一例泰迪犬冠状病毒感染伴发急性肺水肿的病理诊断报告

某宠物主人送检1只4月龄泰迪犬,初步确诊为冠状病毒感染,于输液过程中突然死亡。剖检可见整个肺脏呈深红色,肺叶边缘呈粉红色,切面深红色,支气管断端有大量红色液体渗出;剖开气管可见其浆膜面呈暗红色,腔内充满红色清亮液体;心脏左右心室扩张,质地柔软,心尖钝圆,呈心力衰竭心。对各个脏器取材进行病理组织学观察,主要病变表现为肺脏弥漫性淤血、水肿,心肌纤维局部溶解坏死。诊断该犬因感染冠状病毒后初次洗澡应激加重病情,并且随着大量静脉输液导致或加剧急性肺水肿发生,最终造成该犬急性死亡。对该病例进行了系统地病理剖检和组织病理学观察,为犬科动物和其他动物发生类似病症提供一定的参考。     

Detection of canine coronaviruses genotype I and II in raised Canidae animals in China

An RT-nPCR assay was used for testing fecal samples of dogs, foxes, raccoon dogs and minks for the presence of canine coronavirus (CCV). The animals were raised in homes, dog schools or farms. Seventy out of 81 healthy dog feces from three cities and 21 out of 48 diarrhea feces from pet dogs were positive for type II CCV. From a total of 61 healthy fox feces, 43 were positive for type II and 29 for type I CCV, out of which 25 were simultaneously positive for the two different genotypes. Among 24 raccoon dogs samples, 22 were CCV type II-positive, and from those 16 were additionally type I positive. No CCVs was detected from healthy mink feces. Sequence analysis found that ten type II CCVs fragments of M gene shared a high similarity with reference strain CCV 1-71 (96.5-99.5%), and four type I CCVs shared a high similarity (96.7%-98.1%) with a reported FCV-like CCV strain. The sequence of one particular M gene fragment was found to cluster between the type I and type II CCV branches in phylogenetic analysis, suggesting the existence of a novel strain. Our study confirmed that type II CCVs infection is very common in domestic dog, fox, and raccoon dog populations in China. This is also the first report on the co-existence of two CCV genotypes in healthy foxes and raccoon dogs.     

Coronavirus infection in a litter of pups

Summary

An outbreak of a coronavirus infection in a litter of 10‐week‐old poodle pups from a commercial kennel is described. Coronavirus‐like particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents and in the colonic mucosa. Treponemas and campylobacters were excreted in great numbers in the faeces. The gastrointestinal disturbances were complicated by hepatic and renal degeneration and severe bronchopneumonia.     

Severe involvement of cerebral neopallidum in a dog with hepatic encephalopathy

This report describes a unique distribution of cerebral cortical necrotic lesion, which was diagnosed as hepatic encephalopathy in a 2-year-old Maltese dog. The dog showed splenocaval shunt and small liver with marked hepatocellular fatty degeneration. Histopathologic examination revealed that diffuse laminar cortical necrosis composed of neuronal necrosis, marked infiltration of gitter macrophages, and astrogliosis were found bilaterally in the dorsolateral area of the cerebrum. No necrotic lesions were observed in the cerebral paleopallium and archipallium, the central gray matter, cerebellum, and brain stem. Astrocytes with large and pale nuclei (Alzheimer type II astrocytes) were apparent throughout the brain. Immunohistochemically, a decrease of immunostains for glutamine synthetase and glutamate transporter antibodies was seen in Alzheimer type II astrocytes and neuropil. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of extensive involvement of cerebral neopallidum in canine hepatic encephalopathy.     

Coronavirus-associated epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets

OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical signs and lesions and identify the etiologic agent associated with epizootic catarrhal enteritis in domestic ferrets. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 119 ferrets with epizootic diarrhea of presumed viral cause and 5 control ferrets. PROCEDURE: Clinical records and biopsy or necropsy specimens of ferrets with presumed epizootic catarrhal enteritis were reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for coronavirus antigen was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues from approximately 10% of affected ferrets to identify viral antigen and determine its distribution. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on fecal samples and sections of jejunum. Virus isolation studies as well as immunofluorescent tests for other similar viruses were performed. RESULTS: Characteristic microscopic lesions consistent with intestinal coronavirus infection (vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of villus enterocytes; villus atrophy, fusion, and blunting; and lymphocytic enteritis) were consistently detected in affected ferrets. Coronavirus particles were identified in feces and jejunal enterocytes by use of transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining of jejunal sections revealed coronavirus antigens. Antigen staining was not detected in healthy ferrets or ferrets with other gastrointestinal tract diseases. Virus isolation was unsuccessful, and other similar viruses were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results strongly implicate a coronavirus as the causative agent of epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets. Diagnosis may be made on the basis of a combination of historical, clinical, and microscopic findings.     

