Management Zones Classified With Respect to Drought and Waterlogging

Within-field variations in potential grain yield may be due to variations in plant available soil water. Different water holding capacities affect yield differently in different years depending on weather. By estimating plant-water availability in different weathers, scenarios could be created of how yield potential and thereby fertilizer demand may vary within fields. To test this, measured cereal grain yields from a dry, a wet and an intermediate year were compared with different soil moisture related variables in a Swedish arable field consisting of clayey and sandy areas. Soil water budget calculations based on weather data and maximum plant available water (PAW), estimated from soil type and rooting data, were used to assess drought. A reasonable correlation between estimated and measured soil moisture was achieved. In the dry year, drought days explained differences in yield between the clayey and the sandy soil, but yield was better explained directly by maximum PAW, elevation, clay content and soil electrical conductivity (SEC). Yield correlated significantly with SEC and elevation within the sandy soil in the dry year and within the clayey soil in the wet year, probably due to water and nitrogen limitation respectively. Dense SEC, elevation and yield data were therefore used to divide the field into management zones representing different risk levels for drought and waterlogging. These could be used as a decision support tool for site-specific N fertilization, since both drought and waterlogging affect N fertilization demand.     

氮肥调控与地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦氮素吸收 及残留淋失的影响

【目的】针对西北旱区水分缺乏和氮肥施用不合理的问题,探索作物增产与水肥高效的施肥与栽培模式,以指导旱地农业生产。【方法】通过在黄土高原旱地进行的长期田间定位试验,研究早春追肥、氮肥调控、垄覆沟播、播种密度、夏闲期秸秆覆盖等措施对作物产量与氮素利用,以及收获后土壤硝态氮残留,夏闲期残留硝态氮淋溶和土壤氮素矿化的影响。【结果】旱地早春追肥、氮肥调控+早春追肥、氮肥调控+垄覆沟播、氮肥调控+垄覆沟播增密处理小麦产量比农户常规施肥分别提高15.7%、22.2%、38.6%和24.8%,作物氮吸收增加25.0%、32.0%、36.4%和6.4%,氮素收获指数提高3.8%、3.3%、5.7%和6.8%,当季硝态氮残留减少30.9%、20.0%、59.5%和68.2%,夏闲期硝态氮向60 cm以下土层的淋溶减少27.5%、24.6%、42.3%和24.3%。【结论】渭北旱区早春追肥、氮肥调控+早春追肥、氮肥调控+垄覆沟播和氮肥调控+垄覆沟播增密在提高冬小麦产量的同时,促进作物氮的吸收,减少肥料氮的残留,其中氮肥调控+垄覆沟播结合夏闲期秸秆覆盖,在增加土壤保水蓄水的同时,避免硝态氮向深层淋失,效果更好。     

长期氮磷化肥和有机肥配施对褐土钾素平衡及不同形态的影响

通过连续20 a的氮磷化肥与有机肥配施的定位试验,研究了氮磷化肥与有机肥配施对褐土耕层土壤钾素平衡、各形态钾素含量及其在全钾中的比例和全钾含量的影响。结果表明,单施氮磷化肥或与有机肥配施都可以增加作物产量,提高作物地上部对土壤钾素的吸收;土壤钾素除单施高量有机肥处理有所盈余外,其余处理都表现为亏缺,且随着有机肥施用量的增加,土壤钾素的亏缺量减少;只施用氮磷化肥处理,随着氮磷化肥施用量的增加,水溶性钾和非交换性钾含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其他钾素形态含量变化无明显规律,水溶性钾、非交换性钾和矿物钾在全钾中的比例呈先下降后上升的趋势;氮磷化肥与有机肥配施处理,随着有机肥施用量的增加,钾素各种形态含量以及水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾和特殊吸附钾比例均随有机肥施用量的增加呈上升趋势,矿物钾的比例则呈下降趋势,非交换性钾变化规律不明显。长期氮磷化肥与有机肥配施可以减缓土壤全钾含量的消耗。     

