Effects of a fishing gear on an artisanal multispecific penaeid fishery in a coastal lagoon of Mexico: mesh size, selectivity and management implications

Abstract  The spatiotemporal effects of a bottom net used in an artisanal multispecific penaeid fishery at Celestun Lagoon, Mexico, were evaluated. Selectivity experiments, based on the covered codend method, were carried out with two bottom nets operating simultaneously but using different mesh size codends: 13 mm (MS13: currently used in the fishery) and 25 mm (MS25). Length at 50% retention, L ₅₀, was twice as high with MS25 (15.34 mm carapace length, CL) than with MS13 (6.95 mm CL); this global pattern was recurrent for all species, seasons and hydrological zones. These differences in selectivity determined that MS13 mainly retained recruits and juveniles, whereas MS25 mainly retained sub-adults. However, smaller shrimps were caught by both mesh sizes during the 'nortes' season (November to February) and at the outer zones of the lagoon. Thus, an increase in mesh size from 13 to 25 mm, together with fishery closures within specific area–season windows, is suggested to reduce risks of overfishing of these shrimp populations.     

Size selection by diamond- and square-mesh codends in multi-species Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries

Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries traditionally operate using small diamond-shape meshes in the codend, which tend to retain almost all animals. We investigated the effect of mesh configuration on the size selectivity of nine species (the scaldfish Arnoglossus laterna, the broad-tail shortfin squid Illex coindettii, the European hake Merluccius merluccius, the red mullet Mullus barbatus, the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus, the common pandora Pagellus erythrinus, the deepwater rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris, the Mediterranean horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus and the poor-cod Trisopterus minutus capelanus) commonly captured in the Mediterranean demersal trawls. Two codends having meshes with the same opening (ca. 38 mm) but different mesh configuration (DM38: diamond-mesh and SM38: square-mesh configuration) were fished daily and alternately on the same trawl. They demonstrated a substantial improvement in selectivity with square-mesh. Selectivity was measured using the covered codend technique, the cover being supported by circular hoops.The results were analysed taking into account the between-haul variation in selectivity. Two other important external variables were identified: the trawling depth and the codend catch, which for some species influenced between-haul variation, but there was no evidence of a coherent effect on selectivity parameters.The selectivity of 40 mm diamond-mesh codend has been reported to be rather poor because a large proportion of the codend catch is immature and smaller than the minimum landing size (MLS) or first maturity size. With the exception of the flatfish (A. laterna), the effect of a change of mesh configuration from diamond- to square-mesh on size selectivity positively affected the retention length at 50% (L₅₀). However, square-meshes were found to be unsuitable for flat and/or deep-bodied fish as these escape more readily from diamond-meshes.The Council Regulation (EC) No. 1967/2006, concerning management measures for the sustainable exploitation of fishery resources in the Mediterranean, establishes the MLS of marine organisms. However, the increase in L₅₀ with square-mesh would not avoid some of the existing contradictions in allowing the use of codend mesh which leads to lower L₅₀ than the MLS.     

东海张纲张网网囊网目选择性研究

张纲张网是我国近海渔业的重要作业方式,当前渔业管理中规定了张纲张网网囊最小网目尺寸,但渔民实际使用的网目尺寸与之差异很大,造成渔获中幼鱼比例大。为了更好地掌握网目尺寸对主要捕捞对象的尺寸选择性,于2012年秋季和2013年春季使用平行作业法开展了不同网目尺寸(35、40、45、50、55 mm)网囊的选择性试验。试验结果显示,网囊对小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)、带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)和银鲳(Pampus argenteus)的50%选择体长L50随着网目尺寸的增大而增大,表明放大网目尺寸能有效减少幼鱼渔获,L50与网目尺寸(Me)的线性关系为:小黄鱼L50=2.79×Me-1.45,带鱼L50=4.27×Me-38.28,银鲳L50=1.79×Me+28.66。此次试验不同网目尺寸网囊的L50相比其它研究结果较大,推测试验方法的不同可能是导致这一差异的主要原因。结合当前东、黄海主要捕捞对象的可捕规格,认为目前55 mm的网囊网目尺寸能实现张纲张网对3种主要捕捞对象的管理目标。     

