Epidemiology of Northern leaf blight on sweet corn

The epidemiology of northern leaf blight of corn, caused byExserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs, is reviewed. The minimal dew period required for infection is temperature-dependent. At 25°C, 1 h of dew is sufficient to cause infection and at this temperature the minimal dew period for sporulation is 14 h. Under natural conditions when one dew night is not long enough for conidia to develop, the dew period on the following night enables the completion of conidial formation. The amount of conidia formed is dependent on temperature, light, plant age, leaf position and plant susceptibility. Both qualitative and quantitative types of resistance were identified in several hybrids. Subsequently, there developed additional biotypes ofE. turcicum which are aggressive to plants containing qualitative monogenic resistance. Within the same physiological race, a significant variation in aggressiveness between isolates from various locations is observed. The pathogen overwinters as mycelia and conidia in infected leaves, husks and other plant parts, or onSorghum halepense L. Reduction in yield due to northern leaf blight is associated with the level of resistance of the host plant, with disease severity, plant age during infection, and position of infected leaves.     

玉米小斑病研究进展

玉米作为重要的粮、饲、工兼用作物, 是重要的战略资源, 在国民经济中具有举足轻重的作用。但在实际生产过程中, 玉米受多种病虫害的威胁, 其中由玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢Bipolaris maydis引起的玉米小斑病严重影响玉米产量与品质, 是制约玉米高产与稳产的重要因素之一。近些年该病害的发病频率与严重程度均呈快速增长的态势, 对我国玉米安全生产构成巨大的潜在威胁。本文综述了玉米小斑病发生概况, 包括发生时期和引起的主要症状; 概括了玉米小斑病菌的侵染过程和相关功能基因的致病机制; 总结了抗玉米抗小斑病基因的定位、克隆与功能分析方面的研究进展, 玉米小斑病的防治措施等, 并对未来研究提出了一些建议和展望, 以期为玉米小斑病可持续治理提供理论参考和研究思路。     

A histological assessment of the infection strategy of Exserohilum turcicum in maize

Northern leaf blight is a lethal foliar disease of maize caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum. The aim of this study was to elucidate the infection strategy of the fungus in maize leaves using modern microscopy techniques and to understand better the hemibiotrophic lifestyle of E. turcicum. Leaf samples were collected from inoculated B73 maize plants at 1, 4, 9, 11, 14 and 18 days post-inoculation (dpi). Samples were prepared according to standard microscopy procedures and analysed using light microscopy as well as scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microscopic observations were preceded by macroscopic observations for each time point. The fungus penetrated the leaf epidermal cells at 1 dpi and the disease was characterized by chlorotic leaf flecks. At 4 dpi the chlorotic flecks enlarged to form spots, and at 9 dpi hyphae were seen in the epidermal cells surrounding the infection site. At 11 dpi lesions started to form on the leaves and SEM revealed the presence of hyphae in the vascular bundles. At 14 dpi the xylem was almost completely blocked by hyphal growth. Hyphae spread into the adjacent bundle sheath cells causing cellular damage, characterized by plasmolysis, at 18 dpi and conidiophores formed through the stomata. Morphologically, lesions started to enlarge and coalesce leading to wilting of leaves. This study provides an updated, detailed view of the infection strategy of E. turcicum in maize and supports previous findings that E. turcicum follows a hemibiotrophic lifestyle.     

2012年玉米大斑病重发原因和控制对策

玉米大斑病是由真菌引起的世界性玉米病害,常给生产造成严重损失。2012年玉米大斑病在东北、华北地区大流行,本文归纳了玉米大斑病全国发生概况、区域分布和各地病情。总结了2012年玉米大斑病发病时间早,流行速度快,品种间和地区间发病程度差异大等发生特点,分析了适宜天气条件、主栽品种不抗病、栽培管理措施不合理是导致大斑病重发的主要原因。并针对性地提出了重视玉米病害的预测预报、推荐种植抗病品种、加强病害综合防治的对策建议,旨在对今后进一步做好玉米大斑病测报工作,指导玉米病害防治、有效控制其危害、保障玉米生产有所裨益。     