Neosporosis in a young dog presenting with dermatitis and neuromuscular signs

A 16-week-old, male boxer dog developed multifocal nodular dermatitis followed by rapidly progressive and fatal neuromuscular disease. Protozoal tachyzoites were demonstrated by aspiration and biopsy of dermal lesions. Necropsy and histology revealed necrotising inflammation associated with intralesional protozoal organisms in various organs including the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and skin. Serology suggested active infection with Neospora caninum. Immunohistochemistry provided a definitive diagnosis. Dermatitis is a finding rarely associated with juvenile neosporosis. The possible role of immunosuppression is discussed.     

Hepatic lesions of a standard poodle dog with intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

A 1-year-and-3-month-old, male standard poodle dog with intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (PSS) was autopsied. Nineteen regions of the liver were prepared for detailed examination, and the distribution of hepatic lesions caused by PSS was studied in the liver of this dog. Histopathologically, the liver revealed a variety of hepatic lesions including lipogranulomas in the hepatic parenchyma, and a ductular reaction and microvascular proliferation in portal areas. The distribution of the lesions was not significantly different among liver regions. It is concluded that, in the present case, hepatic lesions caused by PSS are independent of shunt location, and are distributed equally in the liver.     

Thallium intoxication in a dog

A fatal case of thallium poisoning was described in a dog. Clinical signs included vomiting, gastroenteritis, and dermal lesions. Chemical analysis of urine, liver, and kidney from the dog revealed 98, 7, and 34 ppm thallium, respectively, on a wet-weight basis.     

Serological and molecular evidence that canine respiratory coronavirus is circulating in Italy

Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) is a group II coronavirus that was firstly identified in lung samples of dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) in UK in 2003. We report for the first time the identification of CRCoV in Italy, together with serological evidence that the virus has been circulating in the Italian dog population as from 2005. Serological investigations on 216 dog sera, carried out by an ELISA test using the strictly related bovine coronavirus (BCoV) as antigen, revealed an overall CRCoV seroprevalence of 32.06% in the last 2 years. RT-PCR targeting the S-gene of CRCoV was carried out on 109 lung samples collected from carcasses of dogs submitted for diagnostic investigations. Positive results were obtained from the lungs of a dog of the Apulia region that was co-infected with canine parvovirus type 2. Sequence analysis of the S-gene fragment amplified by RT-PCR (595bp) showed similarity to group II coronaviruses, with the highest nucleotide identity (98%) to the only CRCoV strain currently available in the GenBank database (strain T101). The results of the present study show that CRCoV is present also in continental Europe, although further studies are required to determine the real pathogenic potential of the virus.     

Generalized calcinosis cutis associated with probable leptospirosis in a dog

A 6.5-year-old male German Shepherd acutely developed renal and hepatic disease. Serology revealed high concentrations of antibodies against Leptospira copenhageni, and a presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis was made. The dog was successfully treated with antibiotics and supportive care over a 12-day period. Sixty-two days after the initial presentation, alopecia predominantly involving the dorsum and perineal areas developed. The skin lesions expanded over a 20-day period. Histology revealed generalized calcinosis cutis with follicular atrophy. An injection of 0.01 mg kg-1 dexamethasone suppressed serum cortisol concentrations. No treatment was given and lesions resolved over the following 30 days. This is the third case of generalized calcinosis cutis that has developed in an adult dog after severe systemic disease. Both previous cases developed calcinosis cutis in association with blastomycosis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of generalized calcinosis cutis in an adult dog in association with a presumptive bacterial infection.     

Dog-associated risk factors for human plague

Plague is a rare but often fatal zoonosis endemic to the western United States. Previous studies have identified contact with pets as a potential risk factor for infection. We conducted a matched case-control study to better define the risks associated with pets at both the household and individual levels. Using a written questionnaire, we surveyed nine surviving plague patients, 12 household members of these patients, and 30 age- and neighbourhood-matched controls about household and individual exposures. Overall, 79% of households had at least one dog, 59% had at least one cat and 33% used flea control, with no significant differences between case and control households. Four (44%) case households reported having a sick dog versus no (0%) control households [matched odds ratio, (mOR) 18.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-infinity], and four (44%) patients reported sleeping in the same bed with a pet dog versus three (10%) controls (mOR 5.7, 95% CI 1.0-31.6). Within case households with multiple members, two (40%) of five patients slept with their dogs versus none (0%) of 12 healthy family members (P=0.13). The exposures to cats were not significant. Sleeping in the same bed as a pet dog remained significantly associated with infection in a multivariate logistic regression model (P=0.046). Our findings suggest that dogs may facilitate the transfer of fleas into the home and that activities with close extended contacts with dogs may increase the risk of plague infection.     