鄂西北耕层土壤全氮含量空间分异特征及其影响因素分析

旨在分析鄂西北耕地表层土壤全氮含量的空间变异特征及其影响因素。采用地统计学、逐步回归方法和GIS技术。研究结果表明：（1）十堰市耕层土壤的全氮平均含量为1.12 g/kg,耕层土壤全氮含量较高,701个土壤样点全氮含量变异系数为0.49,属于中等变异程度。（2）土壤全氮的空间变异最佳模型为高斯模型,块金效应值为48.09%,全氮具有较强的空间变异性特征,且受随机性因素和结构性因素的共用影响。（3）十堰市耕层土壤全氮含量在空间分布上具有明显的差异,全氮含量高的方向为南、西、西南和东南,全氮含量低的方向为东、东北和西北,全氮含量在南北方向的变异性最明显,差别较大。（4）全氮与有机质、海拔、有效土层厚度有正相关关系,与土壤pH有负相关关系。在黏土、棕壤、水田、河湖冲积物、第四纪老冲积物、一年一熟、种植水稻的土壤中全氮含量较多,在砂壤、紫色土、紫色岩类风化物和种植水果、小麦、喷灌方式下的耕地的全氮含量较少。（5）10种因素对全氮的影响程度排序为土壤环境>成土母质>熟制>生物多样性>农作物种类>耕层质地>土类>地形>耕地利用方式>灌溉方式,其中前5个因素是影响全氮空间分异的主导因素。在今后的农业生产活动中,需要在河谷和山谷带、一年二熟区、红砂岩类风化物和紫色岩类风化物带、有机质含量较少区可适当地增加氮肥的施用量,需保护生物多样性并重视人为因素对耕地质量的影响,采用农作物轮作等方式提高耕地质量和耕地生产能力。     

不同施氮量对黄河上游地区设施芹菜产量及土壤中NO3- N残留的影响

针对宁夏灌区设施蔬菜生产中氮肥施用过量,造成土壤含盐量过高,土壤次生盐渍化加剧,进行土壤-芹菜系统的氮素单因子田间试验。结果表明,在一定范围内(0～30kg/667m2)增施氮肥,芹菜的维生素C含量提高,芹菜产量亦随施氮量增加而增加,而施氮水平高于30kg/667m2,维生素C含量会逐渐降低,产量也下降;施氮量为30kg/667m2时,芹菜维生素C含量、产量及植株氮素表观利用率均为最高;土壤硝态氮含量,一方面随着土层深度的增加,呈现显著下降的趋势;另一方面在同一土层内随着施氮量的增加,土壤中硝态氮含量逐渐增加。综合经济效益和生态效益,提出黄河上游地区设施芹菜氮素的优化目标供应值为30kg/667m2。     

春甘蓝-玉米-冬甘蓝轮作制下氮肥施用量研究

 【目的】探讨土壤无机氮含量对春甘蓝-玉米-冬甘蓝轮作甘蓝获得最高产量的施氮量和氮肥利用率的影响及施用氮肥与甘蓝产量和品质的关系，为该轮作制高产优质安全的氮肥施用技术提供依据。【方法】采用田间定位试验研究0、90、180、270、360、450 kg•ha-1 6个施氮水平在两种无机氮含量土壤上春甘蓝、玉米、冬甘蓝产量、氮肥利用率及甘蓝水溶性糖、Vc、硝酸盐含量的变化。【结果】供试土壤无机氮含量显著影响第一季春甘蓝获得最高产量的施氮量，土壤无机氮含量高，春甘蓝最大施氮量降低，土壤无机氮含量对后茬冬甘蓝影响减弱，表明土壤无机氮变化活跃，只对当季作物施肥具有指导意义。当地习惯施氮量高出甘蓝获得最大产量施氮量的1.8～3.2倍，已引起地下水NO3--N的富积。施氮量和土壤剖面中无机氮含量均影响甘蓝氮肥利用率，甘蓝套玉米有利于高氮处理的氮肥利用率的提高。氮肥用量低时（用量在90 kg•ha-1以内时），可同时提高甘蓝的产量和品质；氮肥用量进一步提高时，甘蓝产量还可进一步提高，但品质下降；当氮肥用量过高时，则甘蓝产量品质均下降。因而在生产上要获得优质蔬菜产品，需要减少氮肥用量降低产量来获得。【结论】土壤无机氮含量与当季甘蓝获得最高产量的氮肥用量和氮肥利用率密切相关。砂姜黑土氮肥后效明显，甘蓝与玉米轮作能提高高氮处理氮肥利用率。氮肥用量影响甘蓝产量和品质，要获得较好品质的蔬菜，必须减少氮肥用量降低产量来获得。     

Fate of Nitrogen from Organic and Inorganic Sources in Rice-Wheat Rotation Cropping System

The lower availability of N is one of the most important limiting factors impeding crop yield enhancement among the various factors that affect crop yield under the multiple-cropping agroecosystem in China.In this study,the recovery of a single application of 15N-labeled fertilizer or residues in rice-wheat cropping system was determined,in order to provide theoretical foundation for the nitrogen management in sustainable agricultural production.A continuous trace experiment was conducted for 15N microplots by using randomized block design with four treatments and four replications（T1 = 15N-labeled fertilizer with crop residue incorporation,T2 = 15N-labeled residues,T3 = 14N fertilizer to generate unlabeled crop residue,and T4 = 15Nlabeled fertilizer without crop residue incorporation）.Our results showed that,on average,17.17 and 12.01% of crop N was derived from N fertilizer and 15N-labeled residues,respectively during the first growing season,suggesting that approximately 82.83 or 87.99% of crop N was derived directly from soil N pool.There was a larger difference in the 15N recovery pattern in crop when N was applied as fertilizer or residues,i.e.,most of crop N derived from N fertilizer was absorbed in the first growing season（92.04%）,and the relevant value was 38.03% when 15N-labeled residues were applied.This implied that most of N fertilizer was recovered in the present cropping season,while a longer residue effect will be found for 15N-labeled residues.Thus,the average recovery of N fertilizer and N residue in the soil after the first growing season was 33.46 and 85.64%,respectively.The recovery of applied N in soil when N was applied as residues was significantly higher than that when N was applied as fertilizer.There was a larger difference in the total 15N recovery in plant and soil when N was applied as fertilizer or residues.By the end of the fifth or sixth cropping season,the total 15N recovery in plant and soil when N was applied as fertilizer or residues were estimated at 64.38 and 79.11%,respectively.On the contrary,there was little difference between the practices of residue incorporation and residue removal following the N fertilizer application.N fertilizer appeared to be more readily available to crops than residue-N,and residue-N replenished soil N pool,especially N in soil organic matter,much more than N fertilizer after six growing seasons.Therefore,residue-N is a better source for sustaining N content of soil organic matter.Thus,one possible management practice is to use both organic and inorganic N sources simultaneously to improve the use efficiency of N while protecting the sustainability of soil.     

不同施氮量对蕹菜品质及氮肥利用率的影响

为探明蕹菜高产、优质的合理氮肥施用量，采用盆栽试验与^15N标记示踪技术，分析了氮肥施用量与蕹菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的关系．结果表明，将每1kg的氮肥施用量x（g）与每盆的产量y（g）拟合成回归方程为y=14．81＋1208．60x-2959．52x^2（F=46．85），表明产量随氮肥施用量的增加呈先增加后下降的变化趋势；每1kg土的合理氮肥施用量为0．140-0．170g；氮肥利用率y（％）和每1k土氮肥用量x（g）之间的一元一次方程为：y=48．93x＋45．88（r=0．984）．适宜的氮肥用量能提高可食部分维生素C，可溶性糖和蛋白质含量，降低蕹菜可食部分硝酸盐含量．     

A Field Study on Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Modes on Nutrient Uptake,Crop Yield and Soil Biological Properties in Rice-Wheat Rotation System

Rational application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers is an important measure to raise N fertilizer recovery rate and reduce N loss.A two-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation was employed to study the effects of N fertilization modes including a N fertilizer reduction and an organic manure replacement on crop yield,nutrient uptake,soil enzyme activity,and number of microbes as well as diversity of microbes.The result showed that 20％ reduction of traditional N fertilizer dose of local farmers did not significantly change crop yield,N uptake,soil enzyme activity,and the number of microbes (bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi).On the basis of 20％ reduction of N fertilizer,50％ replacement of N fertilizer by organic manure increased the activity of sucrose,protease,urease,and phosphatase by 46-62,27-89,33-46,and 35-74％,respectively,and the number of microbes,i.e.,bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi by 36-150,11-153,and 43-56％,respectively.Further,organic fertilizer replacement had a Shannon's diversity index (H) of 2.18,which was higher than that of other modes of single N fertilizer application.The results suggested that reducing N fertilizer by 20％ and applying organic manure in the experimental areas could effectively lower the production costs and significantly improve soil fertility and biological properties.     

农田合理施氮量的推荐方法

为了实现作物高产的同时降低氮素环境污染风险,确定农田合理施氮量是最有效的方法之一。作者在阐明氮肥合理施用概念及中国氮肥施用现状的基础上,系统分析了国内外氮肥合理施用量的主要推荐方法,包括:基于土壤测试的推荐方法、基于氮肥施用效应函数的推荐方法、基于氮素输入输出平衡的推荐方法以及基于淋溶水硝态氮超标临界值的推荐方法等4种。前3种方法首先关注氮素农学效应其后评价环境效应,以获得较好的农学效益为出发点,具有一定的科学性,在实践中也证明了其适用性。第4种方法首先考虑氮素环境效应然后评价其对产量影响,以确保地下水硝态氮含量不超标为直接目标,能够量化氮肥合理施用量的实际环境效应,但淋溶水硝酸盐超标临界施氮量的确定由于受多种因素的影响而存在一定的不确定性,其在年际间、区域间、土壤类型间的变异程度均有待进一步研究。     

Effect of Nitrogen Applied Before Transplanting on NUE in Rice

Nitrogen （N） application before transplanting, where N fertilizers are applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings, is a novel method proposed in this article aiming for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency （NUE） in rice. The effect of this method on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil was investigated in a field experiment with a japonica variety, Ningjing 2, in seasons of 2004 and 2005. There were four levels of N applied 16 h before transplanting： zero N （NO）, 207 kg ha^-1 （NL）, 310.5 kg ha^-1 （NM）, and 414 kg ha^-1 （NH）. The result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect of increasing mineral N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice. Generally, N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice tended to increase with the amount of N fertilizer before transplanting, with the NH treatment having the largest effect. Additionally, N fertilizer before transplanting had significant influence on rice NUE and grain yield. Compared with other treatments, the NM treatment showed the largest influence, with basal-tillering NUE, total NUE, and grain yield being 15%, 12%, and 529.5 kg ha^-1 higher than those of NO treatment. This result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil of rice, thus improving NUE and grain yield.     

土壤剖面基础性质差异对农田水氮过程和作物产量的影响

【目的】华北平原地区是中国最重要的冬小麦和夏玉米生产基地,不同农田土壤基础性质差异是造成该地区农田生产力空间变异的基本原因。通过研究该地区冲积始成土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田土壤剖面性质对水氮过程以及作物产量形成的影响,以期为该地区高产农田的水氮利用与管理提供参考。【方法】选取位于山东省泰安市研究区3块具有不同土壤基础性质且产量存在显著性差异的农田,进行3年田间试验,测定土壤剖面的土壤基本性质,具体包括机械组成、饱和导水率、田间持水量、永久萎蔫点、有机碳、全氮;监测土壤剖面0-160 cm的水分和硝态氮的动态变化以及作物生物量、叶面积指数和产量等。运用根区水质模型（RZWQM）对各农田的水氮过程进行模拟计算。【结果】RZWQM模型在整体上可以很好地模拟2009年10月至2012年9月3年不同基础土壤性质农田水分、无机氮、作物产量、地上部生物量和叶面积动态特征,并计算各农田水氮平衡项。各农田土壤基础性质差异对水氮过程及产量形成的影响具体为：高产农田0-160 cm剖面的最大有效贮水量为223 mm,分别高出中产和低产农田28和56 mm,同时30 cm深度以下土层具有相对较低的饱和导水率。该基础性质差异使得高产农田年均水分损失（地表径流+深层渗漏）仅为150.3 mm,分别低于中产和低产农田5.7和26.4 mm,从而使高产农田作物受到相对低的水分胁迫。高产农田土壤表层土壤有机碳含量较中低产田高,而碳氮比则较低,使得高产农田具有更高的净矿化氮量（较中产和低产农田高52.0和82.6 kg·hm^-2）,且较低的氮损失（氨挥发+氮淋洗+反硝化作用）,较中产和低产农田分别少6.9和10.9 kg·hm^-2。高产农田的水分利用效率（WUE）为2.32 kg·m^-3,分别较中产和低产农田高12.1%和6.8%,这是因为高产农田受到较低的氮素胁迫。在本研究区不同土壤基础性质农田的氮素利用效率（NUE）差异不显著。【结论】在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,理想的土体构型能够存储更多的有效水,高土壤有机碳含量和低的碳氮比能矿化出更多的无机氮,保障了充足的水氮供应,减缓作物受到的水氮胁迫,从而获得高产。     

水氮耦合对玉米生长和产量的影响研究进展

近年来,气候变化与耕地面积不断缩减对粮食产量产生了巨大挑战。在农业生产中水、肥是必不可少的元素,两者在作物生长发育中紧密相连但又彼此制约,也是影响旱地农业生产和高产优质的必要因素。水氮耦合能调节影响作物吸收土壤水分和养分,并实现水肥一体化管理模式,在保证水肥资源高效利用的同时提高作物产量或不减产。玉米是一种典型的需水量大、需氮量多的作物,不同生育期对水、氮需求量不同,在玉米关键生育阶段水氮供应不足会影响其光合作用,进而影响干物质积累与分配,最终降低玉米产量,浪费农业资源。因此,本文主要综述了水氮耦合对玉米光合作用、干物质积累、水肥利用效率及产量的影响,明确玉米生育期内水氮耦合规律及其交互作用,以期为玉米合理灌溉及施肥提供指导。     

无氮肥投入条件下黑麦生长过程中土壤酸解氮的消长动态

取沙、壤、粘3种质地的潮土，采用盆栽试验，应用Bremmner法测定黑麦不同生育时期土壤酸解氮及各组分氮含量。结果表明，3种质地的土壤氮素主要以酸解氮为主，占土壤全氮的70％以上，在酸解氮中，氨基酸氮和酸解未知态氮为主要成分，其次为氨态氮，最低为氨基糖态氮。黑麦生长过程中，在无氮肥投入条件下，酸解氮及各组分氮处在动态变化中，而且变化趋势相似，3种质地的氨基酸氮和酸 未知态氮相对变化率较氨态氮和氨基糖态氮大，说明质地不能改变酸解氮及各组分氮的变化趋势，但可以改变其变化程度；同样水平的全氮量，而质地不同的土壤供应速效氮的能力是沙土＞壤土＞粘土，但在无氮肥投入情况下，土壤氮素数量和质量都有所下降。     

太湖地区水稻产量、根圈土壤矿质态氮及氮素径流损失对氮肥的响应

通过氮肥梯度小区试验,研究了施氮对水稻根圈土壤及土壤溶液矿质态氮、叶片SPAD值、氮素累积量、水稻产量和氮素径流损失的影响.结果表明:基肥显著增加了苗期水稻根圈土壤矿质态氮,追肥对水稻根圈土壤及土壤溶液矿质态氮含量影响较小;施氮对水稻顶三叶SPAD值影响较为显著,而不同氮肥梯度下SPAD值无显著差异.分蘖期后,施氮量和植株氮素累积量存在显著正相关关系;收获期秸秆氮累积随着施氮量的增加而增加,但籽粒氮累积受施氮量影响较小.施氮量的增加对水稻增产效果并不显著,却显著提高了总氮径流损失,降低了氮肥农学效率,综合考虑产量、农学效率和总氮径流损失,该地区施氮量需低于理论最高产量施氮量(243 kg·hm^-2);该季135 kg N·hm^-2施氮量处理产量虽有所下降(差异不显著),但其农学效率最高且总氮径流损失最低.针对污染严重区域,在保证产量的基础上采用低氮肥投入而极大限度地降低施氮对环境的潜在污染是可行的.     

控释氮肥对紫色土坡耕地N2O排放量的影响

为探明控释氮肥对紫色土坡耕地氧化亚氮(N20)排放量的影响,以不施肥为对照(CK),研究了尿素(UR)、缓控释氮肥(CR)、缓控释氮肥+尿素(25％CR,尿素75％)各处理对玉米产量、玉米生育期的径流和氮素损失量以及N2O排放量的影响.结果表明,对照处理玉米产量最低,径流损失量最大,壤中流氮素损失量和NO排放量要远低于施肥处理,说明施肥是造成氮素流失和氧化亚氮排放的主要原因.缓控释氮肥处理生育期的壤中流氮素损失量在4个处理中最大,为31.7 kg/hm2,但N20排放量为0.35 kg/hm2,比尿素处理降低了37％.控释氮肥+尿素处理壤中流氮索损失在施肥处理中最低,为20.9 kghm2,N2O排放量比尿素处理低15％.控释氮肥的氮素在生育期内缓慢释放,低的土壤无机氮使得控释氮肥能够降低坡耕地N2O排放,但控释氮肥会导致壤中流氮素损失量增大.因此,控释氮肥和尿素配合使用在降低N2O排放的同时,还能减少壤中流氮素损失.     

低山茶园土壤的氮素空间变异与其颗粒组成的关系

研究低山茶园土壤氮素的空间变异及其与土壤颗粒组成的关系,对提高茶园氮肥利用率,降低氮素损失及茶园土壤管理具有重要意义。结合运用经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析蒙顶山茶园土壤的氮素空间变异与其土壤颗粒组成的相关性。结果表明:①土壤全氮及碱解氮含量具有中等的空间相关性,C0/(C0+C)分别为35·5%和28·5%,自相关距离分别达到了843和1149m,结构性因子是其空间变异的主要影响因子。二者的空间变异方向并不完全相同,但都在东南方向有明显的空间变异,在东北方向的变异较小。②Kriging插值分析说明,土壤全氮和碱解氮均在东北至西南方向呈明显的带状分布,在垂直方向均随海拔高度的升高而增大。③土壤全氮和碱解氮含量与<0·0001mm土壤颗粒呈极显著负相关,与0·0001~0·0005mm粒径土壤颗粒相关不显著,与0·0005~0·01mm粒径土壤颗粒呈显著或极显著正相关。     

长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤水稻土肥力和生产力持续性的影响

 【目的】研究长期施用氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）化肥和稻草（RS）对中国亚热带地区红壤水稻土肥力变化的趋势和水稻生产力可持续性的影响。【方法】利用1981年建立在湖南省望城县黄金乡第四纪红土红壤发育的水稻土（分类为普通简育水耕人为土）上的定位试验田,对氮、磷和钾化肥及其与稻草长期配合施用的5个处理的土壤肥力和生产力可持续性进行了评价。【结果】氮、磷和钾化肥与稻草长期配合施用能维持和提高红壤水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、可矿化氮量均增加,速效磷和速效氮比试前土壤增加。长期施用氮、磷肥而不施钾肥的NP处理水稻产量、土壤氮、钾逐年降低,稻田系统生产力的可持续性和土壤肥力难以维持。稻草还田对水稻具有显著的增产作用,27年54季的稻草还田配合化肥处理的平均水稻产量比仅施化肥的NP和NPK处理分别增产12.2%和6.7%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年提高。【结论】稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功能,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。     

宿州市耕地土壤养分时空变化特征分析

分析土壤养分时空演变是实施精准农业与可持续土壤管理的前提。本研究利用反距离权重空间插值分析方法分别对宿州市2010年和2019年的耕地土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量进行时空变化特征分析。结果表明,相比于2010年,2019年宿州市耕地土壤养分总体略微提升。其中：耕地土壤有机质总体分布为砀山县、萧县和泗县较缺,埇桥区中部乡镇较丰,均值为17.95 g·kg^-1,增幅6.15%,土壤有机质中等含量面积占总耕地面积的76.00%;土壤全氮含量基本持平,均值为1.06 g·kg^-1,土壤全氮中等含量面积占总耕地面积的60.80%;耕地土壤有效磷总体分布为砀山县南部乡镇较丰,埇桥区北部、泗县北部及南部乡镇较缺,均值为16.44 mg·kg^-1,增幅10.73%,土壤有效磷中等含量面积占总耕地面积的60.33%;耕地土壤速效钾总体分布为萧县、砀山县中等,埇桥区中部乡镇、灵璧县西部乡镇、泗县北部乡镇丰富,均值为149.37 mg·kg^-1,增幅9.84%,土壤速效钾中等含量面积占总耕地面积的47.30%。砂...     

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Corn Grain Yield: Site-Specific Relationships of Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Inadequate information on factors affecting crop yield variability has contributed to the slow adoption of site-specific farming (SSF). This study was conducted to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial and temporal variability of irrigated corn grain yields and to derive information useful for SSF. The effects of water (80% evapotranspiration (ET) and 50% ET), hybrid (drought-tolerant and -susceptible), elevation, soil index (SI)(texture), soil NO₃–N, arthropods, and diseases on corn grain yield were investigated at Halfway, TX on geo-referenced locations. Grain yields were influenced by interrelationships among biotic and abiotic factors. Grain yields were consistently high under high water treatment, at higher elevations, and on soils with high SI (high clay and silt). Soil NO₃–N increased grain yields when water was adequate. Management zones for variable rate fertilizer and water application should, therefore, be based on information on elevation, SI, and soil NO₃–N. The effects of arthropods, diseases, and crop stress (due to drought and N) on corn grain yield were unpredictable. Spider mite (Oligonychus pratensis) and common smut (Ustilago zeae) damage occurred under hot and dry conditions in 1998. Spider mite infestations were high in areas with high soil NO₃–N. Moderate air temperatures and high relative humidity in 1999 favored southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) and common rust (Puccinia maydis) incidences. Knowledge of conditions that favor arthropods and diseases outbreak and crop stress can improve the efficiency of scouting and in-season management of SSF. Management of SSF can be improved when effects of biotic and abiotic factors on grain yield are integrated and evaluated as a system.