苹果3种常见潜叶蛾的识别与防治

本文描述了苹果上常见的3种潜叶蛾金纹细蛾（Phyllonorycter ringoniella)、旋纹潜蛾（Leucoptera malifoliella）和银纹潜叶蛾（Lyonetia prunifoliella）的鉴别特征,附有识别特征图,并依据生物学特性提出防治措施。     

玉米纹枯病研究进展

玉米纹枯病已成为我国玉米生产上一种重要病害,且有逐年加重的趋势。本文系统介绍了玉米纹枯病症状、病原菌、致病机理、发病规律、防治措施以及玉米纹枯病抗性遗传等方面的研究进展,并从实际出发,提出了抗玉米纹枯病育种的分子标记辅助选择策略。     

Genetic differentiation in populations of Exserohilum turcicum from maize and sorghum in South Africa

Exserohilum turcicum is the causal agent of northern leaf blight, a devastating foliar disease of maize and sorghum. Specificity of E. turcicum to either maize or sorghum has been observed previously, but molecular evidence supporting host specialization is lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic structure of E. turcicum isolates collected from adjacent maize and sorghum fields in Delmas and Greytown in South Africa. In addition, the mode of reproduction of this pathogen was investigated. Isolates from maize (N = 62) and sorghum (N = 64) were screened with 12 microsatellite markers as well as a multiplex mating type PCR assay. No shared haplotypes were observed between isolates from different hosts, although shared haplotypes were detected between isolates from maize from Delmas and Greytown. Population structure and principal coordinate analyses revealed genetic differentiation between E. turcicum isolates from maize and sorghum. Analysis of molecular variance indicated higher among‐population variation when comparing populations from different hosts, than comparing populations from different locations. Lack of shared haplotypes, high proportion of private alleles, greater among‐population variance between hosts than locations and significant pairwise population differentiation indicates genetic separation between isolates from maize and sorghum. The high haplotypic diversity in combination with unequal mating type ratios and significant linkage equilibrium indicates that both sexual and asexual reproduction contributes to the population genetic structure of E. turcicum in South Africa.     

Purification and partial characterization of xylanase from the fungal maize pathogenHelminthosporium turcicum (Pass)

The fungal pathogenHelminthosporium turcicum was found to secret xylanase when grown on minimal medium containing xylans, wheat straw or isolated maize cell walls. The highest xylanase activity occurre when the fungus was grown on maize cell walls. When glucose was added to this medium xylanase activity was suppressed. The xylanase enzyme was purified from the culture filtrate by subsequent anion exchange chromatography, cation exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The purified xylanase gave a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 22.5 kDa. It is determined to have a pI of 7.4, specific activity of 11300 nanokatals mg^–1, pH optimum between pH 5.5 and 6.5 and optimal temperature between 50 °C and 60 °C. The half-life of the enzyme at pH 6.0 and 50 °C was found to be 35 min. For primary structure comparison with other xylanases, the protein was digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were separated by reversed phase chromatography and selected peptides were sequenced. The determined amino acid sequence showed high homology with xylanase fromCochliobolus carbonum and three other fungal xylanases.     

玉米三种叶斑病混发时的流行过程及产量损失研究

 通过2年的田间小区人工接种试验,观察比较了玉米大斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病单独及混合发生时的流行过程及对玉米产量损失的影响。结果表明,在病害混发初期,病害间无明显的负相关性,随着病情的发展,病害间的负相关性逐渐增大并达到显著水平,说明病害间有明显的抑制作用。病害混发时造成产量损失并不完全等于各病害单独造成损失之和,其中大斑病和弯孢叶斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失约为各病害单独造成损失之和的76%～88%,大斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失可近似看作两种病害各自引起产量损失之和,3种病害同时发生时最终损失率约为各自造成损失之和的67%～72%。     

减源对密植夏玉米品种抗倒伏性能及产量的调控效应

于2019年和2020年采用二因素裂区试验设计,主区为不同耐密性高产品种：郑单958（紧凑型）和正大12（半紧凑型）;副区为减源强度：在花前一周从上至下分别移除植株1片叶（D1）、2片叶（D2）、3片叶（D3）和4片叶（D4）,以不做任何处理为对照（CK）。对乳熟期和蜡熟期的玉米植株形态、基部第3节间的穿刺强度、折断力及籽粒产量构成因素等指标进行分析,探究密植玉米植株抗倒伏性能及籽粒产量对叶源减少的响应。结果表明：乳熟期,D1、D2处理的株高、穗位高和穗位系数较CK分别显著降低1.03%、3.03%,2.29%、6.17%和1.32%、4.17%,茎粗和单位茎长干物质量较CK分别增加4.15%、33.94%和1.91%、5.72%。蜡熟期,D2处理时郑单958的穿刺强度和折断力较CK分别提高了26.51%和32.44%,正大12的穿刺强度和折断力较CK分别提高了55.28%和21.53%。灌浆期,郑单958和正大12的D2处理可溶性糖含量较CK分别增加2.91%和10.83%,木质素含量分别增加2.74%和6.90%,D3、D4处理的纤维素含量较CK分别降低1.17%和0.47%、11.57%和13.72%。D2处理的总倒伏率显著降低且产量最高,郑单958达11 203.90 kg·hm^-2,正大12达11 742.34 kg·hm^-2。可见,适度去除顶部1~2片叶可优化夏玉米株型,通过影响茎粗使节间、单位节间干物质量得到更好地分配,从而提升抗倒伏性能,改善干物质向籽粒的分配进程,最终实现产量提高。     

外引玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性鉴定与评价

2012-2013年,应用田间人工接种的方法对引进的165份国外玉米种质进行了玉米大斑病、灰斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病等3种病害同步抗性鉴定与评价,结果表明:引进的国外玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性表现均存在差异,表现抗病的种质较少,大部分种质表现感病或高度感病;抗性种质均以中抗为主,表明国外玉米种质对3种叶斑病的抗病能力较低。筛选出一批单抗性种质和兼抗2种或3种叶斑病的多抗性种质37份,为抗病育种提供了重要基础材料。     

鸡骨草叶枯病调查及其病原鉴定

在广西鸡骨草种植基地,发现一种发生严重的叶枯病,植株自下部叶片开始枯黄,然后向上蔓延,严重时整株枯死。经田间调查、标本采集、病原菌分离、形态学鉴定及致病性测定,明确该病害由丝核菌属（Rhizoctonia）引起。该病害在田间的发病率为69%～88%,病情指数为17.4～34.6。     

云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌种类,采用常规组织分离法获得病原菌菌株LW2015.3,通过形态学特征及分子生物学技术对菌株LW2015.3进行鉴定,并研究其生物学特性。结果表明,荞麦叶枯病病原菌的分生孢子呈倒棍棒状或倒梨状,褐色,具3～8个横隔膜,0～4个纵斜隔膜,大小为16.5～45.0μm×5.0～13.5μm,厚垣孢子呈球形,直径为6.0～12.0μm;该菌株ITS序列系统发育进化分析结果表明,菌株LW2015.3与链格孢Alternaria alternata(登录号:MG195995.1)的同源性为100%,结合形态学特征与分子鉴定结果确定云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌为链格孢A. alternata(登录号:KT362732.1)。该病原菌菌丝生长适宜温度为20～30℃,25℃为最适温度;当p H为6～9时菌丝生长速率加快,pH 7最适菌丝生长;PDA培养基和PSA培养基最适菌丝生长;该病原菌对以麦芽糖为碳源和以硝酸钠为氮源时的利用率最高;菌丝的致死温度为50℃,10 min;不同光照条件对菌丝生长的影响有显著差异,连续光照最有利于菌丝生长。     

玉米灰斑病空间流行动态模拟模型组建及传播距离研究

 以玉米品种郑单958为试材接种灰斑病菌,在田间形成不同发病梯度,分析病害传播的空间流行动态,利用SAS9.13统计软件分别构建病害传播梯度的一维、二维和三维模型。结果表明:1.指数模型和GOMPERTZ模型是沈阳地区玉米灰斑病单向传播梯度的最佳模拟模型;2.高斯模型是模拟病害平行于垄向和垂直于垄向方向传播的最佳模型;3.含有(x²+y²)形式的圆形模型和含有a (x²+y²)+bx+cy+d形式的椭圆形模型是模拟病害在二维平面上传播过程的最佳模型。通过模型推导得到病害的传播距离约20~50m。     

杭白菊叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其对多菌灵的抗性机制

为明确浙江省桐乡市发生的杭白菊叶枯病的病原菌,采用传统组织分离法对采集的病样进行病原菌分离,在测定其致病性的同时,结合形态学特征及基于核糖体内部转录间隔区(ITS)、nrDNA大亚基(LSU)和β-微管蛋白基因(TUB2)的联合系统发育分析对该病原菌进行鉴定,并测定其对多菌灵的抗性。结果表明,从杭白菊叶枯病病样中共分离到35株菌株,在回接试验中杭白菊表现出的症状与田间自然发病症状一致,证明分离到的菌株为引起杭白菊叶枯病的病原菌。该病原菌菌丝生长初期为淡黄色,后为灰白色;培养25 d后菌落上的黑色球形分生孢子器产生大量液体状的淡粉色分生孢子堆;分生孢子为单胞、无色、长椭圆形,大小(n=200)为2.8～4.9μm×1.2～3.0μm,初步判断该病原菌是茎点霉属Phoma真菌P. bellidis。基于ITS、LSU、TUB2联合系统发育分析的分子鉴定结果与形态学鉴定结果一致,确定引起该病害的病原菌为P. bellidis。该病原菌对多菌灵的抗性频率为94.3%,且全部为高水平抗性菌株,抗药性机制为其TUB2的E198A突变,即TUB2的第198位密码子从GAG突变为GCG,导致第198位氨基酸从谷氨酸(Glu)突变为丙氨酸(Ala)。     

Influence of rate of soil fertilization on alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria dauci) in carrots

The possibility of suppressingAlternaria dauci (Kühn) Groves & Skolko, the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight in carrot, by excess application of fertilizer was examined in greenhouse and field experiments. Reducing the rate of fertilization by one half from the optimal rate (100 ppm N, 19 ppm P and 74 ppm K) resulted in a 23–30% increase in the severity of Alternaria leaf blight. However, doubling the rate of fertilization resulted in only a 10–15% decrease in disease severity. Inoculating with different concentrations ofA. dauci spores (10³ or 10⁴ spores/ml) did not alter the response of the plants to the fertilization rate, although significantly higher disease severity was observed in plants inoculated with the higher spore concentration. These results were corroborated in the field, where neither disease severity nor harvested yield was significantly affected by tripling the amount of soil fertilization. Application of foliar fungicides, on the other hand, had substantial effects on both disease and yield. Therefore, it was concluded that carrot crops should be fertilized and maintained for optimum yield, and thatA. dauci should be managed by properly timed applications of fungicides during the growing season. Contribution no. 533/99 from the Inst. of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization.     

Effects of inoculum density,leaf wetness duration and nitrate concentration on the occurrence of lettuce leaf spot

In Ehime Prefecture, Japan, lettuce leaf spot (Septoria lactucae) caused huge losses in marketable lettuce yields. To explore potential measures to control disease outbreaks, the effects of inoculum density, leaf wetness duration and nitrate concentration on the development of leaf spot on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were evaluated. Conidia were collected from diseased plants in an infested field by single-spore isolation and were used to inoculate potted lettuce plants with different conidial concentrations. Lesions developed on inoculated lettuce plants at inoculum concentrations from 10⁰ to 10⁶ conidia/ml. The disease was more severe when the inoculum exceeded 10² conidia/ml, and severity increased with increasing concentrations. Assessment of the relationship between disease development and the duration of postinoculation leaf wetness revealed that symptoms appeared when the inoculated plants remained wet for 12 h or longer. The number of lesions and total nitrogen content in the lettuce leaves both increased when nitrate was applied.     

禾谷镰孢荧光定量检测体系的建立及其在玉米苗枯病上的应用

为实现对田间土壤中禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum的定量检测,本研究构建了土壤含菌量与玉米苗枯病病情指数的回归模型。基于禾谷镰孢甾醇14α-去甲基化酶基因CYP51C序列,设计特异性引物HQ1-F/HQ1-R,利用引物建立实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)体系,选取4个玉米自交系品种进行室内苗枯病接种试验,调查其病情指数,利用RT-qPCR体系检测土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量,并对病情指数和土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量进行回归。结果表明,仅禾谷镰孢扩增出目的条带并且可从多种病原菌土壤中检测出。RT-qPCR的熔解曲线具有单一吸收峰,扩增曲线的循环阈值与模板浓度呈良好的线性关系,扩增效率为104.7%,标准曲线为y=-3.2137x+34.9560(R~2=0.9968),最低可检测到1 pg/μL的DNA。随着土壤禾谷镰孢接菌量的增加,单位土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量呈线性增加,即y=13.603x-85.370(R~2=0.9998)。4个玉米品种的病情指数与土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量的回归曲线分别为y=0.0789x+22.0590(R~2=0.7949)、y=0.0304x+7.8686(R~2=0.9579)、y=0.0458x+23.7540(R~2=0.5420)、y=0.0471x+32.0760(R~2=0.6753)。     

闽南地区薏米叶斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及吡唑醚菌酯的盆栽防治效果

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了闽南地区4个薏米产区72株薏米叶斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,并通过室内盆栽试验测试了吡唑醚菌酯对薏米叶斑病的防治效果。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯对供试菌株的EC₅₀值范围为1.11~5.06 μg/mL,平均值为 (3.44 ± 0.98) μg/mL,且其EC₅₀值频率分布为连续单峰曲线,符合正态分布,因此可将该EC₅₀平均值作为闽南地区薏米叶斑病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线。盆栽防效结果表明,喷施有效剂量为250 μg/mL的25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油对薏米叶斑病的防治效果 (78.2%~79.7%) 较好,与喷施有效剂量为500 μg/mL的50%异菌脲悬浮剂的防治效果相当,显著高于喷施有效剂量为800 μg/mL的80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的防治效果。本研究结果为薏米叶斑病化学防治有效药剂的选择与合理使用提供了依据。     

Role of ascospores and conidia in the initiation and spread of South American leaf blight in a rubber tree plantation

Microcyclus ulei, the fungus causing South American leaf blight (SALB) on rubber tree leaves, produces two main types of spores: ascospores and conidia. To assess their respective epidemiological role, a field experiment was conducted in French Guiana over 3 years. Tree phenology, disease severity and climate variables were recorded while airborne spores were trapped and quantified. Ascospores were shown to play an essential role in the perpetuation of the disease outside the host's growth periods, in the resumption of epidemics, and in the spread of the disease to disease‐free zones. Conidia were trapped in visibly infected plots only, during periods of host growth. Disseminated over short distances and present only temporarily on leaves, the conidia enabled the disease to spread stepwise when the climate was conducive. Segmentation analysis revealed that the duration of high relative humidity was the climatic variable most related to ascospore trapping. Ascospore release did not require low temperatures. Considering the essential role of the ascospores in the initiation and spread of disease, artificial defoliation as a means of reducing the inoculum pressure during tree refoliation is proposed to control SALB. To check the validity of this method, a survey over several years of natural defoliation–refoliation in relation to climate and other leaf diseases is needed.