苹果树腐烂病拮抗细菌鉴定及其抑菌作用效果测定

为了开发一种高效低毒的苹果树腐烂病生防制剂,通过对峙培养法、形态学及分子生物学的方法进行了苹果树腐烂病菌拮抗菌的分离筛选及鉴定,采用离体枝条法测定了拮抗菌对苹果树腐烂病的防效,并采用显微观察和液体培养法分别研究了拮抗菌对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌机理和无菌滤液对苹果树腐烂病菌生长的影响。分离筛选结果表明,从甘肃省各苹果产区果园土壤和苹果树枝条上分离得到23株细菌,2株对苹果树腐烂病菌具有较好拮抗作用,分别为LZ-1201和TS-1203,其对苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长抑制率分别为79.00%和85.00%。鉴定结果表明,菌株LZ-1201和TS-1203分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。离体枝条防效测定表明,拮抗菌无菌滤液对苹果树腐烂病的防效随着稀释倍数增大而降低,原液防效最高,分别为74.43%和77.07%。抑菌作用机理结果表明,两株拮抗菌均可导致苹果树腐烂病菌丝膨大畸形、原生质浓缩、释放及溶解。拮抗菌无菌滤液对腐烂病菌生长的影响测定结果表明,无菌滤液对腐烂病菌分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长量均有显著抑制作用(P0.05),其无菌滤液稀释40倍时对腐烂病菌分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长量的抑制率均高于60%,表明该拮抗菌具有很好的生防潜力。     

苜蓿不同器官水浸提液对中间锦鸡儿种子萌发的影响

为了探讨苜蓿不同器官水浸提液对中间锦鸡儿种子萌发的化感影响,采用生物测定法,研究了苜蓿根、茎叶不同浓度水浸提液（0.5,1.0,5.0,10.0,25.0 mg/ml）对中间锦鸡儿种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明,苜蓿不同器官水浸提液对中间锦鸡儿种子萌发有明显的抑制作用,随着苜蓿各器官水浸提液浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。相同浓度下根水浸提液对中间锦鸡儿种子萌发的抑制作用大于茎叶水浸提液。当苜蓿各器官水浸提液为1.0 mg/ml浓度时,中间锦鸡儿幼苗的胚根长、胚轴长、苗高均高于对照;而在25.0 mg/ml浓度时,各器官水浸提液对幼苗则表现出显著的抑制作用（P < 0.05）。本文通过研究苜蓿和中间锦鸡儿的化感作用,以期为人工建置灌草间作提供理论基础。     

扁蓿豆水浸提液对其种子萌发自毒作用研究

为了明确扁蓿豆是否存在自毒效应，以期为扁蓿豆科学种植提供理论依据。以扁蓿豆种子为受体，采用室内培养皿种子萌发方法，研究了不同质量浓度(0、0.001、0.025、0.050、0.100 g/mL)扁蓿豆(Medicago ruthenica)地上部分和地下部分水浸提液的自毒作用。结果表明，扁蓿豆植株地上部分与根部水浸提液对其种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长和单株鲜质量具有一定的抑制作用，总体表现为在质量浓度0.100g/mL下抑制作用最强。扁蓿豆地上部分水浸提液处理在0.100 g/mL质量浓度下发芽率较对照蒸馏水显著降低了39.00%(P < 0.05)，种子发芽指数较对照蒸馏水降低了82.00%；根部水浸提液在0.100 g/mL质量浓度下胚根长较对照蒸馏水显著降低了50.00%。各指标的化感效应指数与质量浓度均呈负相关。     

11种杀菌剂对梨树黑斑病菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选出防治梨黑斑病的高效低毒杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了 11种杀菌剂对梨树黑斑病菌的毒力。结果表明:40%氟硅唑乳油对梨树黑斑病菌丝的毒力最强,EC50 值最低,为0.401 6 μg/mL;其次是10%苯醚甲环唑乳油、20%丙环唑乳油、25%戊唑醇乳油,EC50 值分别为1.478 0、2.018 5、4.101 0 μg/mL;1.5%噻霉酮乳油和75%百菌清可湿性粉对菌丝的抑制效果相对较差,EC50较高,分别为886.52、759.468 μg/mL。11种杀菌剂对梨树黑斑病菌菌丝生长均有抑制作用。     

