Growth,digestive and absorptive capacity and antioxidant status in intestine and hepatopancreas of sub-adult grass carp Ctenopharyngodonidella fed graded levels of dietary threonine

Background

This study was carried out to investigate effects of threonine levels on growth, digestive and absorptive capacity and antioxidant status in intestine and hepatopancreas of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella).

Results

Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly improved by dietary threonine (P < 0.05). Intestinal activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha-amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and creatine kinase took the similar trends. Contents of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl in intestine and hepatopancreas were significantly decreased by dietary optimal threonine supplementation (P < 0.05). Anti-superoxide anion capacity, anti-hydroxyl radical capacity, glutathione content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase in intestine and hepatopancreas were enhanced by dietary threonine (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Dietary threonine could improve growth, enhance digestive and absorptive capacity and antioxidant status in intestine and hepatopancreas of sub-adult grass carp. The dietary threonine requirement of sub-adult grass carp (441.9-1,013.4 g) based on weight gain was 11.6 g/kg diet or 41.5 g/kg of dietary protein by quadratic regression analysis.     

草鱼幼鱼对饲料中核黄素的需要量

配制核黄素含量分别为0.54、2.32、4.08、5.78、9.28和19.35 mg/kg的6种纯化饲料,投喂初始均重为(11.21±0.16)g的草鱼幼鱼8周,通过研究核黄素对其生长性能、肝胰脏中D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-AAO)与肠道中消化酶活力及体成分的影响,以确定草鱼幼鱼对饲料中核黄素的需要量。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养20尾鱼。结果表明:0.54和2.32 mg/kg组草鱼幼鱼的成活率显著低于其他各组(P0.05);随着饲料中核黄素含量的增加,草鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、肝胰脏中D-AAO及肠道中消化酶活力均先升高后趋于稳定,当饲料中核黄素含量为5.78 mg/kg时,以上指标均达到最大值;5.78 mg/kg组的肝体比显著高于0.54 mg/kg组(P0.05),但饲料中核黄素含量对脏体比、肥满度及全鱼的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P0.05)。折线模型回归分析表明,草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时对饲料中核黄素的需要量为5.54 mg/kg;肝胰脏中D-AAO活力达到最佳时对饲料中核黄素的需要量为5.99 mg/kg。     

80%赖氨酸硫酸盐与98%赖氨酸盐酸盐对生长中期草鱼生长性能、消化吸收能力和消化器官生长发育影响的比较研究

本试验通过比较80%赖氨酸硫酸盐[80%L-Lys·H2SO4,简称80赖氨酸(80-Lys)]与98%赖氨酸盐酸盐[98%L-Lys·HCl,简称98赖氨酸(98-Lys)]对生长中期草鱼生长性能、消化吸收能力和消化器官生长发育的影响,探讨80-Lys和98-Lys在草鱼上的生物效价并确定以80-Lys为赖氨酸(Lys)添加形式时饲料中Lys的适宜含量。选择初始体重为275.80 g左右的健康草鱼540尾,随机分成6组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼),分别饲喂Lys含量为0.8%(基础饲料)、1.0%、1.2%、1.4%和1.6%的添加80-Lys的饲料及Lys含量为1.2%的添加98-Lys的饲料60 d。结果表明:与基础饲料相比,饲料中添加适宜水平的80-Lys使饲料Lys含量达到1.2%时可显著提高生长中期草鱼的增重率(W GR),特定生长率(SGR),采食量(FI),全肠脂肪酶、淀粉酶活力,肝胰脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力,前、中、后肠碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、肌酸激酶(CK)活力,肝体指数与肠体指数以及前、后肠皱襞高度(P0.05),显著降低血清GOT和GPT活力(P0.05),且80-Lys对上述指标的作用效果显著优于98-Lys(P0.05);此外,还可显著提高生长中期草鱼的饲料效率(FE),全肠胰蛋白酶活力,前、中、后肠Na+,K+-ATP酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)和γ-谷胺酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活力,肠长与肠长指数以及中肠皱襞高度(P0.05),但80-Lys对上述指标的作用效果与98-Lys差异不显著(P0.05)。由此得出,与98-Lys相比,80-Lys能更有效地提高生长中期草鱼的消化吸收能力,进而促进其生长。以80-Lys为Lys添加形式,以SGR和FE为标识,生长中期草鱼(276~667 g)饲料中Lys的最适含量分别为1.31%(占饲料蛋白质的4.68%)和1.27%(占饲料蛋白质的4.54%)。     

