微重力下的植物生物学效应与空间诱变育种研究

综述了植物在空间环境及模拟微重力条件下的细胞形态学、生理学效应和空间诱变育种研究成果。     

水稻空间诱变与重离子诱变生物学效应及突变体定向筛选

目的 从不同诱变世代比较空间诱变和重离子诱变对水稻生物学效应及后代变异频率的差异,为水稻诱变育种提供一定的方法和理论指导。方法 对水稻纯系品种‘华航31号’干种子进行空间诱变和不同剂量重离子诱变处理,以未诱变处理的种子为对照,对诱变一代进行表型及细胞学诱变效应的分析;对诱变二代直链淀粉含量及粒型性状进行表型和基因型定向筛选,比较2种诱变处理的性状变异频率。结果 空间诱变一代的种子活力指数比对照下降了14.62%;重离子诱变一代的种子活力指数随辐射剂量增加呈现马鞍型效应曲线,其中10 Gy重离子辐射剂量下种子活力指数比对照下降了14.92%,与空间诱变的诱变效应相近。空间诱变二代粒型和直链淀粉含量的突变频率分别为4.14%和1.61%,80 Gy重离子辐射诱变二代粒型和直链淀粉含量的突变频率分别为4.88%和1.55%。利用HRM技术扫描了水稻直链淀粉含量Wx基因的4个位点共673 bp序列,在空间诱变的4 736份样本中发现3个SNP变异,突变密度为1/1063.83 kb;在重离子诱变4 848份样本中发现4个SNP变异,突变密度为1/815.68 kb。结论 2种诱变处理均可诱发水稻产生性状变异。空间诱变的生理损伤类似于低剂量重离子辐射,而诱发变异的频率与高剂量重离子辐射相近。     

激光诱变对洋葱须根的生物学效应研究

采用CO2激光和He-Ne激光辐射洋葱两个品种的湿种子,采用随机区组设计,重复3次,利用生物统计学和生理生化的方法,从个体及生化水平上考查激光诱变洋葱L1代须根的生物学效应,结果表明：在须根长、须根数、须根重、须根活力等方面,表现为不同处理引起的生物学效应差异,激光种类不同,须根长的变异达到5％的显差异,激光剂量不同引起须根数变异达5％的显水平,激光辐射对洋葱根系活力表现刺激效应,可作为激光诱变洋葱育种参考。     

花卉空间诱变效应及育种研究进展

近20年来,中国已经对50多种花卉的种子、组织培养材料等进行了卫星或高空气球搭载。研究表明在搭载过程中,空间环境对花卉种子萌发、生长发育、性状的遗传变异会产生一定的影响。对卫星搭载后空间环境对花卉表型性状、生理生化特性、细胞学效应、在分子水平对其遗传物质的影响及新品种选育等方面的研究进行了总结,并对存在的问题和前景进行了讨论。     

苜蓿种子空间诱变生物学效应研究初报(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite ’Shijian-8’ for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.     

博罗福田菜心空间诱变效应研究初报

利用空间诱变处理福田菜心种子的试验结果表明,其在SP2代群体中出现了广谱性变异,变异幅度大,频率高,其性状变异频率达6.7%;通过调查植株的株高、株幅、叶长、叶宽、叶形指数,发现在株系间、单株间均有较大的差异;福田菜心在SP3代群体中出现性状变异频率相对下降,为1.7%,群体性状表现趋于稳定。     

苜蓿种子空间诱变生物学效应研究初报(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite 'Shijian-8' for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.     