诺沃霉素A预防番茄采后灰霉病效果及抑菌谱

为探究诺沃霉素A在番茄灰霉病防治的应用,进行了离体和果实生测试验。诺沃霉素A离体条件下对灰葡萄孢菌的菌丝生长具有强烈抑制作用,药剂浓度设置为2.5、1.25、0.625、0.312 5和0.156 25μg/m L求出毒力回归方程为Y=0.8037x+5.160 7,抑制中浓度0.631μg/m L,相关系数r为0.999 7。用1.25μg/m L诺沃霉素A处理菌丝后,在显微镜下观察灰葡萄孢菌丝形态发生异常。在番茄果实条件下,诺沃霉素A对番茄灰霉病仍然具有良好防效。将番茄果实刺破后用50和100μg/m L浓度浸果10 min,结果表明防效分别达到68.29%和100%,与对照药剂多菌灵防效相当。在试验浓度下诺沃霉素A对番茄表皮没有产生药害。诺沃霉素A具有广泛的杀菌谱,对子囊菌核盘菌抑制率为86.11%,对半知菌多主棒孢、茄链格孢、胶孢炭疽菌和茶褐斑拟盘多毛孢抑制率分别为91.11%,82.78%,77.22%和86.46%,对担子菌立枯丝核菌抑菌率为85.56%。对卵菌纲辣椒疫霉和细菌劳尔氏菌无效。诺沃霉素A对番茄果实灰霉病具有良好防控效果,对表皮无损害且对多种植物病原真菌具有良好的抑菌活性,有望成为防治番茄灰霉病的一种新型杀菌剂。     

玉米内生芽胞杆菌的抗菌活性物质及其拮抗玉米大斑病菌机理的初步研究

为了研究生防菌株对玉米大斑病菌的抑菌作用,深化对生防菌抗菌机制的认识,本研究从玉米(Zea mays)植株体内分离拮抗玉米大斑病菌(Setosphaeria turcica)的内生细菌,对其抗菌物质及其抑菌机理进行初步研究。结果表明,所分离的内生菌株YY1经形态学观察、生理生化测定及16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。菌株YY1发酵液的硫酸铵沉淀物具有抑菌活性,且在硫酸铵50%饱和度时抑菌活性最强,说明YY1菌株产生的抗菌活性物质可能是蛋白类物质。该菌株及其蛋白粗提液均对禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌(Curvularia lunata)等7种植物病原真菌有较强的拮抗作用。用蛋白粗提液处理菌丝、分生孢子、原生质体后经显微观察发现,大斑病菌的基内菌丝由丝状畸变为串珠状,当蛋白粗提液浓度为0.78μg/μL时,可完全抑制分生孢子萌发,并导致原生质体裂解。通过抑制孢子萌发过程中信号途径相关基因的半定量RT-PCR分析和玉米大斑病菌不同信号途径相关基因突变体的抑制率统计,初步判定该抑菌过程主要通过cAMP信号转导途径发挥作用。本研究为寻找玉米大斑病菌新的防治方法和途径提供基础资料。     

茶树油熏蒸处理对香蕉采后炭疽病害的影响

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量（0～40 μL）的茶树油（TTO）及其主要成分（4-松油烯醇、α-松油醇、γ-松油烯和1,8-桉叶油素）对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO及其主要成分熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实常温贮藏（25°C,相对湿度75%）的发病情况和TTO处理对接种果实防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,TTO、4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇均能显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,质量浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;1.25 g/L TTO处理降低了接种炭疽病菌果实的发病程度,0.32 g/L 4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇处理对接种果实病斑直径的抑制效果显著好于TTO。另外,1.25 g/L TTO处理提高了接种果实过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的酶活性,抑制了多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活性。初步研究表明TTO熏蒸处理在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和提高果实抗病性上具有应用可行性,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇可能是其主要活性成分。     