牛磺酸对草鱼生长、品质、消化酶和代谢酶活性的影响

本文旨在研究牛磺酸对草鱼的营养效应。选用体长12.5~13.0 cm,体重38.1~38.9 g的草鱼432尾,随机分为8个处理组,每组54尾,设3个重复,每个重复18尾。在饲料中添加0、200、400、600、800、1 000、1 400、1 800 mg/kg的牛磺酸,以0 mg/kg添加组为对照组,试验期30 d,研究牛磺酸对草鱼生长、品质、消化酶和代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)牛磺酸促进草鱼生长(除1 800 mg/kg添加量外)。添加量为600 mg/kg时,特定生长率(SGR)、肌肉、肝胰脏RNA/DNA比值、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率最高(P<0.05);(2)饲料中添加牛磺酸后,草鱼体水分含量下降,体蛋白、体脂含量增加(P<0.05),灰分含量、内脏指数、肥满度各试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)添加适宜牛磺酸(600~800 mg/kg),显著提高肝胰脏和肠道脂肪酶、淀粉酶的活性(P<0.05);(4)牛磺酸具有促进草鱼肝胰脏和肌肉转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的作用。综合以上结果,草鱼饲料中牛磺酸的最适添加量为600 mg/kg。     

儿茶素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肌肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究儿茶素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肌肉品质的影响。试验选取平均体质量为(18.5±0.2)g的草鱼360尾,随机分为6组,分别饲喂在基础饲料中添加0(对照组)、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7和0.9 g/kg儿茶素的6种饲料,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾。试验期60 d。结果表明:1)随着儿茶素的添加,各组间鱼体增重率和饲料系数无显著差异(P>0.05),添加0.5、0.7和0.9 g/kg儿茶素显著提高了鱼体肥满度(P<0.05),显著降低了血清丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。除0.1 g/kg组外,其余各儿茶素添加组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各组间在血清碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢脱氢酶活性上无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)在肌肉游离氨基酸和脂肪酸组成方面,0.5、0.7 g/kg组的总氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量和C20∶5、n⁃3不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各组间在肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量及肌肉质构特性、肌肉失水率以及肌纤维密度和直径上差异均不显著(P>0.05),但0.7和0.9 g/kg组的肌肉胶原蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果显示,儿茶素对草鱼生长性能没有显著影响,可提高血清抗氧化能力,在一定程度上改善肌肉品质。草鱼饲料中儿茶素的推荐添加量为0.5~0.7 g/kg。     

低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶对草鱼生长性能和消化生理的影响

本试验旨在研究低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶对草鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、营养物质表观消化率和免疫力的影响。试验选取平均体重为9.66 g的健康草鱼630尾,随机分为7个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。7组草鱼饲喂如下试验饲料:正常磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量2.0%)正常鱼粉(鱼粉添加量3.0%)饲料(对照)、低磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量1.3%)正常鱼粉饲料、低磷正常鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶饲料、正常磷低鱼粉(鱼粉添加量1.5%)饲料、正常磷低鱼粉并添加0.05%蛋白酶饲料、低磷和低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶和0.05%蛋白酶饲料。饲养试验持续56 d。结果显示:与饲喂正常磷正常鱼粉饲料草鱼相比,饲喂低磷低鱼粉饲料草鱼的增重率、特定生长率、营养物质(干物质、蛋白质、钙和磷)表观消化率、肠道消化酶(胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和淀粉酶)活性、血清溶菌酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05),饲料系数和血清丙二醛含量显著升高(P<0.05)。在低磷正常鱼粉饲料、正常磷低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉饲料中分别添加植酸酶、蛋白酶、植酸酶与蛋白酶后,草鱼的上述指标均得到显著改善(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,在低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶能够提高草鱼的营养物质表观消化率、肠道消化酶活性和免疫力,从而改善其生长性能。     