Square‐mesh codend length and selectivity in southeastern Australian stow nets

Abstract The relationship between the amount of square mesh in codends and selectivity was investigated for an Australian penaeid stow‐net fishery. Three lengths (3, 2 and 1 m) of square‐mesh codend made from 27‐mm mesh hung on the bar were alternately tested with a conventional 34‐mm diamond‐mesh design during two covered‐codend experiments. Compared with the conventional codend, the square‐mesh configurations incrementally selected school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell) across narrower selection ranges (SR) and mostly at greater sizes at 50% retention (L₅₀), while retaining fewer fish. Irrespective of the mesh configuration or square‐mesh codend length, there were significant differences between experiments (attributed to water flow) and impacts of catch weight on the selectivity of school prawns. Both variables had a negative relationship with L₅₀, while water flow similarly affected SR. This study reaffirms the utility of square‐mesh codends as a key input control for managing the selectivity of penaeid‐catching gears.     

南海区虾拖网网囊对刀额新对虾的选择性研究

为了研究虾拖网网囊对刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus ensis)的选择性,2014—2017年于南海海域使用套网法和裤网法对2组菱目网囊(D25和D30)和6组混目网囊(S35+D18、S25+D25、S30+D25、S35+D25、S35+D30和S35+D35)进行选择性试验。以SELECT模型为基础框架,以logsitic曲线为模型,使用极大似然估算法估算单网次和联合网次下网囊对刀额新对虾的选择性。结果表明,菱目网囊D25和D30对刀额新对虾的选择性很差,逃逸数量很少;套网法试验中,混目网囊S35+D18、S25+D25、S30+D25和S35+D25对刀额新对虾的平均50%选择体长(L50)分别为51.52 mm、60.84 mm、63.21 mm和64.53 mm,平均选择范围(SR)分别为16.48 mm、14.31 mm、12.84 mm和9.75 mm;裤网法试验中,混目网囊S35+D25、S35+D30和S35+D35对刀额新对虾的平均L50分别为75.43 mm、82.38 mm和95.39 mm,平均SR分别为6.93 mm、6.39 mm和20.44 mm,平均相对作业强度(p)分别为0.51、0.52和0.64。综合南海区刀额新对虾的首次性成熟体长(80 mm)和网囊选择性等多方面因素,认为S35+D30网囊的选择性较好,研究结果可为南海海域虾拖网的渔具管理和刀额新对虾资源的合理利用提供参考。     

Methodology for the identification and quantitative measurement of chemical stimulants for penaeid shrimp

In a recently developed paradigm for the feeding behaviour of Crustacea, chemical stimuli are postulated to play a key role in mediating the various stages of feeding from initial excitation to sustained feeding. A hierarchical testing protocol for the screening of compounds or mixtures as chemical stimuli for Penaeus spp. was designed, utilizing: (a) a static chamber for an initial rapid assay for behavioural excitation; (b) a novel flow-through chamber for demonstrating chemotaxis; (c) a modified Y-maze choice chamber for more detailed studies on chemotaxis and feeding stimulation; and (d) aquarium feeding trials in which the most potent chemical attractants and/or feeding stimulants are incorporated into experimental feeds. In shrimp aquaculture, efficient feed utilization is of paramount importance to the economics of production and water quality. Identification and incorporation into the feed of ingredients that act as chemoattrac-tants and/or chemical feeding stimulants should lead to better food utilization, e.g. lower feed conversion ratios (FCRs), thereby producing quicker growth rates and lowering the incidence of water pollution and disease.     

