Near-field deformation from the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake revealed by differential LIDAR

Large [moment magnitude (M(w)) ≥ 7] continental earthquakes often generate complex, multifault ruptures linked by enigmatic zones of distributed deformation. Here, we report the collection and results of a high-resolution (≥nine returns per square meter) airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) topographic survey of the 2010 M(w) 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake that produced a 120-kilometer-long multifault rupture through northernmost Baja California, Mexico. This differential LIDAR survey completely captures an earthquake surface rupture in a sparsely vegetated region with pre-earthquake lower-resolution (5-meter-pixel) LIDAR data. The postevent survey reveals numerous surface ruptures, including previously undocumented blind faults within thick sediments of the Colorado River delta. Differential elevation changes show distributed, kilometer-scale bending strains as large as ~10(3) microstrains in response to slip along discontinuous faults cutting crystalline bedrock of the Sierra Cucapah.     

Geologic youth of galapagos islands confirmed by marine stratigraphy and paleontology

Six distinctive types of fossiliferous marine deposits occur on the Galádpagos Islands that provide evidence for the age of emergence of the islands above sea level and hence a maximum age for the islands' terrestrial biota. These subtidal to supratidal deposits include (i) volcanic tuffs with fossils, (ii) limestones and sandstones interbedded with basalt, (iii) terrace deposits, (iv) beach rock, (v) supratidal talus deposits, and (vi) recently uplifted tidal and subtidal rocks and sand. With the exception of (vi), the deposits were previously assigned ages varying from Miocene to Pleistocene, but all are less than about 2 million years old. This age, together with independently determined geologic ages, indicate that the islands emerged from the sea relatively recently and that all evolution of the islands' unique terrestrial biota occurred within the past 3 to 4 million years.     

Stellar motion survey by automation

The proper motion survey on plates taken with the 48-inch Schmidt telescope at Mount Palomar Observatory has now progressed to the point where some 250,000 new motions for faint stars have been measured, and 5,000 new white dwarfs and degenerate stars and 3,000 stars of low luminosity have been added.     

Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

We report the detection of an earthquake by a space-based measurement. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites observed a +/-15-microgalileo gravity change induced by the great December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Coseismic deformation produces sudden changes in the gravity field by vertical displacement of Earth's layered density structure and by changing the densities of the crust and mantle. GRACE's sensitivity to the long spatial wavelength of gravity changes resulted in roughly equal contributions of vertical displacement and dilatation effects in the gravity measurements. The GRACE observations provide evidence of crustal dilatation resulting from an undersea earthquake.     

用PSL法生产细木工芯板

为了促进杉木加工剩余物的工业化利用 ,分析了杉木边皮劈条及制板生产的可行性。对杉木边皮劈制的木条进行PSL法制板试验 ,测试其物理力学性能 ,分析了制板参数 ,选择了较佳的工艺。结果表明 :采用脲醛树脂 [固含量 49% ,粘度 0 1 2Pa·s ( 2 0℃ ) ]对杉木边皮劈条进行热压胶合是可行的。当施胶量为 4% ,热压温度 1 1 0℃ ,热压时间 1 0min时 ,就能满足中高档细木工芯板对静曲强度、弹性模量和吸水厚度膨胀率的要求。表 3参 8     

Northridge earthquake damage caused by geologic focusing of seismic waves

Despite being located 21 kilometers from the epicenter of the 1994 Northridge earthquake (magnitude 6.7), the city of Santa Monica experienced anomalously concentrated damage with Mercalli intensity IX, an intensity as large as that experienced in the vicinity of the epicenter. Seismic records from aftershocks suggest that the damage resulted from the focusing of seismic waves by several underground acoustic lenses at depths of about 3 kilometers, formed by the faults that bound the northwestern edge of the Los Angeles basin. The amplification was greatest for high-frequency waves and was less powerful at lower frequencies, which is consistent with focusing theory and finite-difference simulations.     

B超测定胎儿骨骺中心在产科中的应用

目的：探讨胎儿骨骺中心与胎龄的关系,为预测胎龄及胎儿成熟度提供可靠的依据。方法：采用B超测定300倒不同孕周胎儿股骨远端骨骺中心(FE)及胫骨近端骨骺中心(TE)的最大直径线,判定胎龄及胎儿成熟度。结果：FE和TE的直径值均随胎龄增加而增大。FE≥5mm时,82％的胎儿在35周以上;FE≥6mm时,94％的胎儿≥37周。TE则比FE的相应胎龄减少2mm至妊娠37周时,100％的胎儿TE≥3mm。结论：FE≥6mm时,TE≥3mm可作为胎龄37周及胎儿成熟的标准,尤以测定TE意义更甚。     

Earth's free oscillations excited by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

At periods greater than 1000 seconds, Earth's seismic free oscillations have anomalously large amplitude when referenced to the Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor fault mechanism, which is estimated from 300- to 500-second surface waves. By using more realistic rupture models on a steeper fault derived from seismic body and surface waves, we approximated free oscillation amplitudes with a seismic moment (6.5 x 10(22) Newton.meters) that corresponds to a moment magnitude of 9.15. With a rupture duration of 600 seconds, the fault-rupture models represent seismic observations adequately but underpredict geodetic displacements that argue for slow fault motion beneath the Nicobar and Andaman islands.     

Outward-dipping ring-fault structure at rabaul caldera as shown by earthquake locations

The locations of a large number of earthquakes recorded at Rabaul caldera in Papua New Guinea from late 1983 to mid-1985 have produced a picture of this active caldera's structural boundary. The earthquake epicenters form an elliptical annulus about 10 kilometers long by 4 kilometers wide, centered in the southern part of the Rabaul volcanic complex. A set of events with well-constrained depth determinations shows a ring-fault structure that extends from the surface to a depth of about 4 kilometers and slopes steeply outward from the center of the caldera. This is the first geophysical data set that clearly outlines the orientation of an active caldera's bounding faults. This orientation, however, conflicts with the configuration of many other calderas and is not in keeping with currently preferred models of caldera formation.     