幼建鲤泛酸缺乏症及泛酸缺乏对肠道酶活力和免疫应答的影响

试验对幼建鲤泛酸(pantothenic acid,PA)缺乏症以及泛酸缺乏对幼建鲤肠道酶活力和免疫应答的影响进行了研究。选择450尾健康幼建鲤,初重为(12.95±0.03)g,分别饲喂泛酸含量为4、25.56mg/kg和65.85mg/kg的半纯合饵料。结果表明:4mg PA/kg组幼建鲤出现厌食、生长缓慢、眼球突出、游动缓慢、体表和鳍条出血等症状。同时,泛酸缺乏显著降低幼建鲤体增重和内脏器官重量(P0.05),并且肠道胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和Na+,K+-ATP酶活力显著降低(P0.05),同时泛酸缺乏引起肠组织结构受损。泛酸缺乏导致幼建鲤攻毒后成活率降低。4mg PA/kg组幼建鲤红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)数量显著低于25.56mg PA/kg和65.85mg PA/kg组(P0.05),且25.56mg PA/kg和65.85mg PA/kg组差异不显著(P0.05);25.56mg PA/kg组幼建鲤白细胞吞噬率(LPA)、血清凝集素凝集效价(log2HA)、溶菌酶活力和IgM含量显著低于65.85mg PA/kg组(P0.05)。本试验结果证明,泛酸缺乏引起幼建鲤生长受阻,肠道酶活力和免疫力降低。     

草鱼幼鱼对缬氨酸需要量的研究

试验选用体重(9.5±0.3)g的草鱼幼鱼,随机分成6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾;以花生仁粕、酪蛋白及明胶为蛋白质源,分别饲喂缬氨酸水平为7.3～22.3 g/kg的6组等氮半精制饲料(粗蛋白质含量为32%),经70 d的生长试验研究其日粮缬氨酸的最适需求量.试验结果表明:日粮缬氨酸水平对草幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、肌肉RNA/DNA比率、鱼体常规成分组成、消化酶活性、肝胰脏谷草-谷丙转氨酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性以及血液学指标都有显著的影响(P<0.05).随日粮缬氨酸水平的增加,增重率,特定生长率、蛋白质效率及肌肉RNA/DNA比率均呈先升后降趋势,均在16.3 g/kg组达到最大值(P<0.05).以增重率、特定生长率、肌肉RNA/DNA比率为基础对饲料缬氨酸水平进行二次回归分析,确定草鱼幼鱼日粮(32%粗蛋白质)缬氨酸适宜需要量分别为15.6、15.1及16.0 g/kg(日粮基础)或48.8、47.2及50.0 g/kg(日粮蛋白质基础).     

The Effect of Dietary Sulphate Copper Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Digestive Enzymes and Absorptive Transporters in Weanling Pigs

The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Cu on the growth performance,digestive enzymes,tissue minerals and absorptive transporters in small intestinal mucosa of weanling pigs.One hundred crossbred pigs weaned at 28±2 d of age were assigned randomly to one of the following diets with 5 replicates:corn-soybean basal diet with 10,100,175,250 mg/kg of Cu as CuSO4·5H2O.The results showed that 250 mg/kg Cu had a positive effect (P0.05) on average daily gain,daily feed intake and ratio of gain/feed.Compared to 10 mg/kg Cu,higher Cu had significant effect on the apparent digestibility of protein and fat (P0.05).The supplementing of Cu improved amylase and lipase activity in jejunum content and lipase in pancreas (P0.05) and had no effect on intestinal morphology.The liver Cu elevated approximately 4-fold in pigs fed diet with 250 mg/kg Cu compared with pigs fed diet with 10 mg/kg Cu,no increases were observed in pigs receiving the lower level of Cu (100 and 175 mg/kg).Both Fe and Zn contents in kidney and liver were not affected by Cu supplementation.There was no positive effect (P0.05) of Cu supplementation on PepT1 (peptide transporter 1) and SGLT1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter) mRNA abundance in intestinal mucosa.However,higher supplementing level (250 mg/kg) significantly elevated the DMT1 (divalent metal transporter) mRNA abundance in duodenum mucosa.These results suggested that dietary supplementation with 250 mg/kg Cu could improve growth performance,nutrient digestibility and intestinal enzyme activities of weanling pigs.     