棉花植株水浸提液化感效应的研究

本文采用室内生测和生理试验的研究方法,以多种受体植物为研究对象,探讨棉花的化感作用和作用机理。结果表明:棉花植株水浸提液对萝卜、白菜、莴苣、油菜、稗草、狗尾草、苘麻均具有化感效应,随着作用浓度增加,抑制效应逐渐加强;棉花茎叶和根系水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长、幼苗根系活力、根系酶活性有抑制或促进作用,当茎叶浸提液浓度为0.02 g·mL-1时,棉花根长、苗高、侧根数、干重分别比对照增加10.3%、3.1%、22.9%和2.4%,当浓度为0.1 g·mL-1时,上述指标与对照相比分别降低34.4%、39.2%、40.6%和19.0%,而根系活力、SOD活性比对照降低38.2%、36.7%,POD活性、MDA含量较对照增加52.3%和36.5%,不同浓度棉花植株水浸提液对棉花生长呈现"低促高抑"的规律,且茎叶浸提液作用效应大于根系浸提液。结果表明棉花具有较强的自毒作用,可能是棉花连作障碍的重要原因之一,通过建立合理的耕作制度,可提高棉花经济产量。     

芦笋茎枯病的生物防治及机理研究

利用拮抗芽孢杆菌菌株B96-Ⅱ对芦笋茎枯病菌进行了室内抑菌试验和田间防治及机理研究,结果表明:B96-Ⅱ对芦笋茎枯病菌有明显抑制作用.稀释50～1600倍后平皿试验,生长速率抑制率为97.37%～92.98%;离体组织培养对菌斑的抑制率为94.40%;田间防治效果为93.40%.显微观察发现,B96-Ⅱ处理后可导致菌丝和孢子严重破损,使细胞内容物外渗.处理后24h,菌液电导率(μs·cm-1)和总溶解固体(TDS)比不处理的对照明显提高,处理中B96-Ⅱ培养液浓度从1%升到10%时,电导率增加量从47.50%提高到518.33%.总溶解固体增加量从176.10%提高到797.60%.经测定,B96-Ⅱ可抑制病原菌菌丝呼吸,处理中B96-Ⅱ培养液浓度从1%升到10%时呼吸抑制率从25.00%升至196.40%.生物测定表明,B96-Ⅱ的主要抑菌物为拮抗蛋白.     

茶树油控制香蕉采后炭疽病害的研究

为了探讨植物提取物对香蕉采后病害的防治效果,以香蕉果实为材料,采用菌丝生长速率方法测定不同剂量的茶树油（TTO）及其主要成分（4-松油烯醇、α-松油醇、γ-松油烯和1, 8-桉叶油素）对香蕉炭疽病菌的离体抗菌活性,并用TTO及其主要成分熏蒸处理接种炭疽病菌的香蕉果实,测定果实的发病情况和TTO处理对接种果实防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,TTO、4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇均能显著抑制离体炭疽病菌的菌丝生长,浓度越高,抑制效果越明显;TTO处理降低了接种炭疽病菌果实的发病程度,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇处理对接种果实病斑直径的抑制效果显著好于TTO。另外,TTO处理提高了接种果实过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的酶活性,抑制了多酚氧化酶（PPO）酶活性。初步研究表明TTO在控制香蕉果实采后腐烂和提高果实抗病性上具有应用可行性,4-松油烯醇和α-松油醇可能是其主要活性成分。     

基于SERS的苹果树腐烂病原菌早期侵染检测

为了早期诊断由黑腐皮壳真菌(Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada)引起的苹果树腐烂病,该研究基于表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)技术,以腐烂病菌丝、病原菌丝侵染的苹果树和健康的苹果树枝作为研究对象,结合S-G平滑和迭代自适应加权惩罚最小二乘法进行拉曼光谱预处理,经解析发现病原菌丝与染菌样本在1 598、1 595 cm^-1和2 930、2 925 cm^-1附近敏感谱峰明显区别于健康样本。重复试验分析发现,病原菌侵染可致寄主特征谱峰偏移以及谱峰强度改变：健康样本在1 286 cm^-1附近的特征峰随病原菌的侵染偏移至1 365 cm^-1附近;健康样本在1 286与1 587 cm^-1附近的谱峰强度比值小于0.5,染菌样本在1 365与1 595 cm^-1附近的谱峰强度比值大于0.5,而菌丝在1 327与1 598 cm^-1附近的谱峰强度比值大于1.0;1 5...     