Short-term stress and mortality of juvenile school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi, discarded from seines and trawls

Abstract  Two experiments were carried out to assess the short-term impacts to juvenile school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell) discarded from commercial seining and trawling in New South Wales, Australia, and the potential utility of modifications to operational and/or onboard handling practices designed to improve survival. For both gears, discards were handled according to two general categories of treatment (termed mild and extreme) chosen to represent the plausible limits of severity during existing commercial operations. A total of 600 trawled and 480 seined school prawns (from both treatments), along with appropriate numbers of controls (previously collected and housed in acclimation tanks), were placed into cages (in groups of 10). Subsets of each of these groups were then destructively sampled over periods of up to 5 days and examined for their mortality and physiological response (measured as levels of l -lactate in the haemolymph). In both experiments, the temporal mortalities in the treatment groups ranged between 0% and 15% and, for the most part, were not significantly different to controls. Prawns in the treatment groups had similar, significantly elevated levels of l -lactate approximately 40 min after being caught, but these returned to levels approaching baseline estimates within 48 h. Under the conditions examined, juvenile school prawns appear capable of withstanding a range of stressors associated with being discarded from active gears, and their fate is not greatly influenced by the duration of gear deployment and subsequent air exposure. However, further work is required to quantify other sources of unaccounted fishing mortality and, ultimately, the impacts that discarding has on stocks.     

A real‐time PCR for the detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of penaeid shrimp

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) causes a common shrimp disease that occurs in many shrimp farming regions, especially in the Indo Pacific, and infects most of the cultured penaeid species. There are seven geographic HPV isolates known, so a method to detect different HPV types is needed. We developed a sensitive and generic real‐time PCR assay for the detection of HPV. A pair of primers and TaqMan probe based on an HPV sequence obtained from samples of Fenneropenaeus chinensis from Korea were selected, and they were used to amplify a 92 bp DNA fragment. This real‐time PCR was found to be specific to HPV and did not react with other shrimp viruses. A plasmid (pHPV‐2) containing the target HPV sequence was constructed and used for determination of the sensitivity of this assay. The assay could detect a single copy of plasmid DNA, and it was used successfully in finding HPV in shrimp samples from the China‐Yellow Sea region, Taiwan, Korea, Thailand, Madagascar, New Caledonia and Tanzania.     

单桩张网菱形、方形网目网囊选择性研究

近年来,一种利用帆布作为扩张装置的新型单桩张网渔具在吕四渔场得到了快速发展。为了改善这种张网对主要渔获对象的尺寸选择性,进而评价其渔获性能以及对渔业资源的影响,使用套网试验法开展了不同网目尺寸(25 mm、35 mm和45 mm)的菱形和方形网目网囊尺寸选择性试验。通过对黄鲫(Setipinnataay)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)渔获体长数据的选择性分析,结果显示,无论是菱形还是方形网目网囊,其50%选择体长L50和选择范围SR都随着网目尺寸的增大而增大(L50呈线性增长)。对比菱形和方形网目的选择性发现,对于黄鲫,50%选择体长L50差异不大,但菱形网目的选择范围SR大于方形网目;对于小黄鱼,方形网目具有更好的选择特性,即具有较大的L50(8%)和较小的SR(52%),但差异均不显著。菱形和方形网目对于不同体型鱼类的选择性差异以及渔民对方形网目网囊的抵触情绪等都使得在张网渔业中推广方形网目网囊值得商榷。     

Maturation and spawning of the small penaeid shrimp Metapenaeopsis dalei in Tosa Bay, Pacific coast of southern Japan

SUMMARY: Seasonal changes in the percentage of mature female Metapenaeopsis dalei were studied histologically, and the annual cycle of maturation and spawning of this species was discussed. Specimens were collected at night by a beam trawler in Tosa Bay (33°N, 133°E) during the period from April 1995 to March 1996. All individuals had a gonado somatic index [ GSI = 100 (gonado weight/body weight)] of higher than 8, and 66.7% of those individuals with a GSI of 6–8 had oocytes in the late phase of the prematuration stage after germinal vesicle shrinking and migrating to the margin of the oocyte or had oocytes in the maturation stage. Such individuals with developed oocytes appeared in April, June, July, August, October, November and March. Individuals with a GSI above 6 appeared throughout the year, except during September and February. Individuals with ovulated oocytes were sampled in March when the water temperature near the bottom depths was lowest (15.4°C) during the year, being similar to February (15.1°C). These facts indicate that maturation occurs all year-round and suggests that spawning in the Metapenaeopsis dalei population in Tosa Bay occurs all year-round. This is the first report of year-round maturation in penaeid shrimps in Japanese waters.     