卷丹百合辐射诱变的生物学效应及变异研究初报

【目的】探索药食兼用型卷丹百合辐射诱变的生物学效应、变异特点。【方法】以湖南龙山卷丹百合为材料,用0～3 Gy 4个不同剂量60Co-γ射线辐射处理其鳞茎,分析其辐射后代的性状表现及变异情况。【结果】经0、1、2、3 Gy 60Co-γ处理的成苗（株）率分别为100%、100%、60%和0。诱变卷丹百合第1营养世代（VM1）出现较明显的辐射损伤,其株高、茎粗、单株珠芽数、单株鳞茎鲜重均随着辐照剂量的增加而降低。第2营养世代（VM2）的株高、单株珠芽数和单株鳞茎重等性状出现分离,且三者的变异具有一致性,均以2 Gy 60Co-γ处理的变幅较大。【结论】用60Co-γ射线辐射诱变卷丹百合有明显效果,适宜诱变剂量为2 Gy 60Co-γ;选择获得1株优良卷丹百合变异株。     

培矮64S空间诱变的生物学效应

以培矮64S及其SP4和SP5代大柱头变异不育株系为材料,从株形、育性、抗性、休眠性等方面系统研究其空间诱变的生物学效应。结果如下：10个SP4代种子的粒长、粒宽、长宽比和千粒重方面变异较大。9个从海南收回SP4代的种子休眠性,自收获后20d到40d有不同程度的减轻。19个SP5代株系农艺性状表现基本整齐一致,不同株系在株高、穗长等性状方面表现不同。19个SP5代株系花粉育性镜检结果表明,大多变异株不育花粉率为99．9％,与对照相当,明显比对照育性差的仅为34株,占7．3％。20个SP5代株系白叶枯病病菌田间人工接种结果表明,5个株系为中抗,比对照培矮64S抗;10个株系为中感,与对照相同;5个株系感白叶枯病,比对照略差。5个SP5代株系稻瘟病田间自然诱发鉴定表明,叶瘟和穗瘟为0级,与对照相同,均抗稻瘟病。     

芝麻空间育种后代诱变效应研究

利用"实践八号"航天育种卫星搭载豫芝11号、日本黑芝麻、郑芝D15、郑芝05N01和郑芝06ms030芝麻品种(系),对其SP2、SP3世代进行性状诱变效应试验研究.结果表明,SP2各材料均表现为生育期较对照缩短3～11 d(郑芝05N01除外),株高增加26.0～134.9 cm(郑芝06ms030除外);SP3生育...     

Preliminary Study on the Mutagenic Effects of Space Flight on Alfalfa Seeds

[Objective] The study aimed to understand the mutagenic effects of space flight on alfalfa seeds.[Method] Seeds of three lines of alfalfa were carried into orbit by the satellite 'Shijian-8' for space fight,the indices including seed germination rate,plant height and growth rate,were measured after the seeds been retrieved.[Result] Remarkable mutagenic effects occurred on the flight seeds,which were mainly presented by abnormal cotyledon,extended variation range of plant height and growth rate.Nineteen plants with increased plant height were preliminarily screened from the T0 progenies,but whether the mutated trait could inherit should be confirmed in further study.Three flight lines of alfalfa are different in the percentages of abnormal cotyledon(10%-18%),variation range of plant height(increased 30%-150% compared to control),selected plant number with increased plant height(5-7 plants),suggesting that differences exits between the three lines in mutation efficiency.[Conclusion] Valuable mutated materials could be obtained by space flight and applied in modern agriculture.     

苜蓿皂苷研究概述

综合近年来国内外有关苜蓿皂苷的研究,从苜蓿皂苷特征、分离提取、生理功能、应用前景等方面对其进行了详细介绍,为今后苜蓿皂苷资源的深入研究和开发利用提供一定的参考和借鉴作用。     

