Operation and maintenance in Asian irrigation: Reappraising government and farmer responsibilities and rights

A major policy concern in irrigation development is reducing government costs of both construction and operation and maintenance. There is increasing interest in shifting some of these costs to the farmers using the irrigation facilities. This paper discusses the opportunities for reducing certain direct costs to government by collaborative arrangements with water users so that the latter mobilize more of their own resources to implement specified O&M activities. Five propositions are discussed which suggest the prerequisites for successful collaboration: (1) reexamining the processes of design and construction now being used, (2) reorienting the policies and procedures of the irrigation agency, (3) increasing farmer involvement in operations, (4) increasing local organizational capacity, and (5) creating new financial procedures.     

Water use estimates for various rice production systems in Mississippi and Arkansas

Rice irrigation-water use was estimated in Mississippi (MS) and Arkansas (AR) in 2003 and 2004. Irrigation inputs were compared on naturally sloping (i.e. contour-levee system) and mechanically graded fields. In MS, rice production consumed, on average, 895 mm water, but irrigation inputs were greatly affected by production system. Contour-levee systems accounted for 35% of the production area and consumed 1,034 mm irrigation. Fields mechanically graded to a consistent slope of approximately 0.1% (i.e. straight-levee systems) consumed 856 mm irrigation and accounted for 60% of the production area. Fields devoid of slope (i.e. zero-grade system) accounted for 5% of the production area and consumed 382 mm irrigation. In AR, contour-levee rice production consumed 789 mm compared to 653 mm with a straight-levee system. Using low pressure, thin wall (9–10 mil) disposable irrigation tubing to deliver water to each paddy independently reduced irrigation inputs by 28% in MS and 11% in AR when compared to a single-point (levee-gate) distribution system.     

农机农民专业合作社对农村经济的作用

文章结合《农民专业合作社法》的学习,探索了如何利用《农民专业合作社法》组建农机农民专业合作社及农机合作社的成立对我国农村经济发展的意义。     

洞庭湖区水稻收获机械类型研究

形态分析法是一种在对问题进行系统分析和综合基础上,用矩阵方式集合各因素设想的方法。它不仅可以避免先入为主的影响,而且也可以避免单凭大脑思索而挂一漏万之不足。本文应用形态分析的方法,对洞庭湖区水稻收获机械进行一次系统的类型研究,期以找出符合洞庭湖区水稻收获要求的水稻联合收割机械。结果表明:只有履带自走式的全喂入、半喂入以及梳脱式水稻联合收获机械才是符合洞庭湖区水稻收获要求的水稻联合收割机。     

推广农机化技术重视农民素质提高

农业机械投入的主体是农民,如何最大限度的发挥农民在农机化技术推广过程中的主观能动性,提高农民素质是关键.     

Productivity and soil fertility relationships in rice production systems,Bangladesh

This paper presents an econometric analysis of the influence of soil fertility status on productivity and resource use in rice production utilizing survey data from 21 villages in three agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh. Detailed crop husbandry input–output data were collected from 380 paddy rice (Oryza sativa) farmers. Data collected included fertilizer, pesticide, labour, animal power services, irrigation, farm capital assets and rice yield. The soil fertility status in each region was determined by analysis of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration. Analysis was based on a profit function, where the selected soil fertility parameters were incorporated as yield controlling variables. Results revealed that soil fertility has a significant influence on both productivity and farmers’ resource allocation decisions. Output supply was significantly higher in fertile regions and input use was significantly lower. This observation indicates that in policy terms technological initiatives should be targeted at measures to identify areas of lower soil fertility so that inherent soil-based productivity restrictions can be minimized. In part this will be facilitated by the transfer of indigenous knowledge from farmers in higher productivity areas, thus increasing rice production and raising the competitiveness of Bangladeshi rice farmers.     

农牧养殖户制沼气的成套装置

介绍了全国各地养殖户利用牲畜粪便制沼气的传统方式,指出了我国广大养殖户未能使用上就在自己身边的环保实惠清新能源的原因,开发设计了一种对牲畜粪便等物料进行自动上料、密闭储存、搅拌、厌氧发酵和自动清除沼渣的制沼气成套装置,符合我国废物再利用、创建和谐型可持续发展社会的基本国策。     

The location specificity problem in farming systems research

Farming systems are usually location specific. That is, they cannot be implemented satisfactorily over large geograaphical areas without modification to local needs and conditions. Given a limited resource availability, farming systems research must find cost-effective methods for coping with this problem. One method is to identify parameters of environments and of existing systems which are relevant for guiding the formulation of new systems but which do not result in the definition of so many ‘locations’ as to obscure research priorities. The second method emphasises the development of ‘preliminary’ technologies, or systems, leaving the fine tuning of such systems to institutions or individuals in the specific locations. Important interrelationships exist between the two methods.     

