黄海Ti鱼限额捕捞的研究

根据10多年在黄海中南部Ti鱼（Engraulis japonicus)越冬场进行的声学／拖网调查生物量评估结果，利用调谐有效种群分析方法（VPA）对黄海Ti鱼资源种群动态进行了分析。研究结果：提出了Ti鱼限额捕捞工作内容和程序框架。并根据2001年Ti鱼生物量情况推荐，F0．1为0．7时，Ti鱼总允许可捕量（TAC）不超过10万t。     

黄海鳀鱼鱼体能值的季节变化

根据2002年6月～2003年9月黄海中南部水域鳀鱼的调查资料,分析了产卵、索饵和越冬期鱼体能值的季节变化以及精巢和卵巢能值的变化情况。产卵期(5～7月)、索饵期(8～10月)和越冬期(11～1月)鳀鱼能值的变动情况反应了性腺发育状况。卵巢能值和精巢能值的季节变化趋势相似。幼鱼和成年鳀鱼能值的季节变化趋势相似,但各个月份幼鱼能值均比成鱼低。鱼体能值从越冬期到产卵前期变化很大,达40％～50％,这主要由脂肪含量变化引起。湿重丰满度系数比干重丰满度系数估算鱼体能值准确度差。     

黄海鳀鱼的卵巢发育

采用组织切片方法和常规目测法对黄海鯷鱼的卵巢发育特征进行了研究,描述了卵巢各发育期的特征,对不同发育期卵巢内卵母细胞的发育时相组成、卵径分布、卵巢两叶及其前、中、后部发育的差异情况进行了分析。结果表明,鯷鱼卵母细胞发育不同步;Ⅱ期卵巢由1～3时相卵母细胞组成,2时相卵母细胞在数量上占优势（66．39／6）;Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ期卵巢均由1～4时相卵母细胞组成,其主要区别在于4时相卵母细胞所占比例不同,其中Ⅳ期卵巢中最高（34．8％）,Ⅲ期次之（28．69／6）,Ⅵ期最低（17．8％）;Ⅴ期卵巢由1～5时相卵母细胞组成,已发育成熟的5时相细胞所占比例最高（29．8％）;卵巢由Ⅲ期到Ⅴ期的发育过程中,主要是3、4时相卵母细胞向4、5时相的发育,1、2时相细胞所占比例基本不变。卵母细胞的粒径分布呈明显的峰、谷特征,这与以前对该问题的“浅锯齿状分布”认知有明显不同;Ⅲ和Ⅵ期卵巢内的卵径（长径）呈单峰分布,优势粒径组均为0．5～0．6mm;Ⅳ和Ⅴ期卵巢呈双峰分布,优势粒径组分别为0．2～0．3mm、0．7～0．8mm和0．5～0．6mm、1．1～1．2mm;V期卵巢两个优势卵母细胞群在粒径分布上彼此分离,粒径较大的群内均为水合卵母细胞,呈现出明显的分批产卵特征。鯷鱼卵巢左叶大、右叶小,右／左重量比值为0．71,95％置信区间为（0．67,0．75）;卵巢叶间和叶内部位间卵母细胞的发育状态无显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

黄海中南部鳀鱼的生殖力及其变化

根据2002～2004年在山东半岛南部鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)产卵场的调查资料和1985～1986年相关历史资料,分析鳀鱼在经过近20年的高强度捕捞过程中,资源衰退导致个体绝对生殖力与叉长、纯重和年龄之间关系的变化,并对两个时期相同个体鳀鱼的生殖力进行比较.结果表明,2002～2004年鳀鱼的个体绝对生殖力为(14 850±579)粒,个体绝对生殖力随叉长、纯重和年龄的变化显著;与1985～1986年同海区、相同叉长范围和纯重范围的鳀鱼相比,2002～2004年鳀鱼生殖力的增大显著.生殖力增加可能是鳀鱼对长期捕捞压力及外部环境变化的适应性的反应.     

Distribution and settling of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus eggs at the spawning ground off Changjiang River in the East China Sea