Ovipositional responses of the pulse beetle, Bruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) to extracts and compounds of Capparis decidua

Extracts of Capparis decidua stems and flowers showed insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against Bruchus chinensis. The LC50 values of these extracts were found to increase with the increase in the polarity of the extract at different exposure periods. For instance, after 96 h, the LC50 values were found to be 3.619, 7.319, and 10.151 microg for CD1, CD2, and CD3, respectively. Extract CD7 was effective only at higher doses. The toxicity was found to be dose- and time-dependent. The females laid lesser number of eggs, when exposed to sublethal doses of different extracts and pure compounds, as compared to control. The maximum oviposition deterrence index was found for extract CD1 followed in decreasing order by CD2, CD3, and CD7. From extract CD1, two compounds were isolated and characterized as triacontanol (C1) and 2-carboxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidine (C2). When the females were exposed to sublethal doses of these compounds, they laid lesser number of eggs as compared to the control. C2 was found to have a slightly greater oviposition inhibition effect than C1. From fraction CD7, one novel compound labeled as CDF1 has been isolated and identified as 6-(1-hydroxy-non-3-enyl)tetrahydropyran-2-one. CDF1 has also shown insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against B. chinensis at low concentrations.     

60Co-γ射线辐射对翠冠和玉露香梨枝条的生物损伤效应

为探明⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射对梨枝条的生物损伤效应,以翠冠和玉露香梨的一年生休眠期枝条为试验材料,以不同剂量(0、20、30、40、50 Gy)的⁶⁰Co-γ射线对枝条进行辐射处理,研究不同辐射剂量对梨枝条接穗嫁接成活率及生物损伤效应的影响。结果表明,随着辐射剂量的增加,梨枝条嫁接成活率逐渐降低,梨叶片出现畸形,枝条出现二叉枝和多叉枝。对不同辐射处理的枝条萌发叶片的相对叶绿素(SPAD)含量进行主成分(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLSS-DA),发现所有辐射处理均对翠冠梨产生了较大的影响,其中20、40 Gy 2个处理对玉露香梨影响最大。此外,经过⁶⁰Co-γ诱变处理的玉露香梨叶片易受炭疽病病菌侵害。本研究结果为今后利用⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射诱变技术提高梨遗传多样性、创造新的种质材料、加快选育优良新品种提供了理论依据。     

紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物对入侵地4 种草本植物的化感作用

为了明确紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物对入侵地草本植物的化感作用, 研究了不同浓度紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物水提液对入侵地草本植物多年生黑麦草、白三叶、辣子草和紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响, 同时结合土培试验研究了叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中的化感作用。结果表明, 除多年生黑麦草外, 水提液对其他3 种草本植物种子萌发均产生了显著的化感抑制作用, 且水提液的浓度越高抑制效果越强; 低浓度水提液对紫花苜蓿和辣子草的幼苗生长存在显著化感促进作用, 高浓度的水提液对除多年生黑麦草外的其他3 种植物幼苗的生长存在显著化感抑制作用, 水提液对多年生黑麦草幼苗生长的影响不显著; 土壤中按照50 g·kg^-1的比例添加叶片凋落物后, 显著抑制了白三叶的生长, 而添加活性炭后, 白三叶的单株生物量相对于未添加活性炭的处理增加71.25%, 进一步证实叶片凋落物在土壤中的化感抑制作用。这说明外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰可能通过其叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中降解, 释放化感物质, 抑制伴生植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长, 为自身创造有利的生长环境, 实现其成功入侵和扩张。     

植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌效果

为给新型生物农药的研发提出依据,用黄连、黄芩、大蒜、金银花、柴胡和连翘6种植物的浸提液单剂及其复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌进行处理,探索浸提液单剂及复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌的影响。综合对尖孢镰刀菌菌落生长和产孢量两方面的影响,植物浸提液单剂的抑菌效果相对较好的处理分别是50%黄连、30%黄芩、20%金银花、60%柴胡、50%连翘、60%连翘以及10%大蒜、30%大蒜、60%大蒜。6种植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌均有抑菌作用,以黄连的抑菌效果最好,平均抑菌率为52.95%,平均抑产孢率为59.46%。     