Evaluation of codends with sorting grids, exit windows, and diamond meshes: Size selection and fish behaviour

This paper presents the results of an experiment aimed at improving the size selection of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in the Nordic bottom trawl fishery. Three systems simulating commercial conditions were tested: a 135 mm diamond-mesh codend fitted with a 55 mm sorting grid (Sort-V); a 135 mm diamond-mesh codend fitted with two lateral exit windows; and a codend built entirely of 155 mm diamond mesh. The selectivity curves showed similar selection ranges (SR) for the three systems. For cod, the mean SRs were around 8 cm, while for haddock, they were around 6 cm. All the estimated l₅₀ values were far above the minimum landing sizes (MLS). For cod, the mean l₅₀s were 56.1, 53.9, and 60.7 cm for the sorting grid, exit windows, and diamond-mesh configurations, respectively, while for haddock, they were 50.2, 50.6, and 49.9 cm, respectively. Underwater observations revealed that most of the fish escaped from the grid and exit-window codends as soon as they reached the vicinity of the sorting device. In contrast, fish remained inside the diamond-mesh codend for a longer time, and consequently were more exposed to physical damage before escape. In addition, many fish escaped from this codend during haul back and these fish were not likely to survive due to the rapid changes in pressure. Thus, the selectivity results obtained with this type of codend should be interpreted carefully.     

日本沿海捕鳗笼的网目选择性

1995~2000年在东京湾进行的套网法实验,结果表明:网目尺寸为21·0、18·1、15·5、13·6、11·6mm的笼网目选择率在星康吉鳗全长035·50cm、l>32·50cm、l>27·50cm、l>26·50cm、l>24·00cm时,全长选择率几乎接近于1·00,50%选择全长分别为29·80、26·80、23·00、22·00、20·00cm;选择域为3·80、4·30、3·50、3·00、3·00cm。依据AIC理论,套网和实验网的网目接近时,套网的影响显著;Single curve model所得到的主选择性曲线可更好地反映网目选择性。50%选择相对体周长MGc1·11,选择域为0·52。01·60,选择率趋向于1·00。     

桁杆虾拖网选择性装置的试验分析

设计并研制了一种内、外圆环形刚性框架和柔性六角形网片组合而成的桁杆虾拖网选择性装置。所研制选择性装置在东海区近海桁杆虾拖网中,采用对比试验法开展了海上选择性试验,并针对试验期间主要渔获品种哈氏仿对虾,以Logistic曲线为选择性模型,对六角形网目水平缩结长度分别为D1=31.00 mm,D2=27.50 mm,D3=21.25 mm三种规格选择性装置的选择性效果进行分析。结果表明,3种规格选择性装置均具有选择性效果,其中安装六角形网目水平缩结长度为31.00 mm和27.50 mm的选择性装置的目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长均为75~95 mm,相应非目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长分别为25~45 mm和35~55 mm,具有较显著的差异性;而安装六角形网目水平缩结长度为21.25 mm的选择性装置的目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长35~55 mm,相应非目标网囊内哈氏仿对虾的优势体长同为25~45 mm。六角形网目水平缩结长度31.00 mm的选择性装置对哈氏仿对虾的50%选择体长L50最大,为48.89 mm,而选择性范围SR最小,为16.75 mm,在试验规格范围内的选择性效果最显著。     

WSSV和IHHNV对虾病毒的胶体金免疫层析快速检测

为了快速、方便地检测出这2种病毒,研究将PCR核酸扩增的高灵敏度和胶体金免疫层析技术快速、简便、直观的优点结合起来,建立了同时检测2种对虾病毒(WSSV和IHHNV)的同步PCR-胶体金免疫层析检测方法。采用了生物素标记和地高辛(Digoxigenin)标记引物。PCR扩增产物利用胶体金免疫层析技术进行检测。胶体金免疫检测试剂条的检测线(T线)处的层析膜处点上地高辛的单抗,经地高辛标记的PCR扩增产物可在T线上被检测到,在10 min内即可得到检测结果。同时,在PCR过程中使用UNG(尿嘧啶-DNA糖基酶),极大地控制了遗留污染。通过此方法检测对虾WSSV和IHHNV病毒的灵敏度均可达到10~100个拷贝,高于国家标准PCR检测法10~100倍。此检测方法让工作人员避免了接触有毒和诱导突变的试剂,免除基层检测实验室购买电泳设备和荧光检测系统的投资。     