Spatial patterns in the distribution and abundance of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, eggs were studied from net surveys in the East China Sea in May 1991. Egg abundance was> 5 × 10³ eggs (100 m³)^?1 in the area off Changjiang River, where a large spawning ground was developed. The vertical distribution of living eggs showed a maximum concentration at the surface (40700 eggs (100 m³)^?1) and rapidly decreased to ～5000 eggs (100 m³)^?1 at 14 m. Newly spawned eggs (stage I) were found throughout the water column but were most abundant near surface. Some eggs were morphologically identified as dead owing to their abnormal development and physical damage. In contrast to living eggs, no dead eggs were found at the surface and the concentrations were low to 21 m depth (40–64 eggs (100 m³)^?1). The concentration increased markedly with increasing depth, reaching a maximum of 634 eggs (100 m³)^?1 near the bottom (35 m). Dead eggs accounted for less than 0.3% of the total caught within 7 m of the surface and increased exponentially to 12% near the bottom. The settling loss of dead anchovy eggs also was studied by employing sediment traps at the spawning ground. The downward flux of settling eggs was low (304–405 eggs m^?2 day^?1) at 15 and 20 m depths, but rapidly increased with increasing depth, reaching a maximum of 1622 eggs m^?2 day^?1 at 35 m (5 m above bottom). By comparing the egg flux at 20 m with the living eggs abundance in the upper 20 m, the settling loss of eggs was calculated as about 0.098 day^?1. This probably represents the natural mortality of anchovy eggs caused by genetic abnormalities and incomplete fertilization.     

黄海中南部鳀鱼各发育阶段对浮游动物的摄食

对1999～2001年在黄海中南部采集的鯷鱼(Engraulis japonicus)消化道进行了分析。产卵场的鯷鱼仔稚鱼和越冬场的成鱼都是主要在白天摄食，胃饱满指数白天明显高于夜间。鯷鱼消化道中的食物团几乎全部由浮游动物组成。鯷鱼偏好的食物随鯷鱼长度的增加而变化。桡足类和它们的卵子、幼体是最大的优势类群。体长小于10mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的卵和无节幼体；体长11～20mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体和原生动物；叉长21～30mm的鯷鱼主要摄食纺锤水蚤等小型桡足类和甲壳类的蚤状幼体；叉长41～80mm的鯷鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体；叉长81～90mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤和桡足幼体；叉长91～100mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸刺水蚤、真刺水蚤等较大的桡足类；叉长101～120mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸剌水蚤、太平洋磷虾、细长脚域；叉长大于121mm的鯷鱼主要摄食太平洋磷虾和细长脚Song。     

Predicting the vertical profiles of anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and sardine (Sardinops sagax) eggs in the California Current System

Several published models exist for simulating vertical profiles of pelagic fish eggs, but no one has rigorously assessed their capacity to explain observed variability. In this study, we applied a steady‐state model, with four different formulations for vertical diffusivity, to northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) eggs in the California Current region. Vertical mixing profiles, based on wind speed and hydrography, were combined with estimated terminal ascent velocities of the eggs based on measurements of egg buoyancy and size, to simulate the vertical profiles of the eggs. We evaluated model performance with two data sets: (1) vertically stratified tows for both species and (2) paired samples for sardine eggs from 3‐m depth and in vertically integrated tows. We used two criteria: whether the model predicted individual observed vertical profiles (1) as well as the observed mean and (2) better than the observed mean. Model predictions made with the formulation producing the most gradual profile of vertical diffusivity provided the best match to observations from both data sets and for both species. Addition of a random error term to the terminal ascent velocity further improved prediction for anchovy eggs, but not sardine. For the paired data, model prediction of integrated abundance from abundance at 3‐m depth had significantly lower mean square error than prediction based on a linear regression of 3 m on integrated abundance. Our results support the feasibility of using data from the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler quantitatively as well as qualitatively in stock assessments.     

基于遥感的黄海中南部越冬鳀资源密度分布与环境因子的关系研究

基于遥感和GIS(Geographic information system)技术,利用2000~2015年的底拖网调查数据和海表温度、叶绿素a浓度以及海水温度梯度等遥感数据,在定性分析黄海中南部越冬鳀(Engraulis japonicus)资源密度分布与环境因子关系的基础上,利用时空和环境因子构建GAM (Generalized additive model)模型进行定量分析。结果显示,时空因子(年、下网时间、经度和纬度)和环境因子对越冬鳀资源密度的总偏差解释率为44.76%,其中,时空因子对其的影响均显著,以空间因子影响最大,对总偏差的解释率为35.4%;环境因子中,水深、海表温度和温度梯度对其影响显著,而叶绿素a浓度影响不显著;越冬鳀分布的最适海表温度、叶绿素a浓度和海表温度梯度范围分别为7~11℃、1.2~2.3 mg/m3和0.7~2.5℃。研究结果对环境变动下的渔业管理具有重要意义。     

Characterizing the potential habitat of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Mediterranean Sea,at different life stages

