基于DArTseq标记的人工合成小麦农艺性状QTL定位

人工合成小麦拥有丰富的有利遗传变异,可用于普通小麦的遗改良。本研究选用两个人工合成小麦改良品系构建了由284个单株组成的F2群体,基于1 671具有染色体位置信息的多态性DAr Tseq标记构建遗传图谱,并结合该群体农艺性状(株高,穗长,穗颈节长,小穗数,穗粒数,单株有效穗数,千粒重,单株重)的表现型,利用QTL作图软件ICIMapping 4.1进行了QTL定位。结果表明,共检测到20个QTL,其中4个为株高QTL,分布于2A、3B、5B染色体上,可解释表型变异的5.4%~10.8%;4个为穗长QTL,分布于2D、3B、5B染色体上,可解释表型变异的1.4%-8.8%;3个为穗颈节长QTL,分布于1A和5A染色体上,可解释表型变异的4.6%~12.2%;2个为穗粒数QTL,分布于3D和5A染色体上,可解释表型变异的18.9%~29.8%;1个为单株有效穗数QTL,分布于2A染色体上,可解释表型变异10.2%;5个为千粒重QTL,分布于1B、5A、5B、5D和7B染色体上,可解释表型变异的8.9%~10.9%;1个为位于7B染色体上的单株重QTL,可解释表型变异的6.1%。同时,在5B和7B染色体上存在控制多个性状的同一QTL位点。利用生物信息学的方法,筛选到1个千粒重相关的候选基因。以上结果可为人工合成小麦农艺性状QTL精细定位、分子标记辅助选择育种和基因克隆奠定基础。     

小麦籽粒灌浆速率及粒重QTL初步研究

为了对小麦不同发育时期灌浆速率及千粒重进行动态QTL初步定位,并进行遗传分析,通过01-35×6044杂交得F1代,后经连续多年“一粒传法”获得F9代重组自交系,利用Mapmaker/version 3.0计算标记间距离并绘制遗传图谱,结合田间表型数据采用Win QTL Cart 2.5软件的方法研究小麦不同发育时期灌浆速率及千粒重QTL定位情况及其效应。结果共检测到13个小麦灌浆速率及千粒重QTL,这些QTL大部分是位于2A染色体上,部分位于6A、5A、4A染色体上。其中千粒重QTL 2个,可解释表型变异的9%和33%;平均灌浆速率QTL 3个,可解释表型变异的6%~18%;最高灌浆速率QTL 1个,可解释表型变异的11%;最高灌浆速率出现的时间QTL 1个,解释7%的表型变异;第一、四时期各1个,分别解释表型变异的12%和16%;三、五时期各2个,分别解释表型变异的8%~9%和9%~10%。通过对不同时期小麦灌浆速率和粒重QTL定位,探索了控制灌浆速率的基因表达的时空特性,为灌浆速率及千粒重的QTL精细定位和分子标记辅助选择奠定基础。     

燕大1817/北农6号重组自交系群体穗部性状的QTL定位

小麦穗部性状与单株产量密切相关。本研究以小麦骨干亲本燕大1817与优良品系北农6号衍生的269个重组自交系为材料,通过在北京和河北石家庄的2年田间试验数据,利用本实验室已构建的高密度SNP和SSR遗传连锁图谱进行穗长、穗粒数和穗粒重QTL定位。采用完备复合区间作图法共检测到29个穗部性状加性效应QTL,其中10个穗长QTL分布于1B、2D、3A、3B、4A、5A、5B、6A和7D染色体上,解释的表型变异率为2.96%~9.63%,QSl.cau-4A.2在所有5个环境中均能被检测到,解释的表型变异为5.89%~9.62%,另有7个QTL能在2个或2个以上环境中被检测到;8个穗粒数相关QTL分布于1A、3A、3D、4A和5B染色体上,解释的表型变异为4.06%~11.17%,为单个环境QTL。11个与穗粒重相关QTL分布于1A、1B、2A、2D、3A、4D、5A、5B和6B染色体上,解释的表型变异为2.79%~16.12%,其中QGws.cau-1B、QGws.cau-3A和QGws.cau-6B.2在2个或者2个以上环境中能被检测到。另外,鉴定出6个分布于1A、2D、3A、4A和5B染色体上的QTL富集区段。     

