烟酸和烟酸铬对断奶犊牛应激的影响

选用三月龄断奶荷斯坦犊牛30头,将其等分为三组,对照组为基础日粮,烟酸组和烟酸铬组分别在基础日粮中添加400 mg/kg的烟酸和6.4 mg/kg的烟酸铬。结果表明:烟酸和烟酸铬在前10 d对犊牛的增重影响不明显(P〉0.05);20~30 d,烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日增重比对照组分别提高5%和27.6%;30~40 d,烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日增重比对照组分别提高12.8%和18.11%;而最后一个阶段,烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日增重比对照组分别提高8.9%和7.45%。试验期间,烟酸铬组与对照组相比提高T3、T4、生长激素、胰高血糖素水平分别为25.68%(P〈0.05)、17.31%、6.73%、9.03%;烟酸组与对照组相比提高T3、T4水平分别为11.5%、12.7%。     

不同水平烟酸对高精料日粮条件下肉牛生产性能的影响

为了研究不同水平烟酸对高精料日粮条件下肉牛增重和饲料转化率的影响,试验将30头始重约400 kg的西杂肉牛随机分为5组,1组为对照组,饲喂添加1.0%碳酸氢钠的精料;2,3,4,5组分别在精料中添加200,400,600,800 mg/kg烟酸,不添加碳酸氢钠,试验期为63 d。结果表明:在高精料日粮条件下,添加烟酸可以提高肉牛生产性能,且烟酸的作用效果主要体现在试验前期(0~28 d);5组效果最好,试验前期5组肉牛平均日增重和料重比分别为1.92 kg和6.29,与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05);2,3,4组增重效果和料重比与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。     

乳化处理精油对犊牛生长性能、血液代谢物及肠道菌群的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同水平的乳化精油对犊牛生长性能、血液代谢物及肠道菌群的影响。试验将出生3 d后，平均体重为（40.09±0.20）kg的72头犊牛随机分为3组，每组4个重复，每个重复6头。出生3 d后的各组犊牛在试验第1～14天每天提供4.5 kg母乳，15～28 d每天提供6 kg母乳。试验期间各组犊牛自由采食全混合日粮，对照组饲喂基础日粮，T1和T2组分别为基础日粮+50和100 mg/kg乳化精油。结果：与对照组相比，50 mg/kg乳化精油组犊牛的日增重显著提高13.02%（P＜0.05），但料重比显著降低12.96%（P＜0.05）。50和100 mg/kg乳化精油组犊牛的平均日增重和料重比无显著差异（P＞0.05）。与对照组相比，50和100 mg/kg乳化精油组犊牛血清甘油三酯浓度较对照组分别显著提高19.22%和19.71%（P＜0.05）。对照组犊牛血清尿素氮浓度及谷丙转氨酶和谷氨酰胺转移酶活性均显著高于50和100 mg/kg乳化精油组（P＜0.05）。50 mg/kg乳化精油组犊牛血清谷草转氨酶活性较对照组显著降低25.93%（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比，50和100 mg/kg乳化精油组盲肠乳酸杆菌数量分别显著提高8.51%和7.47%（P＜0.05），同时大肠杆菌数量分别显著降低36.40%和34.73%（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮补充50～100 mg/kg乳化精油可以改善肝脏功能和盲肠乳酸杆菌数量，降低氮分解及盲肠大肠杆菌数量，综合考虑生长性能，犊牛日粮中乳化精油的适宜添加浓度为50 mg/kg。 [关键词]精油|犊牛|生长性能|血液代谢物|肠道菌群     

烟酸和烟酸铬对热应激奶牛产奶性能、血液生理生化指标的影响

选择2~4胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛15头,配对分为3组,在7~9月进行60d的饲养试验,对照组使用基础日粮,两个试验组分别在基础日粮中添加烟酸800 mg/kg和烟酸铬10 mg/kg。结果表明:在持续高温天气下奶牛处于热应激状态。烟酸铬和烟酸均使奶牛体温上升幅度相对较小;烟酸铬还可以保持其呼吸率正常。二者均使产奶量下降幅度较小;烟酸铬组奶牛的乳脂率明显高于对照组和烟酸组(P<0.05);二者也使乳中挥发性脂肪酸比对照组明显提高(P<0.05),但对其他乳成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。二者都能够维持奶牛血清T3、T4、COR、PRL水平的基本恒定;均显著降低了尿素氮和胆固醇水平(P<0.05)。烟酸铬使奶牛的血液白细胞数和淋巴细胞百分比增加;烟酸仅使血液白细胞数增加。     