Identification of the potential habitat of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) at different life stages in relation to environmental conditions is an interesting subject from both ecological and management points of view. For this purpose, acoustic data from different seasons and different parts of the Mediterranean Sea along with satellite environmental and bathymetry data were modelled using generalized additive models. Similarly, egg distribution data from summer ichthyoplankton surveys were used to model potential spawning habitat. Selected models were used to produce maps presenting the probability of anchovy presence (adults, juveniles and eggs) in the entire Mediterranean basin, as a measure of habitat adequacy. Bottom depth and sea surface chlorophyll concentration were the variables found important in all models. Potential anchovy habitats were located over the continental shelf for all life stages examined. An expansion of the potential habitat from the peak spawning (early summer) to the late spawning season (early autumn) was observed. However, the most suitable areas for the presence of anchovy spawners seem to maintain the same size between seasons. Potential juvenile habitats were associated with highly productive inshore waters, being less extended and closer to coast during winter than late autumn. Potential spawning habitat in June and July based on ichthyoplankton surveys overlapped but were wider in extent compared with adult potential habitat from acoustics in the same season. Similarities and dissimilarities between the anchovy habitats as well as comparisons with sardine habitats in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea and other ecosystems with higher productivity are discussed.     

南黄海春季鳀和赤鼻棱鳀的食物竞争

根据南黄海鳀(Engraulis japonicus)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)及其饵料的碳氮稳定同位素比值,采用IsoSource软件计算了两者饵料的质量贡献比。发现二者食物来源较为一致,其中仔稚鱼对鳀和赤鼻棱鳀的质量贡献率分别为42%~50%和53%~70%,是两者的首要能量与营养源。在获得食物贡献比的基础上,分别采用食物重叠指数法、聚类分析法和稳定同位素法3种方法,针对5种不同的摄食条件,依次对鳀与赤鼻棱鳀的食物重叠度进行计算。其中在饵料平均贡献比条件下,3种方法的计算结果相差不大,都在70%左右,计算偏差≤5%。研究结果表明,两者的食物竞争主要是针对仔稚鱼展开的,两者间存在显著的食物竞争关系。     

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus

ABSTRACT: The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome for the Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) was determined. The entire genome was purified by gene amplification using the long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, and products were subsequently used as templates for PCR with 56 fish-versatile primers that amplify contiguous, overlapping segments of the entire genome. Direct sequencing of the PCR products demonstrated that the genome (16 675 base pairs [bp]) contained the same 37 mitochondrial genes (two ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA and 13 protein-coding genes) as those found in other vertebrates, with the gene order being identical to that in typical vertebrates. A major non-coding region between the tRNA^Pro and tRNA^Phe genes (1024 bp) was considered to be the control (D-loop) region, as it has several conservative blocks characteristic to this region.     

Modelling the effect of buoyancy on the transport of anchovy (Engraulis capensis) eggs from spawning to nursery grounds in the southern Benguela: an IBM approach

An individual‐based model (IBM) was used to investigate the effects of physical and biological variables on the transport via a jet current of anchovy (Engraulis capensis) eggs from spawning to the nursery grounds in the southern Benguela ecosystem. As transport of eggs and early larvae is considered to be one of the major factors impacting on anchovy recruitment success, this approach may be useful to understand further the recruitment variability in this economically and ecologically important species. By coupling the IBM to a 3D hydrodynamic model of the region called Plume, and by varying parameters such as the spatial and temporal location of spawning, particle buoyancy, and the depth range over which particles were released, we could assess the influences of these parameters on transport success. A sensitivity analysis using a General Linear Model identified the primary determinants of transport success in the various experimental simulations, and model outputs were examined and compared with patterns observed in field studies. Model outputs compared well with observed patterns of vertical and horizontal egg distribution. Particle buoyancy and area of particle release were the major single determinants of transport success, with an egg density of 1.025 g cm^?3 maximizing average particle transport success and the western Agulhas Bank being the most successful spawning area. This IBM may be useful as a generic prototype for other upwelling ecosystems.     

Morphology of the sense organs of anchovy Engraulis japonicus

ABSTRACT:   The morphology of the lateral line system, the inner ear, the olfactory epithelium and the taste bud of the wild adult anchovy Engraulis japonicus was examined by photo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Hematoxylin solution was injected into the lateral line canals to show the arrangement of the lateral line system. The lateral line system has well-developed supraorbital, infraorbital and preoperculomandibular canals on the head, dense canal branches on the operculum, lateral line canals on the trunk, and no free neuromasts. The inner ear comprises three semicircular canals and three otholithic end organs: the sacculus, the lagena and the utriculus. The olfactory organs and taste buds were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The paired olfactory organs on the snout have rosettes of lamellae, whose sensory epithelium consists of receptor cells of both the ciliated and microvillous type. The taste buds are distributed only inside the mouth, and mostly between the teeth of the upper and lower jaws, and between the gill teeth on the gill rakers. Well-developed lateral lines on the head are advantageous for schooling, and the taste buds in the mouth and on the gill rakers are advantageous for filter-feeding on plankton.     