3种苜蓿不同部位皂苷含量的测定研究

[目的]研究3种苜蓿不同部位中皂苷含量的测定。[方法]采用比色法测定了江苏地区苜蓿属3种植物紫花苜蓿（包括5种栽培品种）、天蓝苜蓿和南苜蓿不同部位的总皂苷含量。[结果]紫花苜蓿根中皂苷含量（1.39%）明显高于其他2种苜蓿根中皂苷含量;天蓝苜蓿和南苜蓿茎中皂苷含量差异不明显（RSD=2.4%）,略低于紫花苜蓿茎中皂苷含量（0.583%）;天蓝苜蓿叶中皂苷含量最低（0.623%）。综合3种不同部位的皂苷含量,根中皂苷的平均含量达到1.335%,明显大于茎（0.596%）和叶（0.655%）中皂苷含量。[结论]该研究为进一步开发苜蓿属植物资源提供了一定的理论依据。     

A Comparative Study on Mutagenic Effects of Space Flight and Irradiation of γ-rays on Rice

The experiment was conducted to study the mutagenic effects of space environment on seedling growth in M1 generation and plant height and heading date in M2 generation in rice. Two types of lines of growth promotion (GP) and growth suppression (GS) were selected from the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between a sensitive japonica Lemont and a nonsensitive indica Teqing to compare the mutation frequency and mutagenic efficiency for plant height and heading date in the M2 generation. Space environment resulted in 34.9% higher seedling height (SH) in the GP group than in the control, and 39.1% lower in the GS group than in the control, and there was no difference in seed fertility (SF) between the two groups. In M2, mutants of plant height and heading date can be induced by space treatment in both the two groups with lower mutation frequency and mutagenic efficiency in the GP group than in the GS group. There were no significant differences in the physiological damages in M1 between the two groups after γ-rays irradiation treatment.Mutation frequency and mutagenic efficiency of heading date in M2 were higher in the GS group than in the GP group, and the opposite was true for mutagenic efficiency of plant height although the mutation frequency varied between the two groups. The mutation frequencies of plant height and heading date induced by space environment were obviously lower than those by γ-rays irradiation, but the mutagenic efficiency was the opposite for most of the traits. For the GP and GS of seedlings induced by space environment, the GS had higher mutation frequency and mutagenic efficiency for plant height and heading date than the GP in M2.     

卫星搭载处理两系不育水稻诱变效果的研究

2个两系不育水稻品种种子（株1S、陆18S）经“实践八号”育种卫星搭载,返回地面种植,并与^60Co-γ单独和^60Co-γ与卫星搭载复合诱变处理进行比较。研究结果表明：卫星搭栽对当代两系不育水稻农艺性状有刺激作用;2个两系不育水稻品种对卫星搭栽处理辐射敏感性均为不敏感;M2代突变频率均为SP＋γ〉γ〉SP,并从中筛选出一批优良变异单株。同时对M2代中筛选出的特殊变异株进行了保护酶活性等生理指标的测定,以探求太空环境对两系不育水稻生物学效应的生理生化基础。结果表明卫星搭载诱变处理水稻种子是一种切实可行的育种新途径。     

丝裂霉素C对大麦诱变效应的研究

本试验用丝裂霉素Ｃ处理大麦种子，研究了丝裂霉素Ｃ对大麦Ｍ１的生理损伤及Ｍ２变的影响。试验结果表明，丝裂霉素Ｃ的诱变作用比ＥＭＳ的诱变作用强，丝裂霉素Ｃ对大麦诱变处理的较适宜浓度为４０μｇ／ｍｌ。     

卫星搭载对紫花苜蓿二代种子诱变效应的研究

[目的]探寻空间诱变环境对苜蓿搭载二代种子的影响,为苜蓿诱变育种提供理论基础。[方法]2006年9月,三个品系的苜蓿干种子通过＂实践八号＂育种卫星进行空间搭载。返地后,经过地面种植,对其二代种子千粒重、发芽率、硬实种子数和苗重指标进行测试。[结果]与地面对照相比,搭载种子的千粒重增加了5%～9%。发芽试验结果表明,搭载后苜蓿二代种子发芽率、种苗苗重、芽长和根长显著增加（P〈0.05）,硬实种子数、霉变种子数显著减少（P〈0.05）。[结论]空间诱变对苜蓿二代种子有显著的正向诱变效应。