钝化材料复配对镉污染土壤中镉的固定效果

为探讨钝化材料不同复配处理对Cd污染土壤有效Cd含量的影响,利用土壤培养试验和盆栽试验,采用正交试验设计,研究生物炭、粉煤灰、汉白玉3种钝化材料不同复配处理对土壤pH值和Cd生物有效性的影响。结果表明,3种钝化材料不同复配处理均显著提高了土壤pH值,降低了土壤有效Cd含量。随着时间的延长,大部分处理土壤有效Cd含量呈先降低后逐渐达到平衡的趋势,平衡时间为7~15 d。同时,3种钝化材料的因素主次效应依次表现为汉白玉>生物炭>粉煤灰。添加钝化材料后小白菜可食部位的Cd含量显著降低,降幅为9.10%~24.39%,以小白菜可食部位Cd含量作为评价指标,1.5%生物炭+1.0%汉白玉、1.0%生物炭+1.0%粉煤灰+0.5%汉白玉、1.0%生物炭+0.5%粉煤灰+1.0%汉白玉为最优复配处理。本研究结果为Cd污染土壤钝化修复和作物的安全生产提供了理论依据。     

Antimutagenic activity of polymethoxyflavonoids from Citrus aurantium

The methanol extract from Citrus aurantium showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide). The methanol extract from C. aurantium was successively re-extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water. A dichloromethane fraction showed a suppressive effect. The suppressive compounds in the dichloromethane fraction were isolated by SiO(2) column chromatography and identified as tetra-O-methylscutellarein (1), sinensetin (2), and nobiletin (3) by EI-MS and (1)H- and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. These compounds suppressed the furylfuramide-induced SOS response in the umu test. Gene expression was suppressed 67%, 45%, and 25% at a concentration of 0.6 micromol/mL, respectively. The ID(50) value (50% inhibition dose) of compound 1 was 0. 19 micromol/mL. These compounds were assayed with other mutagens, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which requires liver metabolizing enzymes, activated Trp-P-1, and UV irradiation. These compounds showed of all mutagen-induced SOS response in the umu test. In addition, compounds 1-3 exhibited antimutagenic activity in the S. typhimurium TA100 Ames test.     

Effect of concentration on uptake of some trace metals by plants

Abstract

The uptake by plants of somes trace metals at different concentrations was related closely to the decay constant, I. This means that for a 10‐fold increase in applied concentration, the increase in uptake was close to 4. 93 (10^0.693 = 4. 93). With some trace metals the value of Y (10^Y = ratio of uptake for 10‐fold increase in metal concentration was around 1. For generalized conditions the value of Y in the expression, (/ = uptake ratio, for different concentrations and varied around I. Some values of Y for whole plants were Ni, 0.699 with C.V. (coefficient of variation) 12.2%, Cu, 0.468 with C.V. 12.1%, Zn, 0.606 with C V. 31.5%, and Cd, 0.903 with C.V. 10.9%. From soil the values for shoots for Co were 0.855 (C.V. = 14.8%) without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and 0. 941 (C. V. = 20. 8%) with EDTA; for Cu with EDTA it was 0. 562 (C. V. = 25.8%). with EDTA; for Cu with EDTA it was 0.562 (C.V. =25.8%).     

Apple and pear peel and pulp and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets

The aim of this study was to assess the bioactive compounds of apple and pear peel and pulp in vitro and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in vivo. The antioxidant potentials measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene), and nitric oxide inhibition radical scavenging (NO) tests in apple peel and pulp were significantly higher than in pear peel and pulp, respectively. The ethanol extract of apple peels showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole. The pear pulp extract had the weakest antioxidant ability, whereas other extracts such as apple pulp and pear peel were nearly equal. The antioxidant activities comprised contributions from polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids and correlated well with polyphenols and flavonoids. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities by DPPH, beta-carotene, and NO were as follows: 0.9207, 0.9350, and 0.9453. Contrarily, the correlation coefficient between the content of dietary fiber and the antioxidant activities test was low. The content of all studied indices in apple and pear peel was significantly higher than in peeled fruits (p < 0.05). Diets supplemented with fruit peels exercised a significantly higher positive influence on plasma lipid levels and on plasma antioxidant capacity of rats than diets with fruit pulps.