柴达木盆地小麦产量相关性状QTL定位

柴达木盆地特殊的气候条件创造了世界春小麦高产记录,但该地区关于小麦产量相关性状的QTL定位分析未有报道。本研究测定了114个W7984/Opata重组自交系(RIL)在柴达木盆地生态环境下6个年份7个产量相关性状(株高,穗长,穗粒数,小穗数,穗密度,千粒重和产量)的表现型,利用QTL作图软件Ici Mapping 4.1进行了QTL定位。结果表明,在2011-2016年里共鉴定49个与产量相关性状的QTL,其中5个为株高QTL,6个为穗长QTL,2个为小穗数QTL,8个为穗粒数QTL,7个为穗密度QTL,16个为千粒重QTL,5个为产量QTL,分布在染色体1A、1B、1D、2A、2B、2D、3A、3D、4A、4B、5A、5B、5D、6A、6B、6D、7A、7B和7D上。单个QTL可解释表型变异的5.82%~31.53%,特别是位于染色体6A上的千粒重QTL可在多年份(2011年/2013年/2014年)中检测到。这些QTL位点的鉴定为柴达木地区小麦产量相关性状QTL精细定位和分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论基础。     

小麦茎秆断裂强度相关性状QTL的连锁和关联分析

小麦茎秆断裂强度与倒伏特性关系密切,并对产量有很大影响。本研究旨在解析茎秆断裂强度的遗传机制,开发与该性状紧密连锁/关联的分子标记。利用山农01-35′藁城9411重组自交系(RIL)群体(含173个F8:9株系)和由205个品种(系)构成的自然群体,借助90 k小麦SNP基因芯片、DArT芯片及传统分子标记技术,在2个环境中对两群体的茎秆断裂强度相关性状进行连锁分析和全基因组关联分析。利用已构建的高密度连锁图谱,在4B染色体的TDURUM_CONTIG63670_287–IACX557和EX_C101685–RAC875_C27536等区段上,检测到9个控制小麦茎秆断裂强度、株高、茎秆第2节间充实度、茎秆第2节壁厚相关性状的加性QTL,可解释表型变异9.40%~36.30%。同时,利用包含24 355个SNP位点的复合遗传图谱,在自然群体中检测到37个与茎秆断裂强度相关性状(P0.0001)的标记,分别位于1A、1B、2B、2D、3A、3B、4A、4B、5A、5B、5D、6B、7A、7B和7D染色体,可解释表型变异7.76%~36.36%。在4B染色体上,以连锁分析检测到控制茎秆断裂强度的RAC875_C27536与关联分析检测到的Tdurum_contig4974_355标记,在复合遗传图谱上的距离为6.7 cM,说明该区段存在控制小麦茎秆断裂强度的重要基因。     

水稻重组自交群体灌浆速率的遗传分析

为了解籽粒灌浆和籽粒产量相关性状的遗传基础,为改良籽粒灌浆特性提供依据,以小穗小粒型水稻Milyang 46和大穗大粒型FJCD建立的包含130个家系的F10重组自交系为研究材料,分析福建省武夷山和莆田环境下水稻籽粒灌浆速率,并结合已构建的遗传图谱进行QTL动态定位及环境互作研究。QTL定位分析共检测到10个加性QTL,位于1、2、5、6、7号染色体上,对表型变异贡献率0.92%~24.41%。同时,qGR-1-4、qGR-2-1、qGR-5-9及qGR-6-7均存在显著的环境互作效应,体现了一因多效。qGR-6-7和qGR-6-8加性均可解释表型变异24.41%。另外,qGR-6-7的环境互作效应可解释表型变异贡献率9.33%。     