甘南牦犊牛代乳饲料应用试验

试验期为160 d牦犊牛180日龄时试验组和对照组公、母犊牛平均体重分别为65.3 kg和60.5 kg、58.3 kg和53.2 kg,平均日增重分别为0.291 kg和0.267 kg、0.250 kg和0.211 kg,试验组公、母犊牛的平均体重比对照组分别提高了7.0 kg和7.3 kg,平均日增重比对照组增加了0.041 kg和0.046 kg。经过t检验,试验组公、母犊牛180日龄体重比对照组差异极显著(P0.01),平均日增重比对照组差异显著(P0.05)。试验组平均产奶量为1.79 kg?头.d,对照组平均产挤奶量为0.89 kg?头.d,试验组比对照组产奶量提高0.9 kg?头.d。     

富马酸铜对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化及组织微量元素的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平的富马酸铜对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化及组织微量元素的影响。试验将28?d、平均断奶体重为（7.35±0.07）kg的600头仔猪随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复30头。对照组饲喂基础日粮（铜含量为80?mg/kg,硫酸铜）,T1～T3组日粮预混料分别以富马酸铜的形式添加40、60和80?mg/kg铜。结果：T2组断奶仔猪15～28?d和1～28?d平均日增重较对照组和T3组分别显著提高12.50%和12.67%（P＜0.05）、8.73%和7.90%（P＜0.05）,同时T2组较对照组和其他组15～28?d料重比分别显著降低10.71%、10.71%和11.24%（P＜0.05）,而T2组断奶仔猪1～28?d料重比较对照组和T3组分别显著降低7.64%和7.64%（P＜0.05）。对照组血清丙二醛含量较T1和T2组分别显著提高50%和54.92%（P＜0.05）。T2组血清胆固醇浓度最低、高密度脂蛋白浓度最高（P＜0.05）,而T1和T2组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。对照组血清和肝脏铜浓度均显著低于其他组（P＜0.05）,而T3组肾脏铜浓度显著高于对照组和T1、T2组（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮以富马酸铜的形式添加60?mg/kg铜可以改善仔猪断奶后期的日增重和饲料效率,提高血清抗氧化状态。 [关键词]富马酸铜|断奶仔猪|生长性能|血清生化     

辣诺提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率及腹泻的影响

试验旨在研究辣诺提取物(辣木和诺丽果提取物,MM)对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率及腹泻的影响。选择34日龄、平均体重(9.52±0.20)kg的150头健康杜长大三元杂种断奶仔猪,按照体重相近、公母各半的原则随机分为3组:T1为对照组(基础饲粮,无抗生素)、T2为试验组1(基础饲粮+200 mg/kg MM),T3为试验组2(基础饲粮+400 mg/kg MM)。每组5个重复,每个重复10头仔猪,正式试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加200或400 mg/kg MM的处理组腹泻率分别显著降低31.60%(P<0.05)和35.69%(P<0.05),腹泻指数差异不显著(P>0.05);2)400 mg/kg MM组仔猪平均日增重和平均日采食量分别比对照组提高15.69%(P<0.05)和17.81%(P<0.05),200 mg/kg MM组平均日增重和平均日采食量与对照组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05),3个处理组的料重比差异也不显著(P>0.05);3)与对照组相比,添加MM均显著提高干物质、氮和总能表观消化率(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,在该试验条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加200或400 mg/kg MM均可以改善仔猪腹泻,提高养分表观消化率,且400 mg/kg MM组生长性能最好。     

两种有机铬对母猪繁殖的效应试验

18头长大母猪分3组,研究从泌乳开始(即分娩后)至下一胎妊娠30天内在饲粮中按200μg/kg添加烟酸铬和酵母铬(以铬元素计)对仔猪生长和母猪繁殖性能的影响.结果表明,哺乳期母猪饲粮添加烟酸铬和酵母铬,其仔猪发病率比对照组下降12.4%和16.9%(P＜0.05),仔猪死亡率比对照组下降3.7%和1.8%(P＜0.05);断奶个体重比对照组分别提高0.74kg和0.52kg,添加烟酸铬和酵母铬的母猪繁殖周期比对照组分别缩短了4.4d和4.1d,母猪平均窝产活仔数比对照组分别增加0.83头和0.66头,初生窝重比对照组分别提高1.72kg和1.3kg;发情配种时血清LH的水平比对照组分别提高13.6%和11.8%.这表明在母猪饲粮中添加有机铬对繁殖性能有正面效应.     

