祁连山北坡云杉林和草甸土壤有机碳矿化及其影响因素

为确定祁连山典型生态系统土壤有机碳分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验好气培养土壤,应用差异性检验和一阶动态方程方法分析了祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林和高寒草甸土壤有机碳矿化及其与温度、湿度、土层和海拔的关系。结果显示:温度对土壤有机碳矿化量、矿化速率及其比例的影响最大,其次是土壤湿度;这些变量在35℃下最高(P<0.01),土壤含水量为10%时最低,不同海拔间差异不显著;土壤有机碳矿化量在0~15cm比15~35cm土层高,但矿化比例差异不显著;土壤有机碳矿化势随温度的升高而增加,土壤含水量为10%时较低,矿化速率系数在35℃下最高(P<0.05);从05℃升到15℃,Q10为1.5~7.5,15℃升到25℃,为1~2,25℃升到35℃,为1.5~3.5。结果说明温度从5℃升高到35℃,土壤含水量在20%~40%,祁连山中部山地森林和高寒草甸土壤有机碳矿化速率将可能增加3~10倍以上。     

祁连山中部高寒草甸土壤氮矿化及其影响因素研究

分析了温湿度变化对祁连山海拔3500,3600,3700和3800 m处高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响。结果显示,以土壤氮矿化量极差计,温度和湿度对土壤氮矿化影响最大,土层和温湿度交互作用影响较小;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔影响最大,湿度其次,土层影响较小。温度对土壤氮的矿化影响显著(P<0.05)。35℃下土壤氮矿化量最高,25℃下显著比5℃下高(P<0.05);不同温度下土壤氮矿化比例差异不显著(P>0.05)。土壤含水量为20%和40%下土壤氮矿化量较高,60%和80%下较低(P<0.05),不同湿度下土壤氮矿化比例差异不显著(P>0.05)。海拔3800 m处土壤氮矿化比例最低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃,Q10较高,15℃升高到25℃及25℃升高到35℃,Q10接近;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃,Q10较低,15℃升高到25℃以及25℃升高到35℃,Q10都接近2。结果说明在20%~80%土壤湿度范围内,温度升高将使祁连山高寒草甸土壤氮的矿化速率增加。     

不同休牧模式对高寒草甸草原土壤特征及地下生物量的影响

以土壤特征及地下生物量为主要指标研究了东祁连山高寒草甸草原对全生长季休牧、传统夏季休牧和禁牧的响应,以期为该区草地恢复、保护和管理提供支撑.结果表明:与传统夏季休牧相比,禁牧和全生长季休牧改良了高寒草甸草原0~20 cm土壤物理结构,降低了土壤的紧实度,但对深层土壤影响较小;禁牧和全生长季休牧不同程度地改善了高寒草甸草原土壤的持水能力;禁牧显著增加了0~30 cm土壤有机碳含量,全生长季休牧增加了高寒草甸草原表层土壤有机碳含量;禁牧极显著增加了0~10 cm土层根系生物量,而传统夏季休牧草地10~20 cm土层的根系生物量显著高于禁牧与全生长季休牧.说明短期禁牧和全生长季休牧是提升青藏高原高寒草甸草原生产力与生态恢复的重要措施之一.     

青藏高原东部不同草地类型土壤养分的分布规律

调查分析了青藏高原东部高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸、亚高寒草甸、沼泽化草甸、荒漠化草原、林间草地、盐渍化沼泽土壤碳氮磷含量垂直分布特征。结果表明,7种草地类型中,土壤有机碳含量大体随着土层的深入而降低,0~15 cm土层土壤有机碳的累积量从高到低依次为林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草甸(P<0.05);随土层深度变化土壤全氮含量与有机碳相似,0～15 cm全氮累积量从高到低依次为沼泽化草甸>林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>荒漠化草原>亚高寒草甸(P<0.05);荒漠化草原、林间草地和土壤全磷含量随土层深度无明显规律性,0～15 cm土层全磷累积量由高到低依次为高寒灌丛草甸>沼泽化草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草原>林间草地(P<0.05);随土层深度的增加不同草地类型养分含量顺序不同。除沼泽化草甸,不同草地类型下土壤有机碳与全氮呈显著正相关。     

高寒草地土壤理化性质特征及质量评价

以黄河源区4类高寒草地为研究对象,测定了0～20 cm土层土壤理化性质,并运用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行评价,结果表明：1)土壤容重和pH值表现均为高寒草原>人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;土壤含水量、有机碳、全碳、氨氮、全氮含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤硝氮含量表现为人工草地>沼泽草甸>高寒草原>高寒草甸;土壤速效磷和全磷含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤速效钾和全钾含量均表现为人工草地>高寒草原>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;2)土壤有机碳含量与全碳、氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤全碳含量与氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤碳氮磷元素呈强相关关系,三者之间高度耦合;3)在0～10、10～20以及0～20 cm土层,土壤质量高低排序均为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原,各草地0～10 cm土层土壤质量均高于10～20和0～20 cm土层,0～20 cm土层土壤质量高于10～20 cm土层。     