基于SNP和SSR标记的小麦品质性状的QTL定位

为给小麦品质性状的标记辅助选择提供备选分子标记,并进一步定位和克隆小麦部分品质相关性状的QTL,本研究利用普通小麦Heyne×Lakin杂交F2代单粒传获得的145个F8代重组自交系(Recombinantinbred line, RIL)群体,构建了含有2 082对标记(1 980对SNP标记和102对SSR标记)、总长度为2 120.13 cM的遗传连锁图谱,并利用该图谱对小麦连续两年的品质性状(蛋白质含量,湿面筋含量,淀粉含量和Zeleny沉降值)进行了 QTL分析。结果表明,共检测出11个QTL,其中,蛋白质含量有2个QTL,位于2A和5A染色体上,可解释的表型变异率6.94% 12.55%;湿面筋含量QTL有1个,位于5A染色体上,可解释的表型变异率8.40%~ 12.96%;淀粉含量QTL有3个,位于2A和5A染色体上,可解释的表型变异率9.78%~11.23%;Zeleny沉降值QTL有5个,位于2A、5A和7D染色体上,可解释的表型变异率4.75% 20.15%。其中5A染色体上存在这些品质性状QTL富集区,同时具有“一因多效”QTL位点。这个区段的发现,为小麦品质育种提供了参考依据。     

利用高密度SNP 遗传图谱定位小麦穗部性状基因

小麦穗部性状之间相关性密切, 其中穗粒数和千粒重是重要的产量构成要素, 挖掘与穗部性状相关联的基因位点对分子标记辅助育种及解释基因效应具有重要意义。本研究以RIL群体(山农01-35×藁城9411) 173个F_8:9株系为材料, 利用90 k小麦SNP基因芯片、DArT芯片技术及传统的分子标记技术构建的高密度遗传图谱, 在5个环境下进行穗部相关性状QTL定位。检测到位于1B、4B、5B、6A染色体上7个控制千粒重的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率6.00%~36.30%, 加性效应均来自大粒母本山农01-35; 检测到8个控制穗长的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率14.34%~25.44%; 3个控制穗粒数的加性QTL; 5个控制可育小穗数的加性QTL; 3个控制不育小穗数的加性QTL, 贡献率为8.70%~37.70%; 4个控制总小穗数的加性QTL; 6个控制小穗密度的加性QTL。通过基因型与环境互作分析, 检测到32个加性QTL, 解释表型变异率0.05%~1.05%。在4B染色体区段EX_C101685–RAC875_C27536检测到控制粒重、穗长、穗粒数、可育小穗数、不育小穗数、总小穗数的一因多效QTL,其贡献率为5.40%~37.70%, 该位点在多个环境中被检测到, 是稳定主效QTL。在6A染色体wPt-0959-TaGw2-CAPS区间上检测到控制粒重、总小穗数的QTL。研究结果为穗部性状的分子标记开发、基因精细定位和功能基因克隆奠定了基础。     

小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的QTL分析及其与品质性状的关系

阿拉伯木聚糖是小麦中最重要的非淀粉多糖, 对营养和加工品质有重要影响。采用IciMapping软件, 对PH82-2/内乡188重组自交系群体(F_2:6)的水溶性和总阿拉伯木聚糖含量进行QTL分析, 在1B、4B、5B、5D和6B染色体上定位5个控制总阿拉伯木聚糖含量的QTL, 分别解释5.6%~18.7%的表型变异; 在1A、1B、5B、6B和7A染色体上定位5个控制水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的QTL, 分别解释4.3%~34.9%的表型变异。其中, 1B、5B和6B染色体上影响水溶性和总阿拉伯木聚糖含量的QTL位于同一标记区间。1BL/1RS易位对水溶性和总阿拉伯木聚糖含量有显著作用, 籽粒硬度对总阿拉伯木聚糖含量有显著作用。阿拉伯木聚糖含量, 特别是总阿拉伯木聚糖含量, 与快速黏度分析仪峰值黏度、稀澥值, 以及面条品质黏弹性、食味呈显著相关, 但相关系数受1BL/1RS易位和籽粒硬度影响。     