Polar motion measurements: subdecimeter accuracy verified by intercomparison

An important bound on the accuracy of modern techniques for monitoring polar motion is established by intercomparison of measurement series from two different observing techniques, very long baseline interferometry and satellite laser ranging. The root-mean-square differences between the estimates of the pole position from both techniques are shown to be only 2 milliseconds of arc (about 6 centimeters at one Earth radius). In the absence of common systematic errors, these differences bound the total errors in both sets of estimates. An initial investigation did not reveal any clear signature in the pole position that seems to be associated with major earthquakes. Continued measurements at this level of accuracy hold promise for resolving long-standing arguments over such questions as the nature of the excitation mechanism required to maintain the motion of the pole.     

Myosin V walks by lever action and Brownian motion

Myosin V is a molecular motor that moves cargo along actin filaments. Its two heads, each attached to a long and relatively stiff neck, move alternately forward in a "hand-over-hand" fashion. To observe under a microscope how the necks move, we attached a micrometer-sized rod to one of the necks. The leading neck swings unidirectionally forward, whereas the trailing neck, once lifted, undergoes extensive Brownian rotation in all directions before landing on a site ahead of the leading head. The neck-neck joint is essentially free, and the neck motion supports a mechanism where the active swing of the leading neck biases the random motion of the lifted head to let it eventually land on a forward site.     

Real-space observation of molecular motion induced by femtosecond laser pulses

Femtosecond laser irradiation is used to excite adsorbed CO molecules on a Cu110 surface; the ensuing motion of individual molecules across the surface is characterized on a site-to-site basis by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Adsorbate motion both along and perpendicular to the rows of the Cu110 surface occurs readily, in marked contrast to the behavior seen for equilibrium diffusion processes. The experimental findings for the probability and direction of the molecular motion can be understood as a manifestation of strong coupling between the adsorbates' lateral degrees of freedom and the substrate electronic excitation produced by the femtosecond laser radiation.     

基于奈曼旗热效应的遥感

对奈曼旗的TM数据进行大气校正和几何校正。利用Landsat TM3和Landsat TM4计算该区域的植被指数（NDVI），来分析和研究该区域的植被状况，特别是通过植被盖度从另一个角度来说明问题。利用Landsat TM6热红外遥感数据定量反演了该研究的地表温度，初步分析了区域热量分布差异并探讨这一差异形成原因，并建立NDVI和地面温度两者之间线性关系。结果表明：该区域的热量分布差异显著；卫星图像反演的地表温度与实际的地面情况相符合；地面温度都与植被指数（NDVI）存在着密切的反相关关系。     

减压内部沸腾法提取银杏总黄酮的工艺研究

[目的]研究银杏叶中银杏总黄酮的提取方法。[方法]采用减压内部沸腾法,对银杏叶粉末进行解吸和提取,考察了解吸和提取中各因素对提取率的影响,优选出最佳解吸和提取条件,并与传统提取方法进行比较。[结果]优选的最佳解吸条件为:解吸剂为浓度80%乙醇,解吸时间20 min,解吸剂用量15 ml;最佳提取工艺为:提取压力为0.067 MPa,提取温度为60℃,提取剂为浓度30%乙醇,提取2次,每次5 min;在此条件下,银杏总黄酮的提取提取率为2.55%。与传统的乙醇提取方法比较,温度降低了20℃,提取速度快了11倍,乙醇用量减少了2倍,提取液色素、杂质含量少,并可以直接上柱,银杏总黄酮的纯度达29.8%,具有明显的优势。[结论]该方法节约、快速、有效,可用于银杏叶中银杏总黄酮的提取。     

Seismic potential revealed by surface folding: 1983 coalinga, california, earthquake

The 2 May 1983 Coalinga, California, earthquake (magnitude 6.5) failed to rupture through surface deposits and, instead, elastically folded the top few kilometers of the crust. The subsurface rate of fault slip and the earthquake repeat time are estimated from seismic, geodetic, and geologic data. Three larger earthquakes (up to magnitude 7.5) during the past 20 years are also shown to have struck on reverse faults concealed beneath active folds.     

花叶病毒侵染的果蔗(Badila)的基因表达

采用荧光标记差异显示技术(d ifferential d isp lay,简称DD-PCR)对甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane m osaic virus,SCMV)侵染的果蔗(Bad ila)基因表达进行研究.用随机筛选出的23对引物组合扩增出9条差异条带,其中4条是有明显差异表达的cDNA条带,5条是表达强弱的差异条带.同时对一些影响荧光标记DD-PCR的因素进行了分析.     

Swimming in spacetime: motion by cyclic changes in body shape

Cyclic changes in the shape of a quasi-rigid body on a curved manifold can lead to net translation and/or rotation of the body. The amount of translation depends on the intrinsic curvature of the manifold. Presuming spacetime is a curved manifold as portrayed by general relativity, translation in space can be accomplished simply by cyclic changes in the shape of a body, without any external forces.     

Subnanometer motion of cargoes driven by thermal gradients along carbon nanotubes

An important issue in nanoelectromechanical systems is developing small electrically driven motors. We report on an artificial nanofabricated motor in which one short carbon nanotube moves relative to another coaxial nanotube. A cargo is attached to an ablated outer wall of a multiwalled carbon nanotube that can rotate and/or translate along the inner nanotube. The motion is actuated by imposing a thermal gradient along the nanotube, which allows for subnanometer displacements, as opposed to an electromigration or random walk effect.