糖萜素对鲫鱼消化酶活性的影响

本试验测定了饲养30d鲫鱼的肠道和肝胰脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果表明,在基础饲料中添加1000mg/kg糖萜素能显著提高鲫鱼肠道和肝胰脏中的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P<0.05),且效果优于基础饲料中添加4mg/kg的黄霉素组。     

吡啶甲酸铬对吉富罗非鱼生长、饲料利用和非特异性免疫功能的影响

本试验研究饲料不同水平吡啶甲酸铬对其生长、饲料利用,体成分、血液生化指标和非特异性免疫功能的影响。600尾吉富罗非鱼分为5个处理组,每个处理各设4个重复,每重复30尾鱼。每个处理铬添加量分别为0、0.4、0.8、1.2 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg,在0.38 m3玻璃纤维钢桶中用开放式流水养殖,饲养8周。结果表明,饲料中添加吡啶甲酸铬对吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特异生长率、饲料系数、蛋白效率及蛋白质沉积率均有显著影响(P<0.05)。当铬添加量为0～0.8 mg/kg时,随着添加量增加,可显著提高吉富罗非鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率(P<0.05),显著降低饲料系数(P<0.05),但对成活率和肝体比无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料中添加为1.2 mg/kg～10.0 mg/kg时并未能进一步提高罗非鱼的生长和饲料利用。同时,铬添加水平为0～0.8 mg/kg,随着添加水平增加,显著提高吉富罗非鱼全鱼的蛋白质和磷含量(P<0.05),显著降低全鱼水分、脂肪和灰分含量(P<0.05),并显著提高吉富罗非鱼血清总蛋白含量以及肝胰脏AKP、ACP和LZM的活性(P<0.05),显著降低血清葡萄糖含量(P<0.05),但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯含量及肝胰脏T-SOD活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加铬1.2 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg,除了显著降低肝胰脏AKP活性外(P<0.05),对血清生化指标和肝胰脏非特异性免疫酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合生长、饲料利用、体组成成分、血液生化指标和肝胰脏非特异性免疫酶活性的影响结果表明,对于0.91～4.93 g吉富罗非鱼,饲料中以吡啶甲酸铬的形式添加0.8～1.2 mg/kg铬为宜。     

不同体质量建鲤血清和组织中抗氧化指标的变化

本试验旨在研究建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)幼鱼期(18～75 g)随体质量增加,机体和组织器官中抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化物质含量以及抗超氧阴离子自由基能力(ASA)和抗羟自由基能力(AHA)的变化规律.试验选用均初体质量为(18.0±0.20)g的健康建鲤750尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾.所有试验鱼饲喂相同的试验饲料,每隔14d称重取样1次,称重后,分别取血液、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉组织测定抗氧化指标,共取5次.结果表明:血清、肝胰脏、肠道和肌肉中丙二醛和蛋白质羰基含量随体质量增加而显著降低(P＜0.05),分别在体质量达31.4和58.6g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);ASA和AHA随体质量增加而显著增强(P＜0.05),均在体质量达40.1g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),均在体质量达40.1g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),均在体质量达31.4g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05);还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随体质量增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),分别在体质量达31.4、31.4、31.4和58.6g以后达到稳态(P＞0.05).综上所述,建鲤幼鱼随体质量增加,血清和组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和GST等抗氧化酶活性逐渐增强,低分子抗氧化物质GSH含量逐渐提高,从而使得ASA和AHA逐渐增强,脂质过氧化和蛋白质氧化产物含量逐渐降低,并最终达到稳态.     