青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳分布特征

为了评价青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原有机碳的分布特征,本研究以祁连县海拔2 963-3 392m范围内高寒草甸草原为研究对象,采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,分析了祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50cm土层土壤有机碳的分布规律。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而显著减少(P0.01),表现为0-1010-2020-3030-4040-50cm;土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量同土壤有机碳含量分布有相同的趋势;土壤有机碳与地上生物量和植被盖度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,表明土壤有机碳含量随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而增加。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关关系;相反,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关。     

退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳分布特征及与土壤理化性质的关系

本研究对西藏当雄不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机碳分布特征及其与土壤理化性质演变进行分析,结果表明,土壤有机碳及有机碳密度均为正常草甸土壤>轻度退化草甸土壤>严重退化草甸土壤,且0~10 cm土层中有机碳含量及其密度均高于10~20 cm土层土壤。回归分析表明,土壤有机碳与土壤活性有机碳、土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及土壤含水量之间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,其决定系数R2分别为0.913 9、0.977 1、0.931 4、0.665 3和0.715 6,直线回归方程分别为y=0.074 3x-0.026 1,y=2.676 8x+14.425 0,y=0.245 9x+3.347 9,y=4.296 5x+71.667 0,y=0.790 8x+5.424 5;而与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系（y=-0.016 7x+1.553 1）。土壤有机碳的损失,造成土壤养分和水分减少,土壤容重增大。通径分析表明,土壤有机碳的变化对碱解氮的影响最显著。     

祁连山东段不同退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳密度研究

于2008年在祁连山东段天祝地区选取轻度、中度和重度3个不同退化程度的高寒草地,以土壤有机碳密度为研究对象,探讨高寒草地在不同退化程度干扰下土壤有机碳密度的变化特征。结果表明:随着高寒草地退化程度的加重,土壤含水量降低,容重和pH值增大;土壤有机质和全氮有相似的变化趋势,中度与轻度或重度退化草地土壤有机质和全氮差异显著(P<0.05);土壤有机碳密度在0-10 cm土层显著高于其他土层(P<0.05),并随着土层加深有显著的垂直变化趋势;不同退化程度草地在0-30 cm土层总土壤有机碳密度表现为中度>轻度>重度退化草地。     

青海省不同高寒草地土壤主要养分及可溶性有机碳特性研究

为探索不同高寒草地类型中土壤有机碳、养分和可溶性有机碳的含量差异以及可溶性有机碳分布特征,以青海省4个高寒草地类型土壤0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层为研究对象,分析了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性有机碳含量,以及可溶性有机碳芳香性指数和腐殖化指数,并进一步探讨了可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳、各养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,不同高寒草地类型各土层土壤中全氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量由高到低的顺序依次为:高寒草甸类>高寒草甸草原类>高寒草原类>高寒荒漠类,且不同类型之间差异显著(P<0.05)。随着土层的加深,土壤全氮、有机碳含量有降低趋势。不同类型高寒草地各土层土壤中可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数表现出与此相同的变化趋势。不同高寒草地各土层中可溶性有机碳与土壤全氮、有机碳含量之间均呈现出显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。综上所述,高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳含量较高,结构复杂。可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数在一定程度上能够反映土壤养分状况。     

放牧季节及退化程度对高寒草甸土壤有机碳的影响

高寒草甸是青藏高原的主要植被类型,本研究以青海省高寒草甸为研究对象,探讨不同放牧季节及退化程度下高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量及密度的分异特征。结果表明,在0-30 cm土层内,土壤有机碳含量随土层深度逐渐减小。土壤有机碳含量暖季放牧与冷季放牧之间无显著差异(P0.05),且在不同土壤深度中一致。不同放牧季节下土壤理化性质及生物量各不相同。0-30 cm土层内,除0-5 cm未退化阶段土壤有机碳含量最高,其余各层土壤有机碳含量均在轻度退化阶段达到最大。土壤理化性质在不同退化阶段也变化各异,地下生物量随草地退化呈先增加后减小的趋势,而地上生物量随草地退化呈逐渐减小的趋势。冷季放牧高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量随草地退化呈逐渐减小的趋势,而暖季放牧土壤有机碳含量随草地退化呈先增加后减小的趋势。0-30 cm土层冷季放牧不同阶段土壤有机碳储量均低于暖季放牧,但未达到显著水平。可见,放牧强度的不同会对土壤有机碳的影响比放牧季节更大。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -