抛秧水稻生长发育与产量形成的生态生理机制

针对抛秧稻特有的秧苗直立过程，以洗根手插为对照，研究了抛秧稻活棵立苗及其生理生态特点。结果表明，抛秧稻带土秧苗抛后，平躺小苗、中苗、大苗一般分别在2～5、5～6、7～10天内直立。在活棵立苗期间，抛秧稻苗体内水分、养分及光合等状况明显优于同质洗根手插苗。根、叶、蘖等生长在数量、质量上也优于同质洗根手插苗。     

水稻抛栽秧苗立苗中的形态与生理变化

起身立苗是抛秧稻特有的一个基本过程,在生产实践中,能否及时起身立苗,无疑是决定抛秧稻成败的关键和应用的前提。以南粳44为试验材料,设置带土直立苗、带土倾斜苗、带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗、无土手栽苗等不同模拟苗姿,较系统地研究立苗期间的形态、生理变化。结果表明,①非直立苗起立期间分蘖节弯曲,秧苗基部下侧具有伸长功能的细胞生长快于上侧细胞,分蘖节下部发生大量新根,扎入土中,成为秧苗直立的支点。②带土倾斜苗、带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗的立苗时间分别是4d、8d和12d。③立苗过程中,带土直立苗和带土倾斜苗的发根优势明显、根系活力强,至第4天根量显著大于带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗和无土手栽苗。④无土秧苗活棵期间植株含水率比立苗初期下降快,后逐渐上升,10d后接近带土秧苗。⑤带土直立苗、带土倾斜苗抛后叶绿素含量高于无土手栽苗,无土平躺苗叶绿素含量低于无土手栽苗,带土平躺苗和无土手栽苗没有多大差异,所有处理秧苗除无土平躺苗外10d后叶绿素含量逐渐恢复正常。⑥栽后2d所有处理秧苗的根系、地上部的可溶性总糖在活棵立苗中被消耗,抛后4d无土秧苗地上部可溶性总糖开始增加,带土直立苗与带土倾斜苗活棵立苗快,栽后糖分消耗多。⑦立苗期间,各种苗姿植株地上、地下部的N、P、K积累量都增加,平均增速以带土秧苗大于无土秧苗,直立苗大于平躺苗。⑧各苗姿秧苗的理论产量、实际产量均是带土直立苗带土倾斜苗无土手栽苗带土平躺苗无土平躺苗。由此说明,带土秧苗比非带土秧苗立苗活棵立苗早,直立苗比非直立苗活棵早。因此,生产上抛秧稻要选择带土秧苗,提高直立苗比例,减少平躺苗比例,提高抛秧稻群体起点质量。     

江西绿肥－双季稻超高产种植模式与调控技术研究 ——Ⅰ. 不同移栽方式对早稻生长发育及产量的影响

对2005年早稻的不同移栽方式进行了比较研究，揭示并阐明了抛秧早稻的生态生理特征如下：秧苗带土抛秧不伤根，返青快，促进了水稻分蘖的早生快发，以及有效穗的形成；抛秧水稻的单株叶面积要低于手插稻，但是群体的叶面积指数高，提高了水稻群体的光合速率；抛秧稻的根数、根重、根系活力都要比手插稻的显著要高，为水稻的灌浆结实积累了大量的物质。抛秧稻最终获得超高产的有效途径是在有效穗，穗粒数提高的前提下，保证结实率不下降。     

江西绿肥-双季稻超高产种植模式与调控技术研究——Ⅰ.不同移栽方式对早稻生长发育及产量的影响

对2005年早稻的不同移栽方式进行了比较研究,揭示并阐明了抛秧早稻的生态生理特征如下:秧苗带土抛秧不伤根,返青快,促进了水稻分蘖的早生快发,以及有效穗的形成;抛秧水稻的单株叶面积要低于手插稻,但是群体的叶面积指数高,提高了水稻群体的光合速率;抛秧稻的根数、根重、根系活力都要比手插稻的显著要高,为水稻的灌浆结实积累了大量的物质。抛秧稻最终获得超高产的有效途径是在有效穗,穗粒数提高的前提下,保证结实率不下降。     

水稻包衣旱育抛秧立苗的形态生理特征

应用高吸水种衣剂对水稻种子进行包衣处理,不浸种不催芽直接插入旱育苗床,与未包衣处理进行比较,考察了旱育包衣对分蘖发根、立苗速度、秧苗体内碳水化合物的蓄积及对产量的影响。高吸水种衣剂包衣处理在种子周围及秧苗根部形成了１．８ｃｍ×１．５ｃｍ×１．２ｃｍ左右的“蓄水球囊”,不仅壮大了根群,促进了分蘖,提高了秧苗素质．而且增加了秧苗体内碳水化合物的积累,提高了旱育包衣抛秧稻的产量。     

机插对晚稻栽后秧苗生长和生育期的影响

以H优518、中嘉早17为材料,采用传统育秧手栽（手栽）、机插秧苗手栽（机手）、机插秧苗机插（机插）和抛秧4种种植方式,研究机插对晚稻栽后秧苗生长及生育期的影响。结果表明：传统育秧手栽秧苗素质最好,抛秧次之,机插育秧最差;机插对秧苗的损伤程度大于手栽;抛秧、机手和机插生育期分别较手栽延迟1~2、3~5和4~6d;秧苗移栽至幼穗分化期,单株茎叶干质量、单株根干质量和单株根数都随时间呈指数模型增加;最终产量表现为手栽>抛秧>机手>机插;秧苗素质差,地上部分干物质积累量少,植伤重及群体根系活力较弱是晚稻机插生育期推迟的主要原因。生产上可通过培育适龄壮秧,提高机插质量等措施缓解生育期延长,提高产量。     

免耕抛秧稻的立苗特性与立苗技术研究

于2005-2006年采用大田和盆栽模拟试验,研究了免耕抛秧稻的立苗特性及立苗技术。结果表明,适宜的浅水(1 cm左右)抛栽、短秧龄(20 d)抛栽、前期适当增施氮肥、适量的稻草还田(1 200 kg hm^-2)、旱育秧抛栽和喷施多效唑、α-萘乙酸浸种处理均有利于扎根立苗,早生快发,促进地上部生长。非直立苗的立苗速度与秧龄长短有很大关系,短秧龄有利于加快非直立苗的立苗速度和水稻生长。秧苗抛栽后立苗期每株平均根数和根长、地上部可溶性糖和全氮含量都与立苗密切相关。该结果为水稻免耕抛秧栽培技术的推广应用提供参考价值。     

不同育秧方式的秧苗素质及免耕抛栽效果比较

通过田间试验比较了4种育秧方式的秧苗素质以及免耕抛栽效果。结果表明,无盘旱育有利于提高出苗率和成秧率,提高秧苗素质,延长秧龄弹性,从省工省力和节本增效出发,采用无盘旱育替代塑盘旱育是今后水稻抛秧育秧方式发展的主要趋势;4种育秧方式产量水平均较高,但苗床免少耕＋旱育保姆秧苗素质好,根系带土量大,发根力强,抛栽后易于物理立苗和生理立苗,本田早生快发,既省工节本,又增产增效,是在试验条件下效果最好的一种育秧方式;苗床免少耕＋旱育保姆＋纱窗垫底秧苗起秧方便、植伤轻、发根力强,但根系带土少,免耕抛栽后部分秧苗立苗困难,对产量有一定影响,有待探索完善。     

水稻旱育秧适宜密度阈值探讨

探讨了旱育秧不同品种，不同栽插方式的适宜密度阈值。研究认为，中籼抛秧稻，每ｍ６２抛２４－２７穴，基本茎蘖苗８０－１００万，中籼手栽稻，每ｍ６２栽２７－３１穴，基本茎蘖苗１００－１２０苗，中粳稻每ｍ６２抛栽或手栽４５－５０穴，基本茎蘖苗１３０－１５０苗，有利个体群体兼顾协调，获得高产。     

水稻苗床本田全程免少耕无盘旱育抛秧技术研究

通过田间试验探讨了4种旱育秧方式对水稻出苗时间、出苗率、成秧率、整齐度和秧苗素质的影响,同时还探讨了苗床免少耕 旱育保姆抛秧型、塑盘旱育两种育秧方式在本田免耕和翻耕条件下对抛秧立苗、经济性状及产量的影响。结果表明,在苗床免少耕条件下,旱育保姆能明显提高水稻出苗率、成秧率和整齐度,提高秧苗素质和延长秧龄弹性,并可用旱育保姆旱育秧型替代抛秧型培育无盘抛秧;本田翻耕比免耕更易于抛秧立苗,但立苗时间基本无差异,用旱育保姆抛秧型培育的秧苗立苗速度显著快于塑盘旱育秧;无论是本田免耕还是翻耕,无盘旱育抛秧均比塑盘旱育抛秧增产,增产幅度为3.29%～4.95%;水稻苗床本田全程免少耕无盘旱育抛栽产量最高,技术切实可行。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.