黄芪多糖对断奶幼兔生长性能、腹泻率及免疫功能的影响

为研究黄芪多糖（APS）对断奶幼兔生长性能、腹泻率及免疫功能的影响,试验选取100只28日龄的断奶幼兔,随机分为5组,每组20只幼兔。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加100、200、400、800 mg/kg的APS,预试期5 d,正式试验期30 d。结果表明：（1）与对照组相比,200 mg/kg APS组幼兔的末重、增重、平均日增重显著提高,分别提高了12.42%、19.95%、20.36%（P ＜ 0.05）,料重比显著降低11.11%（P ＜ 0.05）|400 mg/kg APS组幼兔的末重、增重、平均日增重显著提高,分别提高了17.73%、28.42%和28.45%（P ＜ 0.05）,料重比显著降低13.55%（P ＜ 0.05）。（2）与对照组相比,400 mg/kg APS组幼兔的腹泻率和死亡率显著降低,均降低了50%（P ＜0.05）|800 mg/kg APS组腹泻率显著降低37.5%（P ＜ 0.05）。（3）与对照组相比,400 mg/kg APS组IgA的含量显著提高,提高了13.04%（P ＜ 0.05）|200、400 mg/kg APS组IgG含量显著提高,分别提高了4.98%和6.31%（P ＜ 0.05）。综上所述,在幼兔基础日粮中添加APS可以显著提高幼兔生长性能,降低腹泻率和死亡率,并提高机体免疫力,且最适添加量为400 mg/kg。 [关键词] 黄芪多糖|兔|生长性能|腹泻率|免疫功能     

烟酸和烟酸铬对热应激奶牛产奶性能、血液生理生化指标的影响

选择2-4胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛15头,配对分为3组,在7～9月进行60d的饲养试验,对照组使用基础日粮,两个试验组分别在基础日粮中添加烟酸800mg／kg和烟酸铬10nag／kg。结果表明：在持续高温天气下奶牛处于热应激状态。烟酸铬和烟酸均使奶牛体温上升幅度相对较小;烟酸铬还可以保持其呼吸率正常。二者均使产奶量下降幅度较小;烟酸铬组奶牛的乳脂率明显高于对照组和烟酸组（P〈0．05）;二者也使乳中挥发性脂肪酸比对照组明显提高（P〈0．05）,但对其他乳成分无显著影响（P〉0．05）。二者都能够维持奶牛血清T3、T4、COR、PRL水平的基本恒定;均显著降低了尿素氮和胆固醇水平（P〈0．05）。烟酸铬使奶牛的血液白细胞数和淋巴细胞百分比增加：烟酸仅使血液白细胞数增加。     

Effect of Early Weaning,Split-Weaning and Nursery Feeding Programmes on the Growth of Landrace×Desi Pigs

An experiment using 164 crossbred pigs born to 20 first-parity sows was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of piglets in four weaning management regimens: T1, conventional weaning at 56 days; T2, early weaning at 28 days; T3, split-weaning of the heavier half of the litter at day 28, the remaining half being weaned at 56 days; and T4, split-weaning of the lighter half of the litter at 28 days, with the animals kept on a special nutrient diet up to 56 days, and the heavier half being weaned at 56 days. Split-weaning of the lighter half in combination with feeding a special nutrient diet resulted in an increase of average daily gain of 21% from day 28 to day 140 compared to conventional weaning and of 36% compared to early weaning at day 28. Compared to the control (T1), the average weights of piglets at the 140th day in groups T4 and T3 were 19.6% and 6.16%, respectively, higher, whereas that of the T2 was 8% lower. It is concluded that feeding a special nutrient diet to lighter pigs is beneficial in overcoming the post-weaning lag and enables maximal weight gain.     

