8%、1 2 %和1 6%的MABFP。每期的试验组和对照组均为等能等蛋白质饲粮。饲养试验结果表明:生长期,试验各组的日增重和饲料效率与对照组无显著差异( P>0 .0 5 ) ;肥育期,试验 、组日增重与对照组无显著差异( P>0 .0 5 ) , 、 组日增重低于对照组( P<0 .0 5 ) ;肥育期以及试验全期各试验组饲料效率有所降低。血清生化指标及胴体品质的分析结果表明:生长肥育猪饲粮使用MABFP,对猪血清生化指标、组织器官生理功能、肉猪胴体指标和猪肉品质等无不良影响。综上所述,MABFP可做生长肥育猪配合饲料的原料,建议其用量以6%～8%为宜,同时注意适当补充必需氨基酸     

牛乳铁蛋白对断奶仔猪抗菌肽PMAP-37 mRNA 表达的影响

本研究通过体内试验（饲养试验）和体外试验探讨了牛乳铁蛋白（bLF）对抗菌肽PMAP-37 基因表达的影响。在饲养试验中，72 头36 日龄杜长嘉(♂杜洛克×♀长嘉) 断奶仔猪, 按体重相近原则随机分成3 个处理组, 每个组设3 个重复, 每个重复8 头猪(公母各半)。对照组(处理1) 饲喂不添加bLF 的饲粮, 处理2、处理3 分别饲喂添加含0.125% bLF 和0.25% bLF 的饲粮。在体外实验中，分离培养猪骨髓细胞后，添加不同浓度的bLF（10、100、1000 µg/ml）分别培养3h 和6h，每个处理组3个重复，对照组用培养液替代。根据已报道的猪抗菌肽PMAP-37 和看家基因18S rRNA基因序列, 分别设计PMAP-37 和18S rRNA 的引物, 探讨了PCR 体系中适宜的MgCl2 浓度和循环次数。以此构建一优化的半定量RT-PCR 法。以18S rRNA 为内标，研究日粮中添加不同浓度bLF 和骨髓细胞中添加不同浓度bLF 对仔猪抗菌肽PMAP-37 基因表达的影响。结果显示，与对照组相比，日粮中添加0.125% bLF和0.25% bLF组分别使PMAP-37 基因的表达提高了109.62%（P<0.01）和69.23%（P<0.05）；在骨髓细胞中分别添加10、100、1000 µg/mL bLF在3h 和6h 诱导后对PMAP-37 基因的表达有所提高，但统计结果差异不显著。以上结果表明，bLF在体内和体外对抗菌肽PMAP-37基因表达均有影响。     

断奶前后仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠SGLT1 mRNA表达的变化及半胱胺的影响

研究断奶前后仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠SGLT1mRNA表达丰度的变化,并同时观察半胱胺对其表达的影响,从分子水平探讨半胱胺对断奶仔猪葡萄糖吸收的影响与可能的机制。新生仔猪随机分为对照组和实验组,12日龄(D12)起对照组饲喂基础乳猪料,实验组在基础乳猪料中添加120mg/kg半胱胺,两组仔猪均于35日龄断奶,每组分别于断奶前1周、断奶当天、断奶后3d、1周以及断奶后10d随机选取仔猪各6头,宰杀后采集十二指肠、空肠和回肠粘膜,采用RT-PCR方法测定钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(sodium-glucosecotransporter1,SGLT1)mRNA表达的相对丰度。结果表明,回肠SGLT1mRNA的表达量最高,空肠其次,十二指肠最低;SGLT1mRNA在不同肠段的表达呈现截然不同的发育模式,十二指肠SGLT1mRNA表达量在45d显著上升(P<0.05),而空肠则在42和45d时显著下降(P<0.01),回肠SGLT1mRNA表达在整个实验期间无显著变化;此外,日粮添加半胱胺显著提高38d十二指肠以及42和45d空肠SGLT1mRNA表达,而对回肠SGLT1mRNA表达无显著影响。小肠SGLT1mRNA表达以及日粮添加半胱胺促进SGLT1mRNA表达的作用均呈现时空特异性规律。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.