Transport and environmental temperature variability of eggs and larvae of the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the western North Pacific estimated via numerical particle-tracking experiments

Numerical particle-tracking experiments were performed to investigate the transport and variability in environmental temperature experienced by eggs and larvae of Pacific stocks of the Japanese anchovy ( Engraulis japonicus ) and Japanese sardine ( Sardinops melanostictus ) using high-resolution outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) and the observed distributions of eggs collected from 1978 to 2004. The modeled anchovy individuals tend to be trapped in coastal waters or transported to the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region. In contrast, a large proportion of the sardines are transported to the Kuroshio Extension. The egg density-weighted mean environmental temperature until day 30 of the experiment was 20–24°C for the anchovy and 17–20°C for the sardine, which can be explained by spawning areas and seasons, and interannual oceanic variability. Regression analyses revealed that the contribution of environmental temperature to the logarithm of recruitment per spawning (expected to have a negative relationship with the mean mortality coefficient) was significant for both the anchovy and sardine, especially until day 30, which can be regarded as the initial stages of their life cycles. The relationship was quadratic for the anchovy, with an optimal temperature of 21–22°C, and linear for the sardine, with a negative coefficient. Differences in habitat areas and temperature responses between the sardine and anchovy are suggested to be important factors in controlling the dramatic out-of-phase fluctuations of these species.     

Recent changes in the spawning grounds of Black Sea anchovy,Engraulis encrasicolus

Towards the end of the 1980s, when the spawning grounds in the northwestern shelf (NWS) of the Black Sea were lingering with the effects of eutrophication and of an exotic invasive ctenophore, a series of basin‐wide international ichthyoplankton surveys pointed out an increase in the anchovies spawning in the southern half of the Black Sea. Later, with the help of international conservation efforts, several key littoral ecosystem components within the anchovy's historical spawning grounds showed signs of recovery. However, the fate of the spawning stock anchovy in the south remained unanswered. In order to present the current situation in the southern Black Sea after two decades, an ichthyoplankton survey adopting the same methodology as previously used was undertaken during the peak spawning season of the Black Sea anchovy (BSa). The survey showed that the density of eggs was by far greater than for any of the surveys conducted previously. A wider geographical distribution of the eggs indicated an increase in the number of vagrants which had drifted away from the known spawning grounds. In contrast, the increased reproductive activity in the south signifies existence of a growing, non‐migrating southern BS stock. This stock seems to utilize the coastal hydrographic features associated with the rim current facilitating escape (loophole) from gelatinous predators such as Mnemiopsis leidyi and Aurelia aurata.     

东海北部和黄海南部Ti鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼数量、分布及其与环境条件的关系

1999年夏季鳀鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼主要分布于黄海南部,122°00′～123°45′E、34°00′～35°15′N与122°15′E以西海域分别为鳀鱼卵与鳀鱼仔稚幼鱼的密集分布中心,其表层水温和盐度分别为25.5～26.9℃和27.11～31.81与26.4～27.0℃和31.31～32.05。鳀鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼分布的最适表层水温分别为25.5～26.4℃和25.9～27.0℃;全长为20mm以上的鳀鱼稚鱼已初步形成广盐性分布的习性,鳀鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的分布对盐度的要求并不非常严格,水温是影响鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼分布的主要原因之一。鳀鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的分布与叶绿素a的分布也有密切的关系,鳀鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的密集分布中心正是叶绿素a的高值区。随着季节的变化,黄海南部鳀鱼产卵场由青岛外海逐渐向深水区转移。黄海南部鳀鱼活卵所占的比例为45.76％,胚胎发育状况良好。     

黄海南部不同体长鳀对食物粒级的选择

基于2000年6月和2014年11月黄海南部采集的浮游动物和不同生长阶段鳀(Engraulis japonicus)的胃含物(饵料)组成分析资料,研究鳀的饵料粒级分布与摄食粒级选择性及其与环境生物组成的关系,旨在推进粒级在传统摄食生态分析中的应用。结果显示:黄海南部鳀的饵料种类组成与环境中生物种类组成有关;各体长组中,鳀的饵料粒级多样性与种类多样性分布趋势相似;体长为110 mm左右的鳀的饵料种类多样性和粒级多样性水平最高;鳀的饵料粒级均值随鱼体体长增加而增加;体长约为30 mm和≥70 mm的鳀有明显的饵料粒级转换。根据上述结果,认为在鳀胃含物分析过程中,整合环境中饵料生物的相对组成和粒级大小,可有效评价鱼类对饵料的粒级选择性。