不同断奶日龄对奶公犊生长性能和体尺指标的影响

30头新生荷斯坦奶公犊出生日期和体重相近,随机分成6组,对照组按常规饲喂鲜牛奶,60日龄断奶;各试验组分别于10、20、30、40和50日龄断奶,试验期为60d。结果表明:试验结束时,20日龄断奶组、30日龄断奶组的体重、平均日增重均显著高于对照组,40日龄断奶组、50日龄断奶组与对照组间无明显差异;各试验组犊牛与对照组在体长和体斜长上无显著差异。     

The effect of cellulase on calves fed an acidified milk diet]

The purpose of this research was to establish the influence of 3 j Cx cellulase applied per gram of COT concentrate mixture, fed in combination with a milk diet acidified by formic acid to the value of pH 4.6, on calf growth performance in one metabolism and two field experiments. In the metabolism experiment two groups of calves, with six animals in each, were fed acidified whole milk, which was diluted stage by stage till weaning at 60 days of age. The average live weight gain in the control at the end of the milk feeding period, i.e. from 14 to 60 days of age, was 29.90 kg. This corresponds to a daily live weight gain of 0.650 g. The total live weight gain of male calves in the experimental group was 29.30 kg, corresponding to a daily live weight gain of 0.638 g (Tab. I). Tab. II shows the average feed and nutrient intakes per kg live weight gain. The calves which received the enzyme supplement tend to have the higher feed conversion rate. During the forage feeding period, i.e. from 61 to 90 days of age, the average daily live weight gains were 1.10 kg and 0.980 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively (Tab. III). The average live weight of 90 days old male calves was 107.70 kg and 103.90 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively. The amount of consumed nutrients (digestible protein and starch units); in relation to the total feed intakes, is lower in the experimental groups, which proves the higher feed conversion rate (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

高寒地区中国荷斯坦犊牛早期断奶方案对犊牛生长发育、腹泻与培育成本的影响

[目的]研究高寒地区中国荷斯坦犊牛早期断奶方案的推广价值。[方法]选取1周内新生、体重相近的犊牛16头,采用对照的试验方法将16头犊牛随机分为试验组和对照组,每组8头。试验组为早期断奶方案,对照组为常规断奶流程,试验期为90 d。[结果]试验组在60日龄与90日龄的日增重均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。试验组90日龄增重显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。对照组犊牛30日龄内腹泻发病率为100%,重复发病率为75%;试验组30日龄内腹泻发病率为50%,重复发病率为50%。试验组与对照组相比节约成本32.52%。[结论]高寒地区中国荷斯坦犊牛可实行早期断奶方案,且能够提高企业和养殖户的经济效益,具有较好的推广价值。     

The effect of unrestricted milk feeding on the growth and health of Jersey calves

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding high milk volumes on the growth rate, health and cross-sucking behaviour in group-fed Jersey calves. Three-day-old heifers (n = 120) in a seasonal calving dairy herd were randomly assigned to one of 6 treatment groups. Three groups received high milk volumes (HMV), consisting of ad libitum milk or milk replacer feeding twice a day, while 3 groups received restricted milk volumes (RMV), consisting of 2 l twice daily, during the pre-weaning period. After a pre-weaning period during which feeding was reduced to once daily, all calves were weaned at 42 days and monitored until 60 days of age. Adjusting for birth mass, birth date, dam parity and sire, average daily mass gain (ADG), both pre-weaning (days 0-42) and overall (days 0-60), was higher in HMV than in RMV calves (P < 0.001). After weaning, growth rates showed no differences and at 60 days of age the HMV calves maintained a 6.74 kg advantage in mean body mass (P < 0.001). The mean intake of dry starter feed was higher in RMV than in HMV calves. Overall feed conversion rate of HMV calves was 9.6 % better than RMV calves. However, the variable cost per kg mass gain was 12 % higher for HMV calves. In the RMV groups 75 % of calves showed cross-sucking behaviour pre-weaning and 18 % post-weaning, whereas in HMV calves the proportions were 2 % and 7 %, respectively. There was no significant effect of milk volume on the incidence of diarrhoea. We conclude that the feeding of high volumes of milk to Jersey calves has a positive effect on growth rate, without compromising health or reducing solid feed intake after weaning. However, the higher cost of such a feeding system may limit its implementation.     