Effects of dietary sodium butyrate on growth,digestive enzymes,body composition and nutrient retention-related gene expression of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth, digestive enzymes, body composition and nutrient retention-related gene expression of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (420 g/kg protein and 90 g/kg lipid) were formulated to contain 0 (control), 250, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg SB. Triplicate groups of 40 fish (BW = 1.26 ± 0.01 g) per tank (300-L cylindrical fiberglass tanks) for each diet were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Stomach, hepatopancreas and intestine samples were obtained for digestive enzymes activities analyses. A real-time quantitative PCR analysis was performed to determine the relative expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Fish fed the diets supplemented with SB at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg showed significantly higher specific growth rate and significantly lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control (P < 0.05). Dietary SB inclusion did not alter activities of intestinal amylase, creatine kinase and sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), but increased activities of hepatic trypsin, stomachic lipase, intestinal lipase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase for fish fed 1,000 mg/kg SB compared to the control (P < 0.05). Intestine length index, intestine somatic index, fold height and muscular thickness of distal intestine were significantly higher in 1,000 mg/kg SB groups compared to the control (P < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of whole-body crude protein, ash, calcium, phosphorus, nutrition retention and relative mRNA of intestinal TOR were observed in 1,000 mg/kg SB group (P < 0.05). Whole-body lipid content and hepatopancreas LPL mRNA expression in 2,000 mg/kg SB group were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). Relative mRNA levels of intestinal LPL and hepatopancreas TOR were significantly higher in the 500 mg/kg SB group compared to those in other groups (P < 0.05). The increased growth performance, digestive enzymes and nutrient retention in fish fed the diets supplemented with SB at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg suggests that SB can be a desirable growth promoter as an antibiotic alternative in diets.     

The Effect of Dietary Sulphate Copper Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Digestive Enzymes and Absorptive Transporters in Weanling Pigs

The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of Cu on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, tissue minerals and absorptive transporters in small intestinal mucosa of weanling pigs. One hundred crossbred pigs weaned at 28 ± 2 d of age were assigned randomly to one of the following diets with 5 replicates: corn-soybean basal diet with 10, 100, 175, 250 mg/kg of Cu as CuSO₄•5H₂O. The results showed that 250 mg/kg Cu had a positive effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gain, daily feed intake and ratio of gain/feed. Compared to 10 mg/kg Cu, higher Cu had significant effect on the apparent digestibility of protein and fat (P < 0.05). The supplementing of Cu improved amylase and lipase activity in jejunum content and lipase in pancreas (P < 0.05) and had no effect on intestinal morphology. The liver Cu elevated approximately 4-fold in pigs fed diet with 250 mg/kg Cu compared with pigs fed diet with 10 mg/kg Cu, no increases were observed in pigs receiving the lower level of Cu (100 and 175 mg/kg). Both Fe and Zn contents in kidney and liver were not affected by Cu supplementation. There was no positive effect (P > 0.05) of Cu supplementation on PepT1 (peptide transporter 1) and SGLT1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter) mRNA abundance in intestinal mucosa. However, higher supplementing level (250 mg/kg) significantly elevated the DMT1 (divalent metal transporter) mRNA abundance in duodenum mucosa. These results suggested that dietary supplementation with 250 mg/kg Cu could improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal enzyme activities of weanling pigs.     

复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和饲料表观消化率的影响

选择360条体重6.71g左右的健康异育银鲫研究在基础饲料中分别添加0、100、200mg/kg和400mg/kg的复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验期为56d。试验结果表明,添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂组异育银鲫的增重率和特定生长率最大,显著高于对照(P<0.05);且该组异育银鲫对饲料粗蛋白质、磷及能量表观消化率最高,饲料系数最低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。说明添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂可显著提高异育银鲫对饲料的表观消化率,促进异育银鲫的生长,同时有效降低饲料系数。     

皮质酮应激改变了肉仔鸡的肠道形态和功能

本研究通过2个饲养试验旨在研究日粮添加皮质酮对肉仔鸡小肠形态和消化吸收功能的影响.试验1中,120只8日龄肉仔鸡随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡.试验2中,108只8日龄肉仔鸡随机分为2组,每组9个重复,每个重复6只鸡.对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验组日粮由每千克基础日粮添加30 mg皮质酮组成.21日龄时,测定肉仔鸡生产性能、小肠形态特征、血浆木糖水平、小肠食糜消化酶活性、养分消化率及小肠黏膜上皮细胞5-溴-2-脱氧鸟苷酸(BrdUrd)标记指数.结果表明,皮质酮诱导的应激显著降低了肉仔鸡日增重、采食量和饲料效率;显著降低了十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度及隐窝深度;显著降低了血浆中木糖水平及十二指肠和空肠黏膜上皮细胞的BrdUrd标记指数(P<0.05).同时,皮质酮显著提高了肉仔鸡小肠食糜中胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,但显著降低了蛋白质表观消化率(P<0.05).由此可知,采食含有皮质酮的日粮,使肉仔鸡小肠绒毛高度降低,小肠吸收功能下降,但由于消化酶活性提高,因此消化功能提高.     