棉花叶绿素含量和光合速率的QTL定位

 为了探讨棉花光合作用及相关生理性状的遗传规律, 利用四交分离作图群体泗棉3号/苏12//中4133/8891的273个F_2：3家系为材料,用MAPQTL5.0软件及区间作图方法(IM), 对棉花叶绿素含量及光合速率进行了QTL分析。检测到3个与叶绿素含量相关的QTL, 分别位于染色体D6、D8和A10, 解释性状表型变异的4.3%, 4.5% 和5.2%。检测到3个与光合速率相关的QTL, 位于D5、D6和A11染色体, 解释性状表型变异的3.8%,7.4% 和8.4%。两个性状所有QTL的遗传效应均以加性效应为主。本研究定位的棉花叶绿素含量和光合速率QTL均是首次报道,可尝试应用于高光效育种的分子标记辅助选择。     

Comparison and analysis of main effects,epistatic effects,and QTL × environment interactions of QTLs for agronomic traits using DH and RILs populations in rice

Two genetic linkage maps based on doubled haploid (DH) and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) populations, derived from the same indica-japonica cross ‘Samgang × Nagdong’, were constructed to analyze the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting agronomic traits in rice. The segregations of agronomic traits in RILs population showed larger variations than those in DH population. A total of 10 and 12 QTLs were identified on six chromosomes using DH population and seven chromosomes using RILs population, respectively. Three stable QTLs including pl9.1, ph1.1, and gwp11.1 were detected through different years. The percentages of phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs ranged from 8 to 18% in the DH population and 9 to 33% in the RILs population. Twenty-three epistatic QTLs were identified in the DH population, while 21 epistatic QTLs were detected in the RILs population. Epistatic interactions played an important role in controlling the agronomic traits genetically. Four significant main-effect QTLs were involved in the digenic interactions. Significant interactions between QTLs and environments (QE) were identified in two populations. The QTLs affecting grain weight per panicle (GWP) were more sensitive to the environmental changes. The comparison and QTLs analysis between two populations across different years should help rice breeders to comprehend the genetic mechanisms of quantitative traits and improve breeding programs in marker-assisted selection (MAS).     

Identification and validation of a yield-enhancing QTL cluster in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Improvement of rice grain yield (YD) is an important goal in rice breeding. YD is determined by its related traits such as spikelet fertility (SF), 1,000-grain weight (TGW), and the number of spikelets per panicle (SPP). We previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SPP and TGW using the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the crosses between Minghui 63 and Teqing. In this study, four QTLs for SF and four QTLs for YD were detected in the RILs. Comparison of the locations of QTLs for these three yield-related traits identified one QTL cluster in the interval between RM3400 and RM3646 on chromosome 3. The QTL cluster contained three QTLs, SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a, but no YD QTL was located there. To validate the QTL cluster, a BC₄F₂ population was obtained, in which SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a were simultaneously mapped to the same region. SPP3a, SF3 and TGW3a explained 36.3, 29.5 and 59.0 % of phenotype variance with additive effect of 16.4 spikelets, 6 % SF and 1.8 g grain weight, respectively. In the BC₄F₂ population, though the region has opposite effects on TGW and SPP/SF, a YD QTL YD3 identified in this cluster region can increase 4.6 g grains per plant, which suggests this QTL cluster is a yield-enhancing QTL cluster and can be targeted to improve rice yield by marker aided selection.     

利用BC2F2高代回交群体定位水稻籽粒大小和形状QTL

以我国优良籼稻恢复系蜀恢527为轮回亲本, 以来自菲律宾的Milagrosa为供体亲本, 培育了样本容量为199株的BC₂F₂高代回交群体。选取85个均匀分布在12条染色体上的多态性SSR标记进行基因型分析, 同时对粒长、粒宽、长宽比和千粒重4种性状进行了表型鉴定。采用性状－标记间的单向和双向方差分析对上述性状进行了QTL定位。单向方差分析(P<0.01)共检测到了10个控制粒长、粒宽、长宽比和千粒重的QTL, 其中有3个具有多效性。由于粒长和长宽比的高度相关性, 控制长宽比的2个QTL均能在粒长QTL中检测到。位于第3染色体着丝粒区域的qgl3b是一个控制粒长、长宽比和千粒重的主效QTL, 它可以分别解释粒长、长宽比和千粒重表型变异的29.37%、26.15%和17.15%。该QTL对于粒长、长宽比和千粒重均表现较大的加性效应(来自蜀恢527的等位基因为增效)和负向超显性。位于第8染色体的qgw8位点是一个控制粒宽的主效QTL, 同时也是控制千粒重的微效QTL, 能解释粒宽表型变异的21.47%和千粒重表型变异的5.16%。该QTL对粒宽和千粒重均具有较大的加性效应(来自蜀恢527的等位基因为增效)和正向部分显性。双向方差分析(P<0.005)共检测到61对显著的上位性互作, 涉及54个QTL, 其中23个是能同时影响2~4个性状的多效位点, 且有8个位点与单向方差分析检测到的相同。控制长宽比的13对上位性互作位点中, 与控制粒长的上位性互作位点完全相同的有8对。以上结果为进一步开展水稻籽粒大小和形状有利基因的精细定位、克隆和分子设计育种奠定了基础。     

外源ABA和6-BA对不同持绿型小麦籽粒灌浆进程及蛋白质含量影响

本文旨在揭示持绿型小麦品种的灌浆特性和籽粒蛋白质含量对外源激素的响应,认识植物激素调控籽粒灌浆和蛋白质合成的作用机制。自盛花期开始,连续4 d喷施10 mg L^-1脱落酸(ABA)和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA),持绿型品种汶农6号的灌浆期(t₃)、活跃生长期(D)、平均灌浆速率(G_mean)、最大灌浆速率(G_max)、千粒重(TGW)和产量(GY)均大于非持绿型济麦20,且强势粒的各项灌浆参数均大于弱势粒。喷施两种外源激素显著提高两品种的G_mean、G_max、TGW和GY,对t₃和D的影响存在粒位及品种效应。喷施ABA和6-BA均显著提高花后35 d的籽粒蛋白质含量,显著提高汶农6号强、弱势粒的麦谷蛋白含量,但济麦20强、弱势粒的麦谷蛋白含量显著降低。喷施ABA后,汶农6号强势粒花后7~21 d的玉米素核苷(ZR)含量显著升高;喷施6-BA后,济麦20弱势粒花后14~35 d的ZR含量显著升高,而汶农6号强势粒7~21 d的赤霉素(GA₃)含量显著降低,弱势粒花后7~28 d的GA₃含量显著提高。喷施外源ABA和6-BA显著提高两品种强势粒花后7~21 d的生长素(IAA)和ABA含量。ABA和6-BA处理显著提高花后7~21 d谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性。可见,喷施外源ABA和6-BA使小麦内源激素水平变化,促进籽粒灌浆,增加粒重和产量,提高籽粒GS活性和蛋白质含量,改变蛋白质组分。     

Comparison of QTLs mapped in RILs and their test-cross progenies of tropical maize for insect resistance and agronomic traits

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting resistance to south-western corn borer Diatraea grandiosella (SWCB) and sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (SCB) have been identified previously in F_2:3 lines and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of tropical maize using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. Our objective was to determine whether QTLs identified in these generations are also expressed in test crosses (TC) of RILs. A population of 166 TC progenies was developed by crossing RILs from the cross CML131 (susceptible) × CML67 (resistant) with the unrelated, susceptible tester line CML216. Resistance to first-generation SWCB, measured as leaf-feeding damage (LFD) under artificial infestation, and other agronomic traits were evaluated in two environments for the TC progenies and three environments for 183 RILs. The correlation between line per se and TC performance was low for LFD and intermediate for most agronomic traits. Estimates of the genotypic variance and heritabilities were smaller in the TC progenies than in the RILs for all traits. Quantitative trait loci were identified using an RFLP linkage map with 136 loci. For LFD, four QTLs were detected in the TC progenies, of which two were in common with nine QTLs previously mapped in the RILs. Few QTLs for agronomic traits were common to the two types of progeny, because of the low consistency of QTL positions for all traits in RIL and TC progenies, the use of TC progenies should be considered in QTL mapping studies as the first step for marker-assisted selection in hybrid breeding.     

QTL analysis of yield-related traits in sunflower under different water treatments

A set of sunflower recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was used to study agronomical traits under greenhouse and field conditions each with two water treatments and three replications. The difference among RILs was significant for all the traits studied in all conditions; and water treatment × RILs interaction was also observed for most of the traits in both field and greenhouse conditions. Because of the low rate of drought stress, this part of field data are not informative. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for yield-related traits with the percentage of phenotypic variance explained by QTLs ( R ²) ranging from 4% to 40%. Several QTLs for grain yield per plant (GYP) under four water treatments were identified on different linkage groups, among which two were specific to a single treatment ( GYPN.4.1 , GYPI.7.1 ). Three QTLs for GYP were overlapped with several QTLs for drought-adaptative traits detected in our previous study ( Poormohammad Kiani et al. 2007b ). The whole results do highlight interesting genomic regions for marker-based breeding programmes for drought tolerance in sunflower.     

Quantitative trait loci for grain-quality traits across a rice F2 population and backcross inbred lines

Improving grain-quality is an important goal in rice breeding programs. One vital step is to find major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for quality related traits and then investigate the relationships among them. We crossed ‘N22’, an indica variety with good appearance but low grain weight, to a japonica variety, ‘Nanjing35’, with superior grain yield but poor appearance. This enabled us to construct an F₂ population and a set of backcross inbred lines (BILs) for QTL-mapping for the traits related grain appearance. In all, 37 QTLs were identified for grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), thousand-grain weight (TGW), and the percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC). Of these, 17 QTLs detected from 184 plants in the F₂ population explained 4.97–27.26 % of the phenotypic variance, another 20 QTLs were identified using BILs from 2009 to 2010. Quantitative trait loci for major effects were detected in different populations and across years. A new QTL hot spot (marker interval RM504–RM520) was found on Chromosome 3, which harbored QTLs for GL, GW, GT, and TGW. Among our five examined traits, grain shape was significantly correlated with TGW and PGWC. The PGWC values of two heavier grains BILs, L93, and L145 are much lower than Nanjiing35, the analysis of genotype showed that this greater weight may due to the locus for GL occurring within RM504–RM520 on Chromosome 3. Therefore, those two lines will allow us to develop a long-grain high-yield rice variety with less chalkiness.     

发掘人工合成小麦中千粒重QTL的有利等位基因

以人工合成小麦Am3为供体亲本,普通小麦莱州953为轮回亲本,经5次回交然后自交,培育出含85个株系的F_2:3群体。以该群体为材料,用348对多态性SSR标记,进行全基因组扫描,发掘人工合成小麦中千粒重QTL的有利等位基因。利用复合区间作图法检测到3个千粒重QTL,其对表型变异的贡献率为10.9%~33.79%。其中,Am3的等位基因能够增加千粒重2.3~4.8 g。相关分析表明,该导入系群体的千粒重与穗粒数、穗数和株高无显著相关性。千粒重QTL与穗粒数、穗数性状的QTL不在同一位置,这有利于高千粒重基因与其他产量性状基因的聚合。采用混合线性模型作图法检测到1个千粒重QTL(QGw.caas-3D),该QTL与环境互作效应小,而且与复合区间作图法在3个环境中都检测到的QTL相同,表明QGw.caas-3D是一个稳定的主效QTL。     

利用单片段代换系研究水稻产量相关性状QTL加性及上位性效应

产量及其相关性状如单株有效穗数、千粒重、穗实粒数、穗总粒数和结实率等是水稻重要的农艺性状,了解产量及其相关性状QTL的加性及上位性效应对以分子标记聚合育种改良水稻产量具有重要意义。本文以16个单片段代换系及15个双片段代换系分析了水稻产量相关性状QTL的加性及上位性效应。共检出影响产量及其相关性状的13个QTL,包括产量性状1个、单株有效穗数1个、千粒重4个、穗实粒数4个、穗总粒数2个和结实率1个,分布于第2、第3、第4、第7和第10染色体上。此外,检出12对双基因互作。结果显示,2个正向(或负向)产量性状QTL聚合,往往会产生负向(或正向)的上位性效应,能否产生更大(或更小)的目标性状,取决于双片段遗传效应(加性效应与上位效应代数和)绝对值与单片段最大加性效应绝对值的差。本研究结果对实施高产分子标记聚合育种方法有重要参考价值。