Size selectivity of diamond and square mesh codends for hairfin anchovy Setipinna taty in Chinese stow net fisheries

ABSTRACT:   Selectivity experiments of diamond and square mesh codends with different mesh size (30, 35, 40 and 45 mm) for hairfin anchovy Setipinna taty were carried out using the covered codend method in Chinese stow net fisheries. In the present study, 5151 specimens were subsampled and asymmetric and symmetric selectivity curves (Richards and Logistic curves) were fitted to the catch data, using the maximum likelihood method according to the SELECT model. The results show that the Richards curve gives a better fit to the selectivity curve for diamond mesh codends with 30, 35 and 40-mm mesh sizes, whereas the logistic curve gives a better fit for the diamond mesh codend with 45 mm mesh size and square mesh codends with 30, 35, 40 and 45-mm mesh size. With the exception of 45-mm mesh size codends, the L ₅₀ of diamond mesh codends were insignificantly larger than those of square mesh codends. However, the selectivity curves of square mesh codends were steeper than those of diamond mesh codends, except the 30-mm mesh size codends. As for diamond mesh codends, according to the linear relationship between the L ₅₀ and mesh size, 36.5-mm mesh size codends could release 50% juvenile hairfin anchovy (below 1-year old). However, diamond mesh codends with such a mesh size are not selective for other species.     

A single-step multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of white spot syndrome virus and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus in penaeid shrimp

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) are the major viral pathogens of penaeid shrimp worldwide (Lightner & Redman 1998). Litopenaeus vannamei was introduced into China from the Americas, and quickly became widely cultured. Following its introduction, both IHHNV and WSSV have become important pathogens of cultured penaeid shrimp and have had a huge impact on the culture industry in China in recent years.     

拖网网囊网目选择性能的解析

副渔获问题在拖网渔业中尤为严重,因此囊网的网目选择性一直倍受关注。网目选择性常以Logistic或Richards方程来描述。因方程所采用的变量不同而分为体长或主选择性曲线。研究过程中,常用套网法和比较作业法。针对这2种实验方法,作者综述了不同的解析方法以及不同实验间数据合并的条件。提出研究鱼类和渔具的作用,鱼类遭遇网渔具的影响因素以及如何建立合理的数学模型,推测主选择性曲线是渔具选择性研究的重点。     

Quantitative real time PCR for the measurement of white spot syndrome virus in shrimp

Quantitative real time PCR, recently developed in molecular biology, is applied in this paper to quantify the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in infected shrimp tissue. The WSSV content in moribund shrimp of all species tested ( Penaeus stylirostris, P. monodon, P. vannamei ) ranged from 2.0 × 10⁴ to 9.0 × 10¹⁰ WSSV copies μg^–1 of total DNA ( n =26). In whole moribund post-larvae, 4.3 × 10⁹ WSSV copies μg^–1 of DNA were detected which is equivalent to 5.7 × 10¹⁰ WSSV copies g^–1 of post-larvae. The comparison of WSSV content between different tissues showed that muscle and hepatopancreas tissues contained 10 times less virus than gills, pleopods and haemolymph. With inocula of known virus content, bioassays by immersion challenge showed that a minimum of five logs of WSSV copies was necessary to establish disease in the challenged shrimp. In contrast, five logs of WSSV copies injected into shrimp muscle produced a LT-50 of 52 h. This real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is sensitive (four copies), specific (negative with DNA from shrimp baculoviruses and parvoviruses), dynamic (seven logs) and easy to perform (96 tests in <4 h).