Aspergillus fumigatus infection in an ostrich (Struthio camelus)

An 11-month-old female ostrich (Struthio camelus) had become gradually emaciated over a 2-week period and subsequently died. Necropsy revealed white to green mold growth on the walls of caseous thickened air sac membranes and multiple white necrotic foci in the lungs and liver. Histologically, the multiple exudative, necrotic and granulomatous lesions were compatible with mycotic infection in the air sacs and lungs, and hyphae positively reacted with a monoclonal antibody (Mab-WF-AF-1) to Aspergillus fumigatus wall fractions. Multifocal hepatic necrosis was also found, and several spores were observed in the blood vessels. Fungal culture of these lesions yielded pure growth of A. fumigatus. This is an established case of fatal A. fumigatus infection in an ostrich reared in Japan.     

Canine cutaneous neosporosis in Brazil

The clinical signs of infection in dogs with Neospora caninum are usually associated with neurological disorders and are seen in young dogs. In this brief case report we observed multifocal ulcerative and exudative skin nodules on the neck and pelvic limbs of a 10‐year‐old cocker spaniel dog. Infection with N. caninum was diagnosed on the basis of cytology and examination of skin tissues by PCR. The dog initially responded to treatment with clindamycin and then relapsed; the dog died. Infection with N. caninum may have been due in part to immune suppression due to hyperadrenocorticism; which either allowed for the development of a primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection by N. caninum with the occurrence of skin lesions.     

Hepatic fungal infection in a young beagle with unrecognised hereditary cobalamin deficiency (Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome)

A 12‐month‐old beagle presented for anorexia, pyrexia and vomiting. The dog had been treated intermittently with antibiotics and corticosteroids for inappetence and lethargy since five months of age. Previous laboratory abnormalities included macrocytosis and neutropenia. At presentation, the dog was lethargic, febrile and thin. Laboratory examination findings included anaemia, a left shift, thrombocytopenia, hypoglycaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia. Multiple, small, hypoechoic, round hepatic lesions were observed on abdominal ultrasound. Cytological examination of hepatic fine needle aspirates revealed a fungal infection and associated pyogranulomatous inflammation. The dog's general condition deteriorated despite supportive measures and treatment with fluconazole, and owners opted for euthanasia before hypocobalaminaemia was identified. Subsequent genomic analysis revealed a CUBN:c.786delC mutation in a homozygous state, confirming hereditary cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome). Similar to human infants, dogs with Imerslund‐Gräsbeck syndrome may rarely be presented for infectious diseases, distracting focus from the underlying primary disorder.     

犬冠状病毒感染

犬冠状病毒感染是由犬冠状病毒引起犬的一种以急性胃肠炎为主要症状的高度接触性传染病 ,对养犬业危害严重。本文对近年来该病的病原、流行病学、诊断和防治等方面的国内外研究进展进行了综述。     

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of hepatic encephalopathy in a dog with a portosystemic shunt

A 6-year-old ShihTzu presented with tonic-clonic cluster seizure. T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images showed bilateral diffuse hyperintense lesions at the cerebral cortex with enlarged sulci. Computed tomography revealed a portosystemic shunt (PSS) and azygos continuation. Based on the clinical signs, blood examinations and diagnostic images, the dog was diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to PSS. The neurologic signs were gradually improved after medical therapy for hyperammonemia. This is the first report of hyperintensity of the cerebral cortex on T2-weighted MR images associated with acute hepatic encephalopathy in a dog.     

First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), the aetiological agent of haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs, includes three antigenic variants, types 2a, 2b and 2c. CPV-2c has been detected initially in Italy and subsequently in Vietnam. We report the first identification of this novel antigenic variant in Spain, where it caused an outbreak of fatal enteritis in basset hound pups in association with canine coronavirus type I and type II. We suggest that this new antigenic variant of CPV-2 could spread throughout Europe and that there is a subsequent need to update current CPV vaccines.     

Diet‐associated hepatic failure and immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia in a Weimaraner

Objective: To describe the medical and nutritional management of a 4‐year‐old Weimaraner with acute hepatic failure and immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) associated with consuming a commercial dog food. Case summary: A 4‐year‐old male castrated Weimaraner developed signs of IMHA, hepatic failure, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and malnutrition after consuming a commercial dog food. During the course of hospitalization, medical management included immunosuppressive therapy and supportive care. Nutritional support consisted of both enteral and parenteral nutrition. The dog was discharged after 19 days of hospitalization and fully recovered by 6 months. An investigation by the Food and Drug Administration was not able to determine the exact cause of the acute hepatic failure and IMHA. New information provided: This is the first case report documenting the medical and nutritional management of a critically ill animal associated with ingestion of this commercial dog food.