夏南横交牛犊牛补饲试验研究报告

本试验针对夏南横交牛犊生长发育特点,采取提前补饲精料的办法,研究适时补饲对其日增重、断奶重的影响,探索提高其断奶体重的方法。从存栏的初生牛犊中,随机选择了37头夏南横交牛,分为试验组30头,对照组7头,试验期180d,试验结果：试验组平均初生重41．43kg,平均目增重0．88kg,6月龄时平均体重达199．57kg(实称重);对照组平均初生重42kg,平均日增重0．73kg,6月龄时平均体重达173．43kg。试验组与对照组平均日增重经t检验差异极显著。     

牧场犊牛发病次数与生长发育的关系

通过对全国157 个规模化牧场在2020年1—12 月出生的220 日龄内母犊牛各阶段发病次数、体重和日增重进行分析,旨在研究犊牛不同阶段发病次数对其后期体重、日增重的影响。结果表明:(1)断奶前后,60 日龄内发病次数≥2 次的犊牛,61~129 日龄体重、日增重极显著低于未发病犊牛和发病次数为1 次的犊牛(P<0.01);(2)转育成时,60 日龄内发病次数≥2 次的犊牛,转育成171~219 日龄体重极显著低于未发病犊牛和发病次数为1 次的犊牛(P<0.01);60~179 日龄发病次数≥1 次,转育成171~219 日龄体重和转育成日增重极显著低于未发病组(P<0.01)。因此,犊牛发病次数越多,后期生长发育越缓慢,建议牧场重视并加强犊牛断奶前后和转育成的饲养管理,做好疾病防治,以减少发病次数。     

饲料营养对母牛繁殖率影响效果研究

通过对妊娠后期（后１４２ｄ）母牛、带犊哺乳母牛的不同阶段饲料营养配合试验,探讨母牛的饲养技术方案。选择条件大致相同的妊娠后期母牛３６头,随机分为试验１、２组和对照组各１２头。试验１组和试验２组根据妊娠月份及粗饲料种类不同,粗饲料日喂量各有所调整,对照组牛则采用当地的传统饲养方式。试验结果,试验１组母牛产仔成活１１头,哺乳期平均１１７ｄ,断奶成活１０头,繁殖成活率８３．３％,母牛产后开始发情时间平均     

Computer-controlled milk replacer feeding strategies for group-reared dairy calves

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ad libitum and restricted computer-controlled milk replacer (MR) feeding strategies on performance of group-reared dairy calves during preweaning (from 0.5 to 2.0 months of age), weaning (2.0 to 2.5) and postweaning (2.5 to 6.0) periods. Two feeding trials comprised a total of 34 Finnish Ayrshire and 6 Holstein–Friesian bull calves. The calves were randomly (balanced for breed) allotted to pens (5 calves/pen) which were thereafter randomly allotted to two experimental treatments: 1) ad libitum MR feeding (F) with ad libitum access to MR and 2) restricted MR feeding (R) where the calves were given 6.0 L of MR daily. All the calves had free access to water, commercial starter and grass silage before weaning. The weaned calves had free access to water and silage and were given 3 kg/day (air-dry basis) of a concentrate mixture. Due to increased metabolizable energy intake (16.4 vs. 12.7 MJ/day; P < 0.05), the daily gain of the F calves was higher (690 vs. 543 g/day; P < 0.05) than that of the R calves during the preweaning period. Due to the more rapid increase in concentrate intake of the R calves during the weaning period the R calves grew better than the F calves (482 vs. 1038 g/day; P < 0.01) and the differences in live weight evened out during the weaning period. During the postweaning period there were no treatment differences in feed intake or gain. The average gain during the whole study was not affected by either of the treatments. Ad libitum feeding increased the variation in the MR intake and gain compared to restricted feeding.     

The effect of experimental inhibition of gastric acid secretion on curd formation in abomasum and weight gain of calves

Eight Holstein bull calves were divided into two groups; a non-treated control group and a famotidine treated group. Fresh milk was fed twice a day. The experiment was conducted between 7 and 14 days of age. During the experimental period the control group was injected with physiological saline, and the famotidine group was injected with famotidine, a histamine-H2-receptor blocker, into the jugular vein 30 minutes prior to each feeding. The control group showed maximum curd formation 2 h after feeding at both 7 and 14 days of age. Curd scores of 7-day-old and 14-day-old calves were significantly lower in the famotidine than in the control group at 2 and 4 h after feeding. Most fecal samples from the famotidine group exhibited an acidic smell. The famotidine group showed significantly lower values for both average weight gain and the rate of weight gain from 7 to 14 days of age. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion decreased curd formation in the abomasum as well as daily weight gain compared to non-treated control calves. This suggested that curd formation in the abomasum is important for the weight gain of newborn calves.