小球藻醇提物对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、消化酶活性及血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加不同水平的小球藻醇提物(EEFCV)对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、消化酶活性及血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响。试验选用体质量约1.85 g的瓦氏黄颡鱼苗540尾,随机分为6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。各组分别投喂添加0(T0组)、0.25%(T1组)、0.50%(T2组)、1.00%(T3组)、1.50%(T4组)和2.50%(T5组)EEFCV的6种等氮等脂试验饲料,饲养周期为56 d。结果表明:1)T4和T5组的末均重、增重率和特定生长率均显著高于T0组(P<0.05),T4和T5组的饲料系数均显著低于T0组(P<0.05)。各组的存活率、肥满度、脏体比和肝体比无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)各组的粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。T5组的粗脂肪含量显著高于T0组(P<0.05),T5组的水分含量显著低于T0组(P<0.05)。3)各组的胃、肠和肝脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)各组的血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性及胆固醇、甘油三脂、尿素氮、葡萄糖和总蛋白含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。T1、T3和T4组的血清谷草转氨酶活性显著高于T0组(P<0.05)。5)T4组的血清丙二醛含量显著低于T0组(P<0.05),T3、T4和T5组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于T0组(P<0.05)。各组的血清总抗氧化能力无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加EEFCV对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能和抗氧化能力有促进作用,以增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数作为主要评估指标,饲料中添加1.50%的EEFCV应用效果较佳。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance,caecal coliform population and some oxidant/antioxidant parameters of broilers

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics and phytobiotics on performance, small intestine weight, pH and caecal coliform counts of broilers. The influences of synbiotics and phytobiotics on oxidant/antioxidant status in the blood of broilers were also assessed. A total of 200 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments, either fed a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 1 g/kg synbiotic, 1 g/kg phytobiotic or 1 g/kg synbiotic plus 1 g/kg phytobiotic. The diet supplemented with both synbiotic and phytobiotic had no effect on body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency of broilers at the end of the study (p > 0.05). Neither small intestine weight nor pH was affected by any of the treatments. Supplementation of both synbiotic and phytobiotic to diet decreased the caecal coliform count (p < 0.01). Addition of synbiotics and phytobiotics in combination significantly increased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p ≤ 0.05), whereasphytobiotic addition alone showed only a slight increase. Similarly, elevated nitric oxide (NO) level was recorded in the synbiotic‐ and phytobiotic‐fed group and in the phytobiotic‐fed group (p ≤ 0.001). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of synbiotic and phytobiotic improved the gut health by decreasing the caecal total coliform count, but growth performance was not affected by the supplementations. Further investigations are needed to determine the effects of phytobiotics on oxidative/antioxidative metabolism as regards their compositional analysis.     

Requirement of true ileal digestible threonine of growing and finishing pigs

Ninety-six crossbred barrows and gilts were used to investigate the optimum supply of true ileal digestible threonine for growing (approximately 35-65 kg body weight) and finishing (approximately 65-110 kg body weight) pigs. For this purpose, according to a bifactorial arrangement in the grower as well as in the finisher phase four dietary threonine levels were combined with two dietary levels of lysine. Measurement criteria were body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate and carcass characteristics. In the grower stage at the lower lysine level daily gain increased numerically (p < 0.1) and the feed to gain ratio decreased significantly with an increasing dietary true ileal digestible threonine concentration. Increasing the true ileal digestible lysine concentration of the diet from 7.8 to 9.2 g/kg increased average daily gain in the grower stage significantly from 815 to 855 g and decreased the feed to gain ratio significantly. In finishing pigs, daily gain and feed to gain ratio were significantly improved by an increasing dietary true ileal digestible threonine concentration from 821 to 902 g and from 3.14 to 2.94 kg/kg, respectively, but not by the differing lysine supply. As in the grower stage, barrows consumed more feed than gilts at similar growth rates and this resulted in a significantly reduced feed to gain ratio in gilts compared with barrows. The requirements of true ileal digestible threonine for optimize both, daily gain and feed to gain ratio, as derived by the broken-line model were 10.3 g/animal and day for growing and 10.7 g/animal and day for finishing pigs respectively.