保护地蔬菜连作障碍特点及控制措施

保护地蔬菜栽培对于保障蔬菜供应、促进农村经济发展具有重要的作用,但由于缺乏科学管理与化学投入品的滥用,保护地蔬菜连作障碍问题日益严重,影响了蔬菜产业的健康发展。以江苏省射阳县沿海地区保护地蔬菜种植为例,介绍了蔬菜连作障碍的特点及控制措施。      

北方粮库仓储水稻温度场数学模拟和实验研究

根据传热学理论,针对北方粮库仓储水稻特点,采用有限元方法对非稳态条件下仓储水稻温度场的数学模型进行了分析;设计了一个模拟试验仓,当外界风温变化时,对仓储水稻的温度场进行了模拟计算和实验测定,明确了可能存在高温积聚的区域,为进一步的实际应用创建了条件。     

春小麦、胡萝卜复种栽培技术研究

春小麦下茬复种胡萝卜栽培模式可提高单位面积土地利用率,促进农民增产增收。从品种选择、栽培过程、田间管理和收获几方面介绍春小麦、胡萝卜复种栽培技术的操作要点,以期为该栽培模式的大面积推广应用提供技术支持。     

Twenty years of research on reclamation of salt-affected soils in Romanian rice fields

The physiological particularities of rice enable this plant to obtain its necessary oxygen for the roots through stems. This characteristic permits the use of rice during the reclamation of salt-affected soils with ponded flooding. This paper presents some results of twenty years of research in Romania, on the reclamation of saline and sodic soils under rice, including requirements for soil drainage, soil amendments, and salt leaching, at different stages of the reclamation period.Specific data are provided on the tolerance of rice to salinity, crop rotation in rice fields, fertilization, and irrigation practices.     

黑土中大豆连作障碍诊断系统的建立初报——主要障碍因子的确立

黑龙江省黑土区大豆种植连作现象严重,造成生长不利、产量降低,初步诊断主要障碍因子是孢囊线虫增加,根腐病加剧,土壤中大、中、微量元素含量不平衡.另外,农民施肥不科学也是影响大豆产量的一个主要因素.为此,建立了大豆连作障碍诊断系统,找出了主要障碍因子.     

Opportunities for yield increases and environmental benefits through site-specific nutrient management in rice systems of Zhejiang province,China

Environmental pollution by nitrogen (N) leaching or runoff from rice fields and high pesticide use has become a serious concern in China. Average N application is high and fertilizer-N use efficiency is low compared with other major rice growing countries. In Zhejiang, rice farmers apply 150–250 kg ha⁻¹ fertilizer N and 7–10 sprays of pesticides per season to maintain yield levels of 5.5–8.0 t ha⁻¹. Fertilizer and pest management strategies of farmers are not based on plant nutrient demand and pest control requirements. To provide farmers with options for high yielding, yet more resourceful management options, site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) was developed at Zhejiang University in collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The approach comprises guidelines that allow farmers to adjust domain- and season-specific fertilizer recommendations to actual growing conditions in their fields taking into account plant nutrient demand, indigenous nutrient supply, nutrient use efficiency, as well as socio-economic factors. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the agronomic performance of SSNM in farmers’ fields in the past seven years (1998–2004). With SSNM, average grain yield increased by about 0.5 t ha⁻¹ over the farmers’ practice, while N use efficiency increased significantly. About 30% of both fertilizer N could be reduced through adoption of SSNM, which would effectively eliminate an unnecessary source of pollution in the rice ecosystem. Larger scale dissemination of SSNM for rice is under way in Zhejiang province, but stronger institutional support is urgently required.     

春小麦、胡萝卜复种栽培技术研究

春小麦下茬复种胡萝卜栽培模式可提高单位面积土地利用率,促进农民增产增收。从品种选择、栽培过程、田间管理和收获几方面介绍春小麦、胡萝卜复种栽培技术的操作要点,以期为该栽培模式的大面积推广应用提供技术支持。     

Unit farms and farming systems research: The IITA experience

It has been suggested that farming systems research is a new discipline requiring a new methodological approach. For certain aspects of farming systems research, unit farm experiments provide a potentially useful, and intuitively appealing, tool. However, many pitfalls exist.This paper highlights the advantages and problems with unit farm experiments by reference to the experiences within the Farming Systems Programme at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.     

朴实农民当上省人大代表——记安徽省肥西县农机大户严德敏

他是一位朴实的农民,也是一位荣获多种头衔并当选省人大代表的不平凡的农民,更是一位伴随农机化成长发展起来的新型农民,他就是安徽省肥西县严店乡严店村农机大户严德敏。     

Irrigation crop coefficients for lowland rice

Meteorological and lysimetric data for a period of nine years were used to develop crop coefficients for rice grown under lowland conditions in a sub-humid tropical climate in India. The estimated crop coefficients were found to be higher than those values recommended by FAO. A crop coefficient model with basal coefficient, moisture availability coefficient and surface wetness coefficient terms has been proposed and found suitable. On most counts, the moisture availability coefficient was found to be near unity and the wetness coefficient was found to be significant. The basal crop coefficients for lowland rice have also been presented for practical use with the proposed models.     

阜新地区花生抗重茬高产栽培技术

受种植习惯和适宜种植面积限制,阜新地区花生重茬种植现象较为普遍,对花生产量和品质影响很大。分析重茬花生减产的主要原因,提出相应的技术措施,为阜新地区摸索重茬花生高产